AuthorTitleCitationSummaryYearRelevancy
Steven A. Ramirez RODRIGO'S ABSTRACTION: CAPITALISM, INEQUALITY, AND REFORM OVER TIME AND SPACE 50 Wake Forest Law Review 187 (Spring 2015) Recently, Professor Richard Delgado observed that law and capitalism define each other, as mirror images. Indeed, Professor Delgado suggests that law and capitalism are the same thing and that therefore law is not a promising path to reform capitalism. This conclusion enjoys some support from economists who now warn that the United States faces... 2015  
Deborah C. Malamud THE STRANGE PERSISTENCE OF AFFIRMATIVE ACTION UNDER TITLE VII 118 West Virginia Law Review 1 (Fall, 2015) I. Introduction. 1 II. Remedial Affirmative Action Under Title VII. 3 III. Today's Corporate Diversity Affirmative Action. 5 A. Reading Justice O'Connor. 9 B. Reading Justice Kennedy. 12 IV. Thinking About the Future. 15 A. Seven Critiques of Traditional Remedial Affirmative Action. 15 B. Roadblocks to Going Beyond Remedy to Diversity. 20... 2015  
Gary Peller THE TRUE LEFT 10 Unbound: Harvard Journal of the Legal Left 101 (2015) You don't need a weatherman To know which way the wind blows. --Bob Dylan, Subterranean Homesick Blues (1965) My own understanding of social change and political organizing has been shaped by Duncan Kennedy's theoretical (non)-stances and his practical examples. I salute my friend, occasional mentor and true comrade on his retirement from formal... 2015  
Matthew A. Axtell TOWARD A NEW LEGAL HISTORY OF CAPITALISM AND UNFREE LABOR: LAW, SLAVERY, AND EMANCIPATION IN THE AMERICAN MARKETPLACE 40 Law and Social Inquiry 270 (Winter, 2015) Johnson, Walter. 2013. River of Dark Dreams: Slavery and Empire in the Cotton Kingdom. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Pp. 526. $35.00 cloth New work on the history of capitalism reveals how the personal freedom enjoyed by people living within the liberal capitalist mainstream is often purchased by coerced labor at the social margins.... 2015  
Lisa R. Pruitt WHO'S AFRAID OF WHITE CLASS MIGRANTS? ON DENIAL, DISCREDITING AND DISDAIN (AND TOWARD A RICHER CONCEPTION OF DIVERSITY) 31 Columbia Journal of Gender and Law 196 (2015) This Article describes and theorizes the legal academy's denial of both class disadvantage and class migration, with particular attention to how those phenomena are manifest in relation to white faculty. The Article observes that a general disdain for poor and working-class whites evolves into the denial and distancing of class migrants, those who... 2015  
Stephanie M. Wildman , Lucy Gaines WISE LATINA/OS REFLECT ON ROLE MODELS, ACTING AFFIRMATIVELY, AND STRUCTURES OF DISCRIMINATION: IN HONOR OF RICHARD DELGADO 33 Law & Inequality: A Journal of Theory and Practice 459 (Summer, 2015) Richard Delgado and I [Stephanie] have never lived in the same place or taught on the same faculty. I'm a provincial Californian, having spent my entire teaching career at Bay area law schools; Richard is an internationally recognized scholar who has taught at many different places. I am a White Jewish woman; he is a Latino man. In some ways it was... 2015  
Harry G. Hutchison AFFIRMATIVE ACTION: BETWEEN THE OIKOS AND THE COSMOS REVIEW ESSAY: RICHARD SANDER & STUART TAYLOR, JR., MISMATCH: HOW AFFIRMATIVE ACTION HURTS STUDENTS IT'S INTENDED TO HELP, AND WHY UNIVERSITIES WON'T ADMIT IT 66 South Carolina Law Review 119 (Autumn, 2014) I. Introduction. 120 II. Situating Affirmative Action in Context. 126 A. Conflict or Consensus as Part of the Nation's Racial Odyssey?. 127 B. Race in the Mirror of Government Volatility. 129 C. The Constitutional Background: The Paradoxes of Equal Protection. 132 III. The Cosmos, Universality, and Diversity. 144 A. Cosmopolitanism's Universalizing... 2014  
William M. Wiecek , Judy L. Hamilton BEYOND THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964: CONFRONTING STRUCTURAL RACISM IN THE WORKPLACE 74 Louisiana Law Review 1095 (Summer, 2014) Since 1967, sociologists have produced a compelling body of literature on structural racism that explains why severe racial disparities persist throughout American society in all social domains: employment, education, residential patterns, wealth accumulation, and so on. Structural racism perpetuates the effects of past, overt discrimination... 2014  
