AuthorTitleCitationSummaryYearKey Terms
Amanda Levendowski RESISTING FACE SURVEILLANCE WITH COPYRIGHT LAW 100 North Carolina Law Review 1015 (May, 2022) Face surveillance is animated by deep-rooted demographic and deployment biases that endanger marginalized communities and threaten the privacy of all. But current approaches have not prevented its adoption by law enforcement. Some companies have offered voluntary moratoria on selling the technology, leaving many others to fill in the gaps.... 2022  
Matthew Spencer RESTRUCTURING ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION OPTIONS TO IMPROVE POLICE ACCOUNTABILITY 13 Alabama Civil Rights & Civil Liberties Law Review 145 (2021-2022) I. Introduction. 145 II. Existing Structures of Accountability in Policing. 149 A. Civil Rights Lawsuits under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. 149 B. Consent Decrees from the U.S. Department of Justice. 152 C. Police Arbitration. 159 III. Additional Concerns Surrounding Police Self-Regulation. 165 IV. Creative Alternative Solutions to Police Accountability. 169... 2022  
Nick Robinson RETHINKING THE CRIME OF RIOTING 107 Minnesota Law Review 77 (November, 2022) Introduction. 78 I. The Problem of Rioting. 85 A. The United States and Its Many Types of Riots. 85 B. The Challenge of the Riot. 89 C. The Weaponization of the Accusation of Rioting. 91 ii. The Development of the Crime of Rioting. 93 A. English Roots. 93 B. United States Evolution. 96 III. A Critique of Anti-Riot Legal Measures. 106 A.... 2022  
Adenike Tijani, Adelarin Yemi-Sofumade REVENUE AND TAXATION 39 Georgia State University Law Review 263 (Fall, 2022) Income Taxes: Amend Chapter 7 of Title 48 of the Official Code of Georgia Annotated, Relating to Income Taxes, so as to Enact the Law Enforcement Strategic Support Act (LESS Crime Act); Provide for Tax Credits for Certain Contributions Made by Taxpayers to Certain Local Law Enforcement Foundations; Provide for an Aggregate Annual Limit; Provide for... 2022  
Ayesha Bell Hardaway RISE OF POLICE UNIONS ON THE BACK OF THE BLACK LIBERATION MOVEMENT 55 Connecticut Law Review 179 (December, 2022) Police unions have garnered the attention of the media and some scholars in recent years. That attention has often focused on exploring the seemingly inexplicable and routine power police unions have to shield problem officers from accountability. This Article shows that police union power did not surreptitiously arrive on the doorsteps of American... 2022  
Katherine Macfarlane SECTION 1983 DEALMAKING 97 Tulane Law Review 1 (November, 2022) Breonna Taylor was killed in her home during the botched execution of a no-knock warrant. However, any civil rights claims arising from her death would likely fail in court because of qualified immunity, which often shields officers from civil damages, and City of Los Angeles v. Lyons, which blocks reform that might be achieved through injunctive... 2022  
Chun Hin Jeffrey Tsoi SEIZING § 1983 AFTER YOUR PROTEST TODAY: FOURTH AMENDMENT AND PROTEST POLICING POST-TORRES 59 American Criminal Law Review Online 98 (Spring, 2022) On June 1, 2020, a group of demonstrators gathered in Lafayette Square in Washington D.C., right outside of the White House, to protest the brutal killings of George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, and numerous others throughout the United States. At approximately 6:30 pm, law enforcement officials started firing tear gas and other projectiles into the... 2022  
Beth Caldwell SHIFTING THE PARADIGM: AN ABOLITIONIST ANALYSIS OF THE RECENT JUVENILE JUSTICE "REVOLUTION" 23 Nevada Law Journal 115 (Fall, 2022) C1-2Table of Contents Introduction. 116 I. The Theoretical Roots of US Juvenile Justice Policy. 122 A. The Protectionist Approach. 124 1. Houses of Refuge and the Child-Saving Movement. 125 2. The Juvenile Court & Parens Patriae. 128 3. Emergence of Due Process Rights. 131 4. Current Manifestations of the Protectionist Approach. 132 a. Status... 2022  
