| Author | Title | Citation | Summary | Year |
| Joel L. Hamner |
Red and White, Black and Blue: an Examination of the Supreme Court's Racial Gerrymandering Jurisprudence Following Cooper V. Harris |
94 Denver Law Review Online 426 (2017) |
On May 22, 2017, the United States Supreme Court found that the North Carolina state legislature improperly gerrymandered two congressional districts by considering race as the predominant factor when redrawing district lines in 2011. Applying a clearly erroneous standard of review, the Court unanimously upheld the district court's decision to... |
2017 |
| Ann M. Eisenberg |
Removal of Women and African Americans in Jury Selection in South Carolina Capital Cases, 1997-2012 |
9 Northeastern University Law Review 299 (Summer, 2017) |
The Supreme Court's May 2016 decision in Foster v. Chatman involved smoking-gun evidence that the state of Georgia discriminated against prospective black jurors during jury selection in Foster's 1987 capital trial. Foster was decided on the thirtieth anniversary of Batson v. Kentucky, the first in the line of cases to prohibit striking prospective... |
2017 |
| Alfred L. Brophy |
Slaves as Plaintiffs |
115 Michigan Law Review 895 (April, 2017) |
Redemption Songs: Suing for Freedom Before Dred Scott. By Lea VanderVelde. New York: Oxford University Press. 2014. Pp. xii, 210. $31.95. Lea VanderVelde's Redemption Songs: Suing for Freedom Before Dred Scott tells the story of about 300 suits filed in St. Louis--in the forty years before the Civil War--by people held as slaves who were claiming... |
2017 |
| D. Wendy Greene |
Splitting Hairs: the Eleventh Circuit's Take on Workplace Bans Against Black Women's Natural Hair in Eeoc V. Catastrophe Management Solutions |
71 University of Miami Law Review 987 (Summer, 2017) |
What does hair have to do with African descendant women's employment opportunities in the 21 century? In this Article, Professor Greene demonstrates that Black women's natural hair, though irrelevant to their ability to perform their jobs, constitutes a real and significant barrier to Black women's acquisition and maintenance of employment as well... |
2017 |
| D. A. Jeremy Telman |
The African-american Interest in Higher Law in the Supreme Court: Justices Marshall and Thomas |
31 Temple International and Comparative Law Journal 289 (Spring, 2017) |
For decades now, Professor Richardson has pursued the provocative position that there is a centuries-old tradition of an African-American interest in international law. This tradition is a subset of a broader category, outside law, to which African-Americans appeal to highlight the injustices to which they are subjected under municipal law.... |
2017 |
| Dr. Sami C. Nighaoui, Ph.D. |
The Color of Post-ethnicity: the Civic Ideology and the Persistence of Anti-black Racism |
20 Journal of Gender, Race and Justice 349 (Spring, 2017) |
I. Introduction. 349 II. The Integrationist Illusion and the Myth of Racial Comity. 351 A. The Psychology of Anti-Black Racism. 354 B. The Culture of Anti-Black Racism. 360 III. African American Identity and U.S. Universalism: Denial and Dissent. 365 A. The African American as Anti-Citizen. 369 B. African Americans and the Civic Ideology:... |
2017 |
| Breanne J. Palmer |
The Crossroads: Being Black, Immigrant, and Undocumented in the Era of #Blacklivesmatter |
9 Georgetown Journal of Law & Modern Critical Race Perspectives 99 (Spring, 2017) |
This paper discusses the detrimental, intersectional effects of immigration law and criminal law on Black immigrants, both with and without documentation. Anti-Black racism, deeply embedded in America's criminal law system, funnels Black immigrants into the criminal justice system, and subsequently into removal or other punitive immigration... |
2017 |
| Renee C. Hatcher |
The Everyday Economic Violence of Black Life |
25 Journal of Affordable Housing & Community Development Law 275 (2017) |
Ferguson's Fault Lines: The Race Quake That Rocked a Nation Kimberly Jade Norwood, Editor American Bar Association 276 pages, $24.95 There are two Fergusons. There are two Americas. We cannot change this reality unless we first acknowledge it. --Kimberly Jade Norwood The truth about the racism and brutality of the police has broken through the veil... |
2017 |
| David Reiss |
The Federal Housing Administration and African-american Homeownership |