Emily M.S. Houh , Kristin Kalsem IT'S CRITICAL: LEGAL PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH 19 Michigan Journal of Race and Law 287 (Spring, 2014) This Article introduces a method of research that we term legal participatory action research or legal PAR as a way for legal scholars and activists to put various strands of critical legal theory into practice. Specifically, through the lens of legal PAR, this Article contributes to a rapidly developing legal literature on the fringe economy... 2014  
Stewart Chang RACIAL UPSIDE: DECONSTRUCTING THE 'MERITS' OF JEREMY LIN'S NBA CONTRACT 14 Virginia Sports and Entertainment Law Journal 1 (Fall, 2014) This Article disputes the common misperception that sports are a colorblind meritocracy that should serve as a model for the rest of society. The capacity of players to break into and succeed in professional sports is believed to be based purely on merit, with no consideration of race. Controversies that surfaced around the rise of professional... 2014  
Jeremiah Chin RED LAW, WHITE SUPREMACY: CHEROKEE FREEDMEN, TRIBAL SOVEREIGNTY, AND THE COLONIAL FEEDBACK LOOP 47 John Marshall Law Review 1227 (Summer, 2014) I. Introduction. 1228 II. Conflict in Context: Historical origins of Cherokee Freedmen and Pending Litigation. 1230 A. Slavery and Reconstruction in the Cherokee Nation and the United States. 1231 1. Slavery in the Cherokee Nation and the beginnings of African enslavement. 1231 2. Removal and Civil War Alliances. 1234 3. Cherokee by Blood and the... 2014  
Richard Delgado RODRIGO'S EQUATION: RACE, CAPITALISM, AND THE SEARCH FOR REFORM 49 Wake Forest Law Review 87 (Spring 2014) I was hopping awkwardly up and down on one foot in an effort to remove my remaining shoe while trying not to drop the pile of notes and law review articles I had brought to read on the plane, acutely aware of the impatient young couple behind me and the glinty-eyed TSA inspector sizing me up nearby. Just then, as though by magic, a familiar voice... 2014  
George H. Taylor THE OBJECT OF DIVERSITY 75 University of Pittsburgh Law Review 653 (Summer, 2014) Immersion in the work of Derrick Bell has been one of the great privileges of my life as a scholar and teacher. In my teaching it was a particular pleasure to be able to co-teach a course with Bell when he visited the University of Pittsburgh for a semester several years before his death. I take as the inspiration for this Article a theme prominent... 2014  
Osamudia R. James WHITE LIKE ME: THE NEGATIVE IMPACT OF THE DIVERSITY RATIONALE ON WHITE IDENTITY FORMATION 89 New York University Law Review 425 (May, 2014) In several cases addressing the constitutionality of affirmative action admissions policies, the Supreme Court has recognized a compelling state interest in schools with diverse student populations. According to the Court and affirmative action proponents, the pursuit of diversity does not only benefit minority students who gain expanded access to... 2014  
Charlotte Garden , Nancy Leong "SO CLOSELY INTERTWINED": LABOR AND RACIAL SOLIDARITY 81 George Washington Law Review 1135 (July, 2013) Conventional wisdom tells us that labor unions and people of color are adversaries. Commentators, academics, politicians, and employers across a broad range of ideologies view the two groups' interests as fundamentally opposed and their relationship as predictably fraught with tension. For example, commentators assert that unions capture a wage... 2013  
Camille Gear Rich AFFIRMATIVE ACTION IN THE ERA OF ELECTIVE RACE: RACIAL COMMODIFICATION AND THE PROMISE OF THE NEW FUNCTIONALISM 102 Georgetown Law Journal 179 (November, 2013) This Essay uses the current controversy over the racial self-identification decisions of former Harvard Law Professor Elizabeth Warren as an occasion to explore incipient cultural and legal anxieties about employers' ability to define race under affirmative action programs. The Essay characterizes Warren's racial self-identification decisions as... 2013  