Olalekan N. Sumonu SHOT IN THE STREETS, BURIED IN COURTS: AN ASSAULT ON PROTESTER RIGHTS 52 Seton Hall Law Review 1569 (2022) As a result of exasperated citizens' ongoing crusade against police-related killings, 2020 witnessed the eruption of protests and civil unrest throughout the country, leaving dried blood, empty tear gas canisters, demolished storefronts, and ultimately, a divided nation in its wake. Pictures and videos of devastated cities and businesses--as well... 2022  
Kathleen Giunta SLAYING THE SERPENTS: WHY ALTERNATIVE INTERVENTION IS NECESSARY TO PROTECT THOSE IN MENTAL HEALTH CRISIS FROM THE STATE-CREATED DANGER "SNAKE PIT" 30 Journal of Law & Policy 497 (2022) The Black Lives Matter protests in 2020 and ongoing reports of police brutality around the United States sparked extensive debate over qualified immunity and the legal protections that prevent police accountability. Individuals experiencing mental health crises are especially vulnerable to police violence, since police officers lack the requisite... 2022  
Cesar M. Estrada SOCIAL MOVEMENT THEORY AND THE ROLE OF QUALIFIED IMMUNITY IN INCREASING POLITICAL VIOLENCE 36 Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy 347 (2022) On April 20, 2021, a Minneapolis jury returned a guilty verdict on three different homicide charges for former Minneapolis Police Officer Derek Chauvin for the murder of George Floyd in May 2020. George Floyd's murder, long down the list of police killings of Black Americans, was not unique in and of itself. In 2020 alone, 1,126 people were killed... 2022  
Akshaya Kamalnath SOCIAL MOVEMENTS, DIVERSITY, AND CORPORATE SHORT-TERMISM 23 Georgetown Journal of Gender and the Law 449 (Spring, 2022) Social movements like #MeToo and #BlackLivesMatter, powered by social media, have given rise to heightened corporate activism on social issues. They have also drawn attention to the importance of addressing diversity issues for the workforce rather than simply at the board or management level. This Article argues that the focus on such social... 2022  
Judge Leslie A. Gardner , Justin C. Van Orsdol SOLIDIFYING SUPREMACY CLAUSE IMMUNITY 30 William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal 567 (March, 2022) States have often taken different approaches to polarizing issues such as the legalization of marijuana, voting rights, and gun safety. Generally, the federal government has stayed out of the fray honoring the concept of the states as laboratories. That is, until recently. With increasing debate among political leaders and diverging viewpoints... 2022  
Katrina Lee SOLVING FOR LAW FIRM INCLUSION: THE NECESSITY OF LAWYER WELL-BEING 24 Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment and Technology Law 323 (Winter, 2022) Chances are, in a room of one hundred law firm partners in the United States, at most, one Black woman would be present. Statistically, if there were a Black, Latinx, or Asian woman in that room, she would be the only one. Women of color make up only 3.79 percent of all partners, counting equity and nonequity partners. The percentage of Black women... 2022  
Blanche Bong Cook SOMETHING ROTS IN LAW ENFORCEMENT AND IT'S THE SEARCH WARRANT: THE BREONNA TAYLOR CASE 102 Boston University Law Review 1 (February, 2022) When police rammed the door of Breonna Taylor's home and shot her five times in a hail of thirty-two bullets, they lacked legal justification for being there. The affidavit supporting the warrant was perjurious, stale, vague, and lacking in particularity. The killing of Breonna Taylor, however, is not just a story about the illegality of the... 2022  
Katrina McCullough, INTER-AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF PUERTO RICO SCHOOL OF LAW SPEAK NOW OR FOREVER HOLD YOUR PEACE: FREEDOM OF SPEECH UNDER THE FIRST AMENDMENT ADDRESSING THE GOVERNMENT'S SUPPRESSION OF AFRICAN AMERICANS' RIGHT TO PEACEFUL PROTESTING 15 Southern Journal of Policy and Justice 79 (Summer, 2022) Those who make peaceful revolution impossible, make violent revolution inevitable. John F. Kennedy To protest against injustice is the foundation of all our American democracy. Thurgood Marshall This paper will examine the history, development, and principles of Freedom of Speech expressed in the First Amendment. Additionally, this article will... 2022  