26 Journal of Affordable Housing & Community Development Law 123 (2017) |
The United States Federal Housing Administration (FHA) has been a versatile tool of government since it was created during the Great Depression. It achieved success with some of its goals and had a terrible record with others. Its impact on African-American households falls, in many ways, into the latter category. The FHA began redlining African-... |
2017 |
| Benjamin E. Griffith, Lauren E. Ward |
The Forbidden Fruit of Alabama Legislative Black Caucus V. State of Alabama: Racial Predominance in Redistricting |
85 Mississippi Law Journal 1093 (2017) |
Introduction. 1095 I. Background. 1096 A. Sauce for the Goose. 1096 B. Alabama Legislative Black Caucus v. State of Alabama. 1097 C. Immediate Aftermath of Alabama Legislative Black Caucus. 1099 II. Racial Maximization. 1100 A. Racial Assignments from Gomillion to UJO. 1102 B. A New Analytical Framework. 1104 C. Skepticism About Expressive Harm and... |
2017 |
| Neena Speer |
The Gay Rights Movement Rhetoric Has Adopted Legal Rhetoric from the Civil Rights Movement: "Immutable Characteristic" and Controversy Between Equating "Gay" and "Black" |
11 Southern Journal of Policy and Justice 131 (Fall, 2017) |
In the wake of Obergefell, marriage equality transcended the boundaries previously set of marriage between two opposite sex partners by advancing the argument that the definition of marriage has a history of continuity and change. The victory was won, and same-sex partners finally received a pardon by the courts to have their marriages honored... |
2017 |
| Anna Blackburne-Rigsby |
The Importance of a Diverse Judiciary to Closing the Historic "Health" Gap Between Blacks and Whites, and President Obama's Legacy |
60 Howard Law Journal 641 (Spring, 2017) |
INTRODUCTION. 642 I. WHY IS DIVERSITY IN THE COURTS IMPORTANT?. 643 II. THE HEALTH GAP BETWEEN BLACKS AND WHITES. 648 A. Introduction. 648 B. Slavery, the Constitution, and the Beginnings of the Health Gap. 650 C. The Separate but (Not) Equal Doctrine. 653 D. Simkins v. Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital and the Civil Rights Act of 1964. 656 E.... |
2017 |
| Rafael A. Porrata-Doria, Jr. |
The Lawyer as Historian: Professor Henry Richardson and the Origins of African American Interests in International Law |
31 Temple International and Comparative Law Journal 277 (Spring, 2017) |
Professor Henry Richardson is well known for his extensive, provocative, and groundbreaking work on international law and legal theory. His book, The Origins of African-American Interests in International Law, shows his skills as a historian and represents a valuable addition to the literature of history, international law, and American... |
2017 |
| Kenneth L. Lewis, Jr. |
The Naimbian Holocaust: Genocide Ignored, History Repeated, Yet Reparations Denied |
29 Florida Journal of International Law 133 (April, 2017) |
I. Introduction. 134 II. The Namibian Holocaust. 136 III. The Annihilation of the Indigenous Namibian People Was Unlawful Under International Law, Treaties, and Conventions. 138 A. Germany Violated Customary International Law. 138 B. Germany Violated the 1899 Hague Convention. 139 IV. Germany's Reasons for not Compensating the Namibian People Are,... |
2017 |
| James Oakes |
The Only Effectual Way: the Congressional Origins of the Thirteenth Amendment |
15 Georgetown Journal of Law and Public Policy 115 (Winter, 2017) |
In retrospect, it seems obvious that the easiest way to destroy slavery was to add an amendment to the Constitution abolishing the institution throughout the United States. But until 1864 the amendment never struck Republicans--or even abolitionists--as necessary or even desirable. This was in part because antislavery politics were based on the... |
2017 |
| Roy Dripps |
The Persistence of Memory: the Continuing Influence of Antebellum Missouri Laws Regarding African Americans |
20 Scholar: St. Mary's Law Review on Race and Social Justice 57 (2017) |
I. Background. 60 II. Missouri Slave Laws: Overview. 65 III. The Roots of Missouri Slave Laws: The Louisiana Territory. 66 IV. Missouri State Laws Regarding Slaves. 70 V. Conclusion. 83 |
2017 |
| Brian Sawers |
The Poll Tax Before Jim Crow |
57 American Journal of Legal History 166 (June, 2017) |