Vinay Harpalani DESI CRIT: THEORIZING THE RACIAL AMBIGUITY OF SOUTH ASIAN AMERICANS 69 New York University Annual Survey of American Law 77 (2013) This Article analyzes the racial ambiguity of South Asian Americans--peoples whose ancestry derives from the Indian subcontinent--and has two major aims. First, it provides a comprehensive account of the racialization of South Asian Americans (Desi) a group that legal scholars have not considered at any length in the rubric of American racial... 2013  
Nancy Leong HALF/FULL 3 UC Irvine Law Review 1125 (December, 2013) Research suggests that multiracial identity is uniquely malleable, and I will focus here on the significance of that malleability for mixed-Asian individuals, primarily those of Asian/White descent. At various times, mixed-Asian individuals may present themselves as half Asian; other times, they may present themselves as full Asian, full... 2013  
Lee Ann S. Wang OF THE LAW, BUT NOT ITS SPIRIT": IMMIGRATION MARRIAGE FRAUD AS LEGAL FICTION AND VIOLENCE AGAINST ASIAN IMMIGRANT WOMEN 3 UC Irvine Law Review 1221 (December, 2013) Introduction. 1221 I. Immigration Marriage Fraud as a Legal Fiction. 1228 II. The Racial Problem with Coaching . 1235 III. Translation as Fraudulent Speaker. 1239 IV. Love Letters and Whiteness. 1243 V. The Citizen Subject as Innocent Speaker. 1246 Conclusion. 1249 2013  
Janine Young Kim POSTRACIALISM: RACE AFTER EXCLUSION 17 Lewis & Clark Law Review 1063 (2013) This Article examines a profound shift in the concept of race. Although race is widely viewed as socially constructed through continuous struggles over meaning, its content has remained remarkably stable over time. Race, since the nation's founding, has been defined mainly by three social conditions: difference, denigration, and exclusion. Among... 2013  
Orit Gan PROMISSORY ESTOPPEL: A CALL FOR A MORE INCLUSIVE CONTRACT LAW 16 Journal of Gender, Race and Justice 47 (Winter 2013) It is conventional wisdom that promissory estoppel is a mechanism for screening enforceable promises, and that it is a secondary and an insignificant doctrine, while consideration is the primary doctrine of contract formation. This Article challenges these two premises. First, focusing on the parties behind the promises, this Article argues the... 2013  
George Lipsitz "IN AN AVALANCHE EVERY SNOWFLAKE PLEADS NOT GUILTY": THE COLLATERAL CONSEQUENCES OF MASS INCARCERATION AND IMPEDIMENTS TO WOMEN'S FAIR HOUSING RIGHTS 59 UCLA Law Review 1746 (August, 2012) In our society, individual acts of intentional discrimination function in concert with historically created vulnerabilities; these vulnerabilities are based on disfavored identity categories and amplify each injustice and injury. Although anyone can be a victim of housing discrimination, women of color suffer distinct collateral injuries from... 2012  
S. Cagle Juhan FREE SPEECH, HATE SPEECH, AND THE HOSTILE SPEECH ENVIRONMENT 98 Virginia Law Review 1577 (November, 2012) Introduction. 1578 I. Background: Hate Speech and the CollegeCampus. 1581 A. Supreme Court Precedents on Hate Speech Generally. 1582 B. Lower Court Cases on Campus Hate Speech. 1585 II. The Problem: Suppression of and Hostility Towards Protected Speech. 1587 A. Two Virtues and Three Vices of Speech Codes. 1587 B. First Amendment Defiance: Ad Hoc... 2012  
Davarian L. Baldwin FROM WISCONSIN TO EGYPT AND BACK AGAIN: A COMMENT ON BRIDGETTE BALDWIN'S ANALYSIS OF THE SHADOW WORK THESIS 34 Western New England Law Review 475 (2012) It's like Cairo has moved to Madison these days. In 1996, filmmaker Michael Moore headed to Wisconsin to shoot scenes for his latest documentary, The Big One. Wisconsin captured Moore's attention as the founding home of the nation's largest temporary labor agency, Manpower, Inc. With low-wage, no benefit temp labor as such a lucrative enterprise,... 2012  
Kolleen Duley GENDER AND CRIMINALITY 18 UCLA Women's Law Journal 273 (Winter 2012) I. Introduction. 273 II. Women's Prison Reform Movement: Scholarly Reviews. 275 III. Early Literature on Gender and Criminality. 281 IV. Law Enforcement Violence. 291 V. Gender Essentialism and Female Policing. 293 VI. Globalization and Imprisonment. 296 VII. Conclusion. 299 2012  