Marc Edelman SPORTS DIPLOMACY AT ITS TIPPING POINT: CAN NBA CHINA SURVIVE A CULTURE CLASH OVER FREE SPEECH NORMS? 53 Connecticut Law Review 913 (February, 2022) Since 2008, the Chinese government has been an active participant in the joint venture of NBA China--a business venture that has allowed the National Basketball Association (NBA) to host exhibition basketball games in the People's Republic of China (China), broadcast basketball games on Chinese television networks, and operate a... 2022  
Emily Behzadi STATUES OF FRAUD: CONFEDERATE MONUMENTS AS PUBLIC NUISANCES 18 Stanford Journal of Civil Rights & Civil Liberties 1 (February, 2022) The deaths of George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, and countless other African Americans have ignited a new wave of social activism throughout the United States. Notwithstanding the existence of one of the most infectious diseases of the twenty-first century, racist and unrestrained police violence continues to plague American society. The unprecedented... 2022  
Akshaya Kamalnath STRENGTHENING BOARDS THROUGH DIVERSITY: A TWO-SIDED MARKET THAT CAN BE EFFECTIVELY SERVICED BY INTERMEDIARIES 40 Minnesota Journal of Law & Inequality 155 (Winter, 2022) The current focus on the monitoring role of the corporate board has come under much criticism. Independent directors play a significant role within this model. However, their ability to truly function independently has been rightly questioned in the last decade. Independent directors are impeded by two main problems: first, the lack of access to... 2022  
Devon W. Carbado STRICT SCRUTINY & THE BLACK BODY 69 UCLA Law Review 2 (March, 2022) When people in law think about strict scrutiny, often they are also thinking about equal protection law's treatment of race. For more than four decades, scholars have vigorously challenged that legal regime. Yet none of that contestation has interrogated the social manifestation of strict scrutiny. This Article does that work. Its central claim is... 2022  
Isaiah Strong SURVEILLANCE OF BLACK LIVES AS INJURY-IN-FACT 122 Columbia Law Review 1019 (May, 2022) Black communities have been surveilled by governmental institutions and law enforcement agencies throughout the history of the United States. Most recently, law enforcement has turned to monitoring social media, devoting an increasing number of resources and time to surveilling various social media platforms. Yet this rapid increase in law... 2022  
Carly Margolis TARGETING POLICE UNIONS, RETHINKING REFORM 46 New York University Review of Law and Social Change 224 (2022) Police unions are a powerful obstacle to reform and abolition movements alike. This article tracks the (re)emergence of a political strategy targeting police unions as a site of police reform and abolition amid the summer 2020 uprising. It takes Washington, D.C.'s Defund MPD (Metropolitan Police Department) movement as a case study on the... 2022  
Alberto Bernabe TEACHING AT THE INTERSECTION OF TORTS, RACE, AND GENDER 41 Quinnipiac Law Review 1 (2022) Introduction. 2 I. Planning, Goals, and Approach. 5 II. Determining the Value of the Injury in Torts Cases. 10 III. Battery and Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress. 15 IV. Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress. 19 V. Should the Standard of Care In Negligence Cases Take Into Account Gender or Race?. 21 VI. Prenatal Torts. 26 VII. Duty... 2022  
Steve Calandrillo , Nolan Kobuke Anderson TERRIFIED BY TECHNOLOGY: HOW SYSTEMIC BIAS DISTORTS U.S. LEGAL AND REGULATORY RESPONSES TO EMERGING TECHNOLOGY 2022 University of Illinois Law Review 597 (2022) Nothing in life is to be feared, it is only to be understood. Now is the time to understand more, so that we may fear less. --Marie Curie Americans are becoming increasingly aware of the systemic biases we possess and how those biases preclude us from collectively living out the true meaning of our national creed. But to fully understand systemic... 2022  
Franciska Coleman THE ANATOMY OF CANCEL CULTURE 2 Journal of Free Speech Law 205 (2022) In this paper, I undertake a qualitative exploration of how social regulation of speech works in practice on university campuses, and of the extent to which social regulation in practice affirms or undermines the stereotypes and caricatures that characterize the cancel-culture wars. I first summarize the two narratives that anchor public debates... 2022  