The poll tax is best known as a tool of disenfranchisement. Before Jim Crow, however, the poll tax served a variety of other fiscal and social purposes. Initially, the poll tax was a mainstay of colonial taxation, especially in the southern colonies. After independence, the fiscal importance of the poll tax waned, but its role as a tool of social... |
2017 |
| Sheri Lynn Johnson , John H. Blume , Hannah L. Freedman |
The Pre-furman Juvenile Death Penalty in South Carolina: Young Black Life Was Cheap |
68 South Carolina Law Review 331 (Spring, 2017) |
I. The Youngest of the Young: Fourteen-Year-Olds Sentenced to Die. 334 A. George Stinney, Jr.. 335 B. Milbry Brown. 337 C. Clarence Lowman. 338 D. Mack Thompson. 340 II. Pre-Furman Juvenile Death Sentences in South Carolina by the Numbers. 341 A. A Nationwide Overview of Juvenile Executions from 1865-1972. 341 B. An Overview of Juvenile Death... |
2017 |
| Angela Onwuachi-Willig |
The Promise of Lutie A. Lytle: an Introduction to the Tenth Annual Commemorative Lutie A. Lytle Black Women Law Faculty Workshop Iowa Law Review Issue |
102 Iowa Law Review 1843 (July, 2017) |
It is with great pleasure and pride that I offer this introduction and welcome to this special Iowa Law Review issue in celebration of the Tenth Annual Commemorative Lutie A. Lytle Black Women Law Faculty Workshop. Named after Lutie A. Lytle, an African American woman who became the first female law professor in the nation (and, likely, in the... |
2017 |
| DeShayla M. Strachan |
The Triple Threat: the Black, Female Attorney |
11 Southern Journal of Policy and Justice 112 (Fall, 2017) |
In a world defined by gender and race, women and blacks constantly struggle with their identity. Although they may seem like vestiges of the past, these gender and racial issues still live on. To be heard, to be treated equally, and to be seen as more than a stereotype are still major challenges for women and blacks. For the black woman in... |
2017 |
| Michelle S. Jacobs |
The Violent State: Black Women's Invisible Struggle Against Police Violence |
24 William and Mary Journal of Women and the Law 39 (Fall, 2017) |
Introduction I. The Historical View A. Stereotypes About Black Women 1. Black Women as Governed by Libido and Loose Morals 2. Black Women as Liars 3. Black Women as Man-Like and Aggressive II. Black Women Are Murdered and Assaulted by the Police A. Invisible Homicides Committed by the Police 1. Black Women with Mental Health Issues Are... |
2017 |
| Marsha Levick |
Through Rose-colored Glasses: the Twenty-first Century Juvenile Court |
42 Human Rights 23 (2017) |
A curious thing happened as we turned the corner to the twenty-first century: The juvenile justice system began to pivot to its founding principles that children who commit crimes should be treated differently from adults, a principle first articulated more than a century ago with the establishment of the first juvenile court in Cook County,... |
2017 |
| Taylor Mioko Dewberry |
Title Vii and African American Hair: a Clash of Cultures |
54 Washington University Journal of Law & Policy 329 (2017) |
Vanessa Van Dyke's hair is a distraction--school officials said when they threatened to expel her for wearing her naturally curly afro. At only ten years old, Van Dyke was marginalized for wearing her natural hair. She did not want to cut her hair because, like many African American women, her hair is part of her identity--It says I'm unique .... |
2017 |
| Craig A. Landy |
When Men Amongst Us, Shall Cease to Be Slaves |
12 Judicial Notice 42 (2017) |
In honor of the 150 anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation, President Barack Obama called upon all Americans to observe January 1, 2013 with appropriate ceremonies and activities to celebrate the proclamation and the timeless principles it upheld. Over the years, however, celebration of the Emancipation Proclamation has eclipsed another... |
2017 |
| Leslie P. Culver |
White Doors, Black Footsteps: Leveraging "White Privilege" to Benefit Law Students of Color |
21 Journal of Gender, Race and Justice 37 (Winter 2017) |
Law students of color typically avoid seeking the mentorship of white law professors, largely white males, finding female faculty and faculty of color more approachable and willing to serve as mentors. Yet, according to recent ABA statistics, white people make up eighty-eight percent of the legal profession, with sixty-four percent being male. In... |
2017 |
| Crystal Oparaeke |