Wendy A. Bach MOBILIZATION AND POVERTY LAW: SEARCHING FOR PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY AMID THE ASHES OF THE WAR ON POVERTY 20 Virginia Journal of Social Policy and the Law 96 (Fall 2012) In 1964, at the height of the Civil Rights Movement, the federal government launched Community Action, a program that was to be designed and implemented with the maximum feasible participation of the poor. Today in governance theory, we are told once again that participation by affected communities in the mechanisms of governance has the ability to... 2012  
Rebecca Sharpless MORE THAN ONE LANE WIDE: AGAINST HIERARCHIES OF HELPING IN PROGRESSIVE LEGAL ADVOCACY 19 Clinical Law Review 347 (Fall 2012) Progressive legal scholars and practitioners have created a hierarchy within social justice lawyering. Direct service attorneys--nonprofit attorneys who focus on helping individuals in civil cases--sit at the bottom. In the 1960s, progressive theorists advanced a negative portrayal of direct service attorneys as a class. This discourse has... 2012  
Gil Gott RACE, RIGHTS AND RETERRITORIALIZATION 1 Columbia Journal of Race and Law 302 (July, 2012) Critical race and neo-Marxist perspectives treat rights or rights discourse with a somewhat similar and complex ambivalence, but with distinctly different weightings and emphases in how they theorize rights functioning within systems of liberal democracy and racialized capitalism. On the one hand, both approaches identify a subject formation... 2012  
David Gröshöff CHILD, PLEASE --STOP THE ANTI-QUEER SCHOOL BULLYCIDES: A MODEST PROPOSAL TO HOIST SOCIAL CONSERVATIVES BY THEIR OWN "GOD, GUNS, AND GAYS" PETARD 11 University of Maryland Law Journal of Race, Religion, Gender and Class 151 (Fall 2011) In September 2010, openly queer thirteen year-old California student Seth Walsh, wrote a note to his family that read: I know this will bring you much pain, but I will hopefully be in a better place than this shithole. Put my body in burial and visit my body . . . . And make sure to make the school feel like shit for bringing you this sorrow. In... 2011  
Francisco Valdes , Sumi Cho CRITICAL RACE MATERIALISM: THEORIZING JUSTICE IN THE WAKE OF GLOBAL NEOLIBERALISM 43 Connecticut Law Review 1513 (July, 2011) Critical Race Theory's (CRT's) first two decades produced a rich and diverse literature deconstructing law and society using a racial lens. CRT's emergence and rise occurred at a moment in history where the U.S. was still the uncontested unipolar superpower whose privileged elites enjoyed unprecedented prosperity and status. Despite its dominant... 2011  
Paulina E. Davis RACISM, CAPITALISM, AND PREDATORY LENDING: HOW THE U.S. GOVERNMENT'S FAILURE TO REGULATE THE DISPROPORTIONATE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF PAYDAY LENDING IN BLACK COMMUNITIES VIOLATES THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF RACIAL DISCRIMIN 4 Human Rights & Globalization Law Review 61 (Fall, 2010/Spring, 2011) In 2009, two issues have received intense attention in the media; the first issue being the candidacy and election of the first Black president of the United States, and the other being the global economic meltdown. The election of Barack Obama catapulted an important, albeit diluted, conversation on race relations in this country as it... 2011  
Daniel Austin Green ACCOUNTING'S NADIR: FAILURES OF FORM OR SUBSTANCE? 12 University of Pennsylvania Journal of Business Law 601 (Spring 2010) To read some media reports over the last two years, a recent accounting change--the implementation of FAS 157 by the SEC in November 2007--seems to have single-handedly plunged the worldwide economy into crisis. The traditional stock character accountant, however, is a mindless bean counter whiling away the hours doing boring, repetitive work. So... 2010  
John A. Powell, Caitlin Watt NEGOTIATING THE NEW POLITICAL AND RACIAL ENVIRONMENT 11 Journal of Law in Society 31 (Fall, 2009/Winter, 2010) I. Introduction II. The Process of Race A. Moving Toward Whiteness B. Defining Whiteness as Private and Individual C. Whiteness as Exclusion III. The Process of Creating and Recreating Race: How Race is Constructed A. Mental Processes Construct Race B. Race is in Our Structure C. Systems i. Relationships ii. Causation iii. Feedback loops iv.... 2010  