Brandon Hasbrouck THE ANTIRACIST CONSTITUTION 102 Boston University Law Review 87 (February, 2022) Our Constitution, as it is and as it has been interpreted by our courts, serves white supremacy. The twin projects of abolition and reconstruction remain incomplete, derailed first by openly hostile institutions, then by the subtler lie that a colorblind Constitution would bring about the end of racism. Yet, in its debut in Supreme Court... 2022  
Laura M. Padilla THE BLACK--WHITE PARADIGM'S CONTINUING ERASURE OF LATINAS: SEE WOMEN LAW DEANS OF COLOR 99 Denver Law Review 683 (Summer, 2022) The Black-white paradigm persists with unintended consequences. For example, there have been only six Latina law deans to date with only four presently serving. This Article provides data about women law deans of color, the dearth of Latina law deans, and explanations for the data. It focuses on the enduring Black-white paradigm, as well as other... 2022  
Anna Offit THE CHARACTER OF JURY EXCLUSION 106 Minnesota Law Review 2173 (May, 2022) In American jury trials, cause challenges and peremptory strikes can be used to excuse otherwise eligible jurors based on their previous encounters with, or experience-based impressions of, the criminal justice system. The legitimacy of this practice hinges on the view that these individuals cannot fairly and impartially serve as jurors. Yet this... 2022  
Nadia B. Ahmad THE CLIODYNAMICS OF MASS INCARCERATION, CLIMATE CHANGE, AND "CHAINS ON OUR FEET" 49 Fordham Urban Law Journal 371 (February, 2022) Introduction. 371 I. Cliodynamics and Complexity. 377 II. Sociolegal Patterns of Mass Incarceration in the United States. 384 A. Historical Prison Trends. 384 B. Preparedness of Legal Systems. 387 C. Global South Variations. 393 D. Rule of Law Initiatives as Importation of U.S. Carcerality Overseas. 393 III. Climate Change Resistance Movements. 396... 2022  
Alexis Hoag THE COLOR OF JUSTICE 120 Michigan Law Review 977 (April, 2022) Free Justice: a History of the Public Defender in Twentieth Century America. By Sara Mayeux. University of North Carolina Press. 2020. Pp. xi, 271. $26.95. Writing about history requires making certain decisions: when to start the account, what to include and exclude, which documents and artifacts to rely upon, and what questions to address. One... 2022  
Maryam Ahranjani , Natalie Saing THE CONSTITUTIONAL COSTS OF SCHOOL POLICING 72 American University Law Review 337 (December, 2022) Responding to fears of violence and liability on K-12 campuses, local school boards and superintendents have made on-site or embedded school police omnipresent in American public schools. Yet, very little attention is paid to the many costs associated with their presence. When situating law enforcement's presence squarely in the racist history of... 2022  
Angela Onwuachi-Willig THE CRT OF BLACK LIVES MATTER 66 Saint Louis University Law Journal 663 (Summer, 2022) Critical Race Theory (CRT), or at least its principles, stands at the core of most prominent social movements of today--from the resurgence of the #MeToo Movement, which was founded by a Black woman, Tarana Burke, to the Black Lives Matter Movement, which was founded by three Black women: Opal Tometi, Alicia Garza, and Patrisse Cullors. In fact,... 2022  
Veronica Root Martinez THE DIVERSITY RISK PARADOX 75 Vanderbilt Law Review En Banc 115 (2022) There is a growing body of literature discussing the proper role of diversity, equity, and inclusion efforts by and within public firms. A combination of forces brought renewed energy to this topic over the past few years. The #MeToo movement demonstrated a whole host of inequities faced by women within workplaces. Business Roundtable's 2019... 2022  
Heidi M. S. Sandomir THE END OF FORCED ARBITRATION OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE AND THE UNCERTAIN FUTURE 29 Cardozo Journal of Equal Rights & Social Justice 111 (Fall, 2022) C1-2Table of Contents Introduction. 112 Part I. 115 A. Alternative Dispute Resolution. 115 B. Arbitration. 116 C. Forced Arbitration, Employment Contracts, and Workplace Sexual Violence. 116 D. Issues Inherent to Arbitrating Sexual Violence Claims. 118 1. Arbitration Lacks Diversity. 118 2. The Repeat Player Effect. 121 3. Civil Litigation Benefits... 2022  