White Milk, Black Market: a Call for the Regulation of Human Breast Milk over the Internet |
60 Howard Law Journal 561 (Winter, 2017) |
INTRODUCTION. 562 I. BRIEF HISTORY OF BREASTFEEDING. 566 II. WHY DEMAND FOR HUMAN BREAST MILK OVER THE INTERNET IS INCREASING. 568 A. The Government's Role in the Demand for Human Breast Milk. 568 B. Obstacles to Breastfeeding. 573 C. Alternative Uses and Demands for Breast Milk. 577 D. Breast May Not Be Best. 578 III. HUMAN BREAST MILK SHARING AS... |
2017 |
| Teri A. McMurtry-Chubb |
#Sayhername #Blackwomenslivesmatter: State Violence in Policing the Black Female Body |
67 Mercer Law Review 651 (Winter 2016) |
On June 30, 1974, Alberta Williams King was shot and killed in the sanctuary of Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, Georgia as she played the organ for Sunday morning service. Mrs. King, seventy years old, was the mother of the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. News of her death was overshadowed by four Black men: her son, killed six years... |
2016 |
| Andrea J. Ritchie |
#Sayhername: Racial Profiling and Police Violence Against Black Women |
41 Harbinger 187 (8/11/2016) |
As the nation wrestles with the relentless reality of police violence against Black, Brown and Indigenous bodies and the enduring impacts of mass incarceration on individuals, families and communities of color, we also continue to grapple with invisibility and erasure of women's experiences of state violence. In November of 2015, I had the distinct... |
2016 |
| Jennifer H. Peck, Wesley G. Jennings, University of Central Florida, University of South Florida |
A Critical Examination of "Being Black" in the Juvenile Justice System |
40 Law and Human Behavior 219 (June, 2016) |
The current study examined the role of race in juvenile court outcomes across 3 decision-making stages. This analysis was conducted with a random sample of all delinquent referrals in a Northeast state from January 2000 through December 2010 (N = 68,188). In addition to traditional logistic regression analysis, a propensity score matching (PSM)... |
2016 |
| Reginald Leamon Robinson |
A Dark Secret Too Scandalous to Confront: Did the Moynihan Report Imply That Poor Black Caregivers' Parenting Style and Childhood Cruelties Were Strongly Correlated with Self-perpetuating Pathologies? |
8 Georgetown Journal of Law & Modern Critical Race Perspectives 103 (Spring, 2016) |
The resistance to seeing the pain of deprived neglected, or abused children has a long history. All psychopathology constitutes primary or secondary disorders of bonding or attachment and manifests itself as disorders of self- and/or interactional regulation. In 1965 or today, any existential murder of a child, especially in the earliest years of... |
2016 |
| Bernice B. Donald , Erica Bakies |
A Glimpse Inside the Brain's Black Box: Understanding the Role of Neuroscience in Criminal Sentencing |
85 Fordham Law Review 481 (November, 2016) |
It is not a secret: size matters. And where it matters most is within the most complex structure in the universe--the brain, a mass of gray and white matter that controls an extraordinary number of functions and processes that allow us to walk, talk, breathe, reason, feel emotions, and perceive and experience the world around us. While we have made... |
2016 |
| Carla Adkison-Johnson , Jeffrey Terpstra , Jamie Burgos , E. Dorphine Payne |
African American Child Discipline: Differences Between Mothers and Fathers |
54 Family Court Review 203 (April, 2016) |
Child rearing methods used in African American homes have been the subject of much commentary among social scientists, child welfare, and legal personnel. Much of the deliberation has centered on firm disciplinary techniques used by African American mothers. However, few studies have included the perspectives of African American fathers. This study... |
2016 |
| Irving Joyner |
African American Political Participation in North Carolina: an Illusion or Political Progress? |
6 Wake Forest Journal of Law and Policy 85 (February, 2016) |
Since the beginning of the American democracy, Africans--both free and slave--have often encountered prohibitions in voting. Even when officially recognized as citizens after the Civil War, African Americans continued to encounter limitations when they sought to exercise their right to vote and have been locked in an ongoing battle with segments of... |
2016 |