Beth Ribet SURFACING DISABILITY THROUGH A CRITICAL RACE THEORETICAL PARADIGM 2 Georgetown Journal of Law & Modern Critical Race Perspectives 209 (Fall, 2010) From its inception, a number of the founders of Critical Race Studies (CRS) have articulated a praxis and methodology acutely focused on race, and also intently conscious of intersectionality. Disability prospectively merges with the project of producing knowledge within a CRS frame both as part of the study of intersectionality, and also as part... 2010  
Sumi Cho POST-RACIALISM 94 Iowa Law Review 1589 (July, 2009) ABSTRACT: Rather than treat post-racialism as a political trend or social fact, this Article argues that post-racialism in its current iteration is a twenty-first century ideology that reflects a belief that due to racial progress the state need not engage in race-based decision-making or adopt race-based remedies, and that civil society should... 2009  
Khiara M. Bridges QUASI-COLONIAL BODIES: AN ANALYSIS OF THE REPRODUCTIVE LIVES OF POOR BLACK AND RACIALLY SUBJUGATED WOMEN 18 Columbia Journal of Gender and Law 609 (2009) This Article analyzes the relationship between the struggle for the recognition of Black women's reproductive rights in the United States and the fight for racial justice. Specifically, it argues that the problematization of poor Black women's fertility--evidenced by the depiction of single Black motherhood as a national crisis, the condemnation of... 2009  
Christine Parker , Vibeke Nielsen THE CHALLENGE OF EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ON BUSINESS COMPLIANCE IN REGULATORY CAPITALISM 5 Annual Review of Law and Social Science 45 (2009) business regulation, social science methodology Regulatory capitalism--a social, political, and economic order characterized by a proliferation of both markets and state and nonstate attempts to regulate markets and business conduct--creates the opportunity for theoretically and politically significant research on compliance. The plural and... 2009  
Avi Brisman CRIME-ENVIRONMENT RELATIONSHIPS AND ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE 6 Seattle Journal for Social Justice 727 (Spring/Summer, 2008) As a concept, environmental justice has always eluded specific or restrictive definition. It has been commonly understood as the pursuit of equal justice and equal protection under the law for all environmental statutes and regulations without discrimination based on race, ethnicity, and/or socioeconomic status or as the fair treatment and... 2008  
Athena D. Mutua INTRODUCING CLASSCRITS: FROM CLASS BLINDNESS TO A CRITICAL LEGAL ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC INEQUALITY 56 Buffalo Law Review 859 (December, 2008) In 2007, two workshops at the University at Buffalo launched a project bringing together legal scholars interested in exploring the relationship between law and economic inequality. The essays in this collection grew out of the workshops and represent the project's first attempts to think about law and economic inequality, a problem that is growing... 2008  
Anthony Paul Farley KEYNOTE ADDRESS AT THE 10TH ANNUAL DR. MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. REFLECTION AND COMMEMORATION AT DEPAUL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF LAW JANUARY 21, 2008 1 DePaul Journal for Social Justice 323 (Spring 2008) We had joy, We had fun, We had seasons in the sun, But the stars we could reach Were just starfish on the beach. We had joy and fun and seasons in the sun. Joy. Fun. Seasons in the sun. These three themes will accompany my reflections on the present situation, its past and certain revenants of that past. Stars and starfish, dreams and the dried... 2008  
Bekah Mandell RACIAL REIFICATION AND GLOBAL WARMING: A TRULY INCONVENIENT TRUTH 28 Boston College Third World Law Journal 289 (Spring, 2008) Abstract: Scientists have warned of the dangers of climate change for decades, yet no meaningful steps have been taken to address its underlying causes; instead, ineffective strategies to reduce CO2 emissions incrementally have become popular because they do not disturb the racial hierarchy that sustains the social, economic, and legal structure of... 2008  
Donald F. Tibbs , Tryon P. Woods THE JENA SIX AND BLACK PUNISHMENT: LAW AND RAW LIFE IN THE DOMAIN OF NONEXISTENCE 7 Seattle Journal for Social Justice 235 (Fall/Winter 2008) [W]e must firmly place ourselves in another space to describe our age, the age and space of raw life .. It is a place where life and death are so entangled that it is no longer possible to distinguish them, or to say what is on the side of the shadow or its obverse. --Achille Mbembe The welcome sign at the entrance to Jena, Louisiana, describes it... 2008  