Arusha Gordon THE FIRST AMENDMENT, POLICING, AND WHITE SUPREMACY IN AMERICA 28 Texas Journal on Civil Liberties & Civil Rights 33 (Fall, 2022) In recent years, journalists, researchers and community activists have identified thousands of law enforcement officers holding white supremacist, misogynistic, Islamophobic, homophobic, and other bigoted views. In addition to engaging in hateful activity online, officers have displayed insignia and hand signals for white supremacist groups,... 2022  
Thomas P. Crocker THE FOURTH AMENDMENT AND THE PROBLEM OF SOCIAL COST 117 Northwestern University Law Review 473 (2022) Abstract--The Supreme Court has made social cost a core concept relevant to the calculation of Fourth Amendment remedies but has never explained the concept's meaning. The Court limits the availability of both the exclusionary rule and civil damages because of their substantial social costs. According to the Court, these costs primarily consist... 2022  
Laura C. Powell THE GOOD, THE BAD, AND THE UGLY: BLACK LIVES MATTER PROTESTS, THE JANUARY 6TH INSURRECTION, AND FACIAL RECOGNITION TECHNOLOGY AS ADMISSIBLE EVIDENCE 72 American University Law Review 277 (October, 2022) The debate surrounding law enforcement's use of facial recognition technology (FRT) continues to raise concerns about accuracy, reliability, and equity. Nonetheless, law enforcement agencies continue to purchase, implement, and use FRT as an investigative tool to identify suspects and make arrests. Yet, its ability to enter the courtroom remains... 2022  
Rohit Tallapragada THE HISTORY OF THE BLACK-INDIAN ALLIANCE 14 Georgetown Journal of Law & Modern Critical Race Perspectives 227 (Summer, 2022) C1-2Table of Contents Introduction. 227 The Alliance and How it Formed. 228 The Alliance's Intellectual Exchange. 232 The Alliance's Fall. 236 The Black-Indian American Alliance Today. 237 The Future of the Alliance. 243 2022  
Jennifer S. Fan THE LANDSCAPE OF STARTUP CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN THE FOUNDER-FRIENDLY ERA 18 NYU Journal of Law & Business 317 (Spring, 2022) In corporate governance scholarship, there is an important debate about the nature and roles of the members of the board of directors in venture capital-backed private companies. The impact of a newly emerged, founder-centric model has been underappreciated, while the role of the independent director as tiebreaker or swing vote is vastly... 2022  
Deborah R. Gerhardt THE LAST BREAKFAST WITH AUNT JEMIMA 14 Landslide 46 (December/January, 2022) In the spring and summer of 2020, as Americans struggled to make sense of George Floyd's murder in front of a crowd in broad daylight, trademark owners began abandoning iconic but racially charged words and imagery, including Aunt Jemima, Uncle Ben, and the Redskins. This unprecedented moment in advertising history has much to teach us about... 2022  
Deborah R. Gerhardt THE LAST BREAKFAST WITH AUNT JEMIMA AND ITS IMPACT ON TRADEMARK THEORY 45 Columbia Journal of Law & the Arts 231 (Winter, 2022) The generally-accepted law and economics theory of trademarks fails to explain why a brand owner would ever walk away from a trademark that generates financially lucrative returns. In 2020, that is exactly what happened again and again as brand owners pledged to abandon racially explicit marks in the weeks following George Floyd's murder. As... 2022  
Lucius T. Outlaw III THE LINE THAT I DID NOT KNOW I HAD: WHY I WOULD NOT REPRESENT A JANUARY 6 DEFENDANT AS A PUBLIC DEFENDER 27 Berkeley Journal of Criminal Law 1 (Fall, 2022) Introduction. 1 I. The January 6th Insurrection. 4 II. January 6, White Extremism, & Racial Violence. 9 III. The Calling--A Public Defender's Subinterests. 15 IV. Why I Would Not Represent January 6 Defendants. 17 1. Preservation of My Racial Justice/Civil Rights Subinterest. 17 2. Refusing to be a Tool for Subjugating Black Americans. 19 V.... 2022  