| Steven L. Nelson, J.D., Ph.D. , Heather N. Bennett, Esq. |
Are Black Parents Locked out of Challenging Disproportionately Low Charter School Board Representation? Assessing the Role of the Federal Courts in Building a House of Cards |
12 Duke Journal of Constitutional Law & Public Policy 153 (Fall, 2016) |
The state of Minnesota established the first charter school in the United States in 1991. In the roughly quarter century since then, charter schools have experienced exponential growth. As of 2015, nearly every state in the union has charter school authorizing legislation. In addition to experiencing rapid growth in support among policymakers,... |
2016 |
| Margalynne J. Armstrong |
Are We Nearing the End of Impunity for Taking Black Lives? |
56 Santa Clara Law Review 721 (2016) |
Introduction. 722 I. Legal Protections (or a Lack Thereof) for the Lives of Slaves. 724 A. African Bondage. 724 B. The Legality of Murdering Slaves in North America. 729 C. Runaways, Patterollers, and the Fugitive Slave Act: Deputizing White Communities to Regulate Black Presence. 732 1. Patterollers. 733 2. No rights which the white man is bound... |
2016 |
| Mark Walsh |
B for Black |
102-AUG ABA Journal 20 (August, 2016) |
The U.S. Supreme Court spoke with a little extra emphasis, if not unanimity, when it ruled late in its term that the state of Georgia had violated the U.S. Constitution by striking two jurors on the basis of race in a capital murder case. Two peremptory strikes on the basis of race are two more than the Constitution allows, Chief Justice John G.... |
2016 |
| Nancy E. Dowd |
Black Boys Matter: Developmental Equality |
45 Hofstra Law Review 47 (Fall, 2016) |
[T]he question of how one should live within a black body, within a country lost in the Dream, is the question of my life .. --Ta-Nehisi Coates The American Dream is one of equality and opportunity; the ability to succeed and be whoever and whatever one wants to be, limited only by one's own drive and talent. But for Black boys, this is not the... |
2016 |
| R.A. Lenhardt |
Black Citizenship Through Marriage? Reflections on the Moynihan Report at Fifty |
25 Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal 347 (Spring 2016) |
I. Introduction: Black Citizenship Through Marriage? II. Unpacking The Moynihan Report's Account of Marriage and Black Citizenship III. Black Marriage inequality in the Age of Obergefell IV. Why NonmaritaL Black Families Matter V. Conclusion: The Place of Black Families in the New Movement for Civil Rights What are the necessary conditions for full... |
2016 |
| M Adams , Max Rameau |
Black Community Control over Police |
2016 Wisconsin Law Review 515 (2016) |
The Moment: From Uprising to Organizing. 515 I. Principles & Objectives. 518 II. Analysis. 520 A. Root Issue Versus Surface Issue. 520 B. Domestic Colonies: The Police as an Occupying Force. 521 C. Racial Prejudice Is Not the Problem. 524 1. Individual Racist Police. 524 2. End the Occupation and Shift Power. 525 III. The Proposition. 528 A. A... |
2016 |
| Andrea L. Dennis |
Black Contemporary Social Movements, Resource Mobilization, and Black Musical Activism |
79 Law and Contemporary Problems 29 (2016) |
In the last few years a grassroots social movement has emerged from the Black community. This movement aims to eliminate police and vigilante violence against Blacks nationwide. Blacks in America have long been subjected to this violence, and the issue has recently captured the country's attention. Multiple groups are pressing for change, including... |
2016 |
| Mary Crossley |
Black Health Matters: Disparities, Community Health, and Interest Convergence |
22 Michigan Journal of Race and Law 53 (Fall, 2016) |
Health disparities represent a significant strand in the fabric of racial injustice in the United States, one that has proven exceptionally durable. Many millions of dollars have been invested in addressing racial disparities over the past three decades. Researchers have identified disparities, unpacked their causes, and tracked their trajectories,... |
2016 |
| Samuel H. Pillsbury |
Black Lives Matter |
13 Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law 567 (Spring, 2016) |
Jill Leovy, Ghettoside: A True Story of Murder in America (2015). Please write about it. Please! A mother pleading with a reporter to write about her son's murder (P. 37.) A great story teller sweeps you away. The story begins and all you want to do is ride the wave of words to its end. Jill Leovy begins her book, Ghettoside, about the police... |