Christopher J. Tyson AT THE INTERSECTION OF RACE AND HISTORY: THE UNIQUE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DAVIS INTENT REQUIREMENT AND THE CRACK LAWS 50 Howard Law Journal 345 (Winter 2007) INTRODUCTION. 346 I. RACIAL REDUX: DAVIS AND PLESSY IN CONTEXT. 352 A. Davis and Plessy. 354 B. The Davis Decision and the Challenges to the Crack Laws. 359 II. RACIALIZED MASS IMPRISONMENT: RESHAPING AND REMAKING THE PECULIAR INSTITUTION. 363 A. Getting Tough on Crime: Laying the Foundation. 365 B. The Law as Politics: The Court in Transition.... 2007  
Maxine Burkett RECONCILIATION AND NONREPETITION: A NEW PARADIGM FOR AFRICAN-AMERICAN REPARATIONS 86 Oregon Law Review 99 (2007) The contemporary paradigm for African-American reparations fundamentally fails to address what should be its most vital component. Of the three essential elements of a successful reparations campaign--apology, award, and nonrepetition through reconciliation--the most vital is nonrepetition. In past successful reparations campaigns, the offending... 2007  
Robert S. Chang , Neil Gotanda THE RACE QUESTION IN LATCRIT THEORY AND ASIAN AMERICAN JURISPRUDENCE 7 Nevada Law Journal 1012 (Summer 2007) In the tradition of LatCrit Afterwords, Professors Chang and Gotanda take the liberty of raising questions that extend beyond the particular themes of this LatCrit Conference and the papers published in this Symposium. They return to two issues - ethnicity versus race, and Black exceptionalism - that were raised in early LatCrit Conferences but... 2007  
Christopher A. Bracey THE CUL DE SAC OF RACE PREFERENCE DISCOURSE 79 Southern California Law Review 1231 (9/1/2006) I. INTRODUCTION. 1232 II. THE PEDIGREE OF CONTEMPORARY RHETORIC OPPOSING RACE PREFERENCES. 1238 A. Innocence. 1242 1. Racial Innocence Rhetoric in Modern Legal Discourse. 1246 2. The Pedigree of Racial Innocence Rhetoric. 1255 B. Merit. 1265 1. Merit Rhetoric in Modern Legal Discourse. 1268 2. The Pedigree of Merit Rhetoric. 1272 C. Stigma of... 2006  
Maneesha Deckha THE SALIENCE OF SPECIES DIFFERENCE FOR FEMINIST THEORY 17 Hastings Women's Law Journal 1 (Winter 2006) The internationally renowned celebrity Pamela Anderson is a spokesperson for the organization, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA). A Canadian by origin, she recently called for a boycott of Kentucky Fried Chicken Canada (KFC Canada). In a video asking Canadians to stop supporting the company, Anderson informs viewers that KFC... 2006  
Megan K. Whyte FROM DISCOURSE TO STRUGGLE: A NEW DIRECTION IN CRITICAL RACE THEORY 11 Michigan Journal of Race and Law 1 (Fall 2005) In 2003, Richard Delgado ignited a firestorm when he published a controversial book review critiquing the current direction of critical race theory. He charged that critical race theory has moved from its realist beginnings-- tackling issues such as interest convergence, the Supreme Court's role in legitimizing racial discrimination, and the... 2005  
J. Allen Douglas THE "PRICELESS POSSESSION" OF CITIZENSHIP: RACE, NATION AND NATURALIZATION IN AMERICAN LAW, 1880-1930 43 Duquesne Law Review 369 (Spring 2005) In 1921, as restrictive immigration policy in the United States quickened, the federal district court in Washington State considered the plea of N. Nakatsuka to lease land for agricultural development in the face of the state's newly implemented Anti-Alien Land Law. Writing for the court, Judge Cushman noted that, as an alien resident, Nakatsuka... 2005  
John Hayakawa Török FREEDOM NOW!--RACE CONSCIOUSNESS AND THE WORK OF DE-COLONIZATION TODAY 48 Howard Law Journal 351 (Fall 2004) We saw neither the end of racism nor the end of history in the last decade of the twentieth century. Conditions in American law and society clearly differ now from a century ago when W.E.B. Du Bois declared that the problem of the twentieth century was the problem of the color line. They differ from when Charles Hamilton Houston and William Henry... 2004  
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