Anneke Dunbar-Gronke THE MANDATE FOR CRITICAL RACE THEORY IN THIS TIME 69 UCLA Law Review Discourse 4 (2022) A necessary conclusion from Critical Race Theory (CRT) is that Black people cannot look to the law for justice because racism is baked into the law. As a result, the movement for Black liberation cannot rely on the law for just outcomes. This result does not, however, mean that we have to abandon legal interventions altogether. Instead, for those... 2022  
Jake Landreth THE MATERIALITY OF ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL, AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ("ESG") INDICATORS: IS IT TIME FOR MANDATORY DISCLOSURE? 36 Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy Online Supplement 528 (2022) Today, companies have no comprehensive mandatory requirements to disclose environmental, social, or corporate governance (ESG) details to their shareholders or the public. Corporations traditionally operate to make profits for their shareholders, and fifty years ago, that might have been the sole sufficient factor. Public corporations follow a... 2022  
Ashley Evans THE MISTREATMENT OF BLACK-OWNED BUSINESSES DURING THE FIRST AND SECOND ROUNDS OF THE PAYCHECK PROTECTION PROGRAM 17 Rutgers Business Law Review 107 (Spring, 2022) Amid a global pandemic, the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) severely discriminated against small Black-owned businesses. Combined with record closures because of COVID-19, further discrimination by the PPP and banking institutions will lead to the near eradication of small Black-owned businesses in America. The federal government needs to... 2022  
Joshua G. Wolford THE MOST DANGEROUS OF ALL SUBVERSIONS: TAMING THE AT-WILL EMPLOYMENT DOCTRINE BY STATUTORILY SAFEGUARDING PRIVATE EMPLOYEES' PUBLIC PROTEST SPEECH 110 Kentucky Law Journal 791 (2021-2022) Table of Contents. 791 Introduction. 792 I. The American Worker and Free Speech: Protections for Some, Capriciousness for Most, AND Uncertainty for All. 794 A. Protections for Some. 795 B. Capriciousness for Most. 798 II. Wrongful Discharge Claims and The Free Speech Freeze Out. 801 A. The Common Law Mess. 802 B. Wrongful Termination in Violation... 2022  
Ariba Ahmad THE NEXT STEP IN CIVIL RIGHTS: ABOLISH ABSOLUTE PROSECUTORIAL IMMUNITY SO PROSECUTORS CANNOT USE THEIR POWER TO VIOLATE OTHERS' CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS 72 Case Western Reserve Law Review 839 (Spring, 2022) C1-2Contents Introduction. 840 I. Winning at All Costs: Prosecutorial Misconduct Violates the Constitution and Destroys Lives. 841 A. A Few Bad Apples vs. A Rotten Orchard: The Issue is Systemic. 843 B. Our Judicial System is Failing Us--Why Internal Remedies Do Not Work. 846 1. Appellate Reversal. 846 2. Professional Discipline and Criminal... 2022  
I. India Thusi THE PATHOLOGICAL WHITENESS OF PROSECUTION 110 California Law Review 795 (June, 2022) Criminal law scholarship suffers from a Whiteness problem. While scholars appear to be increasingly concerned with the racial disparities within the criminal legal system, the scholarship's focus tends to be on the marginalized communities and the various discriminatory outcomes they experience as a result of the system. Scholars frequently mention... 2022  
Cynthia Godsoe THE PLACE OF THE PROSECUTOR IN ABOLITIONIST PRAXIS 69 UCLA Law Review 164 (March, 2022) Progressive prosecutors have been widely hailed as the solution to mass incarceration. This Article argues, to the contrary, that the legal arm of law enforcement can never be the full answer to its problems. While scholars critique police and call to defund and dismantle them, they overlook prosecutors. Building on the work of abolitionist... 2022  
Caroline Mala Corbin THE PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE AND COMPELLED SPEECH REVISITED: REQUIRING PARENTAL CONSENT 97 Indiana Law Journal 967 (Spring, 2022) Since the Supreme Court decided West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette in 1943, free speech law has been clear: public schools may not force students to recite the Pledge of Allegiance. Nevertheless, in two states--Texas and Florida--students may decline to participate only with parental permission. The Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals... 2022  
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