2016 |
| Osagie K. Obasogie , Zachary Newman |
Black Lives Matter and Respectability Politics in Local News Accounts of Officer-involved Civilian Deaths: an Early Empirical Assessment |
2016 Wisconsin Law Review 541 (2016) |
The Black Lives Matter movement launched in July 2013 after George Zimmerman was acquitted by a Florida jury in the shooting death of seventeen-year-old Trayvon Martin, an unarmed Black male. The incident giving rise to this emerging social movement -- where the hoodie became a key part of widespread public debates on whether certain attributes... |
2016 |
| Devon W. Carbado |
Blue-on-black Violence: a Provisional Model of Some of the Causes |
104 Georgetown Law Journal 1479 (August, 2016) |
This Article offers a theoretical model that explains the persistence of what I will call blue-on-black violence. Six features comprise the model. First, a variety of social forces converge to make African-Americans vulnerable to ongoing police surveillance and contact. Second, the frequency of this surveillance and contact exposes African-... |
2016 |
| Wendy Marie Laybourn , Gregory S. Parks |
Brotherhood and the Quest for African American Social Equality: a Story of Phi Beta Sigma |
16 University of Maryland Law Journal of Race, Religion, Gender and Class 1 (Spring, 2016) |
The common narrative about African Americans' quest for social justice and Civil Rights during the Twentieth Century consists, largely, of men and women working through organizations to bring about change. The typical list of organizations includes, inter alia, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the National Urban... |
2016 |
| Gabriel J. Chin , Daniel K. Tu |
Comprehensive Immigration Reform in the Jim Crow Era: Chinese Exclusion and the Mccreary Act of 1893 |
23 Asian American Law Journal 39 (2016) |
I. The Problem of Chinese Immigration. 42 II. Why Did Congress Grant Relief?. 46 A. Executive Enforcement Policy and the Practical Impossibility of Deportation.. 46 B. Anti-Racist Views in Congress. 51 C. Popular Constitutionalism: Due Process in Spite of the Court. 53 D. Missionaries and the Institutional Church. 57 E. A Relief Bill Becomes an... |
2016 |
| Gwendolyn Gordon |
Culture in Corporate Law Or: a Black Corporation, a Christian Corporation, and a Mori Corporation Walk into a Bar . |
39 Seattle University Law Review 353 (Winter, 2016) |
Recent Supreme Court cases have entrenched a new image of corporate civic identity, assigning to the corporate person rights and abilities based upon the cultural characteristics, social ties, civic commitments, and internal lives of the human beings involved in it. This vision of the corporation is exemplified in recent cases implicating a... |
2016 |
| Melissa Fussell |
Dead Men Bring No Claims: How Takings Claims Can Provide Redress for Real Property Owning Victims of Jim Crow Race Riots |
57 William and Mary Law Review 1913 (April, 2016) |
Introduction. 1914 I. A Real Property Remedy for Race Riot Victims. 1917 A. Race Riots as a Source of Real Property Claims. 1917 B. The Ocoee Riot and Real Property Claims. 1919 C. Standing for Descendants of Property Takings Victims. 1924 II. A Takings Claim Solution to the Real Property Harms of Race Riots. 1926 A. Physical Occupation of Real... |
2016 |
| Alberto Bernabe |
Do Black Lives Matter? Race as a Measure of Injury in Tort Law |
18 Scholar: St. Mary's Law Review on Race and Social Justice 41 (2016) |
I. Introduction. 41 II. The Facts and Allegations that Gave Rise to the Issue in Cramblett. 46 III. Wrongful Birth and Wrongful Life Claims. 48 IV. Wrongful Pregnancy Claims. 55 V. Is There a Basis for Relief in Cramblett?. 56 A. Relevant Case Law. 56 B. Cramblett's Unpersuasive Argument. 59 VI. The Impact of Modern Reproductive Technologies. 67... |
2016 |
| Catherine Millas Kaiman |
Environmental Justice and Community-based Reparations |
39 Seattle University Law Review 1327 (Summer, 2016) |
C1-2Contents Introduction. 1328 I. Environmental Justice Case Study: Old Smokey. 1331 II. The Environmental Justice Movement. 1334 A. The Early Days of Environmental Justice. 1336 B. Environmental Justice Progress. 1338 III. Tools and Barriers. 1339 A. Environmental Laws. 1340 1. National Environmental Protection Act. 1342 2. Executive Order... |
2016 |