| Author | Title | Citation | Summary | Year | Gender in title or Summary | Ethnicity Identified in Title |
| Okianer Chistian Dark |
Just My 'Magination |
10 Harvard BlackLetter Journal 21 (Spring, 1993) |
It came to me one day in my sixth year of teaching. It came to me after I had just completed another one of those repeat performance conversations with one of my colleagues. I related an experience; he listened with skepticism in his eyes and body posture (you know those neatly tucked crossed arms across the chest) and told me how I just should...; Search Snippet: ...either from my classroom or from the classes of other men and women of color in the legal academy. The faculty members are from any predominately white male dominated law school in the United States. Finally, the Temptations... |
1993 |
Yes |
|
| Charles Vergon, J.D. |
Male Academies for At-risk Urban Youth: Legal and Policy Lessons from the Detroit Experience |
79 West's Education Law Reporter 351 (February, 1993) |
It is difficult to ignore the plight of urban youth, many of whom confront savage inequities not of their own making on a daily, if not hourly basis. Newspaper headlines and television news broadcasts provide graphic details of the harsh realities of children in urban centers. Books and studies by various private individuals and organizations, as...; Search Snippet: ...EDUCATION LAW REPORTER West's Education Law Reporter February, 1993 Commentary MALE ACADEMIES FOR AT-RISK URBAN YOUTH: LEGAL AND POLICY LESSONS... |
1993 |
Yes |
|
| Jeffrey S. Byrne, Bruce R. Deming |
On the Purdence of Discussing Affirmative Action for Lesbians and Gay Men: Community, Strategy and Equality |
5 Stanford Law and Policy Review 177 (Fall, 1993) |
One of us recently published a law review article that encouraged private employers to adopt voluntary hiring goals and time-tables for self-identified gay and lesbian workers. The piece was intended to provoke academic debate as well as encourage individual employers to consider adopting such policies. In the months prior to the article's...; Search Snippet: ...THE PURDENCE OF DISCUSSING AFFIRMATIVE ACTION FOR LESBIANS AND GAY MEN: COMMUNITY, STRATEGY AND EQUALITY Jeffrey S. Byrne Bruce R. Deming... |
1993 |
Yes |
|
| Ruth Colker |
Pregnant Men |
3 Columbia Journal of Gender and Law 449 (1993) |
A core difficulty with using equality doctrine to protect women's rights is that the U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that pregnancy-based discrimination is not per se gender-based discrimination under the Equal Protection Clause of the U.S. Constitution. In its landmark decision, Geduldig v. Aiello, the Court ruled that a state-run disability plan...; Search Snippet: ...AND LAW Columbia Journal of Gender and Law 1993 PREGNANT MEN Ruth Colker [FNa1] Copyright (c) 1993 by the Columbia Journal... |
1993 |
Yes |
|
| Adam G. Safwat |
Section 241 and the First Amendment: Avoiding a False Conflict Through Proper Mens Rea Analysis |
43 Duke Law Journal 625 (December, 1993) |
Although 18 U.S.C. § 241, a criminal civil rights statute, receives scant recognition as a civil rights enforcement provision and is often eclipsed by its sister statute, 18 U.S.C. § 242, the Justice Department and U.S. attorneys realize that section 241, which proscribes conspiracies to violate individuals' federally protected rights, is a...; Search Snippet: ...AND THE FIRST AMENDMENT: AVOIDING A FALSE CONFLICT THROUGH PROPER MENS REA ANALYSIS Adam G. Safwat [FNd1] Copyright (c) 1993 by... |
1993 |
Yes |
|
| Lisa K. Hsiao |
'Separate but Equal' Revisited: the Detroit Male Academies Case |
1992/1993 Annual Survey of American Law 85 (April, 1993) |
Almost forty years ago, the Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education declared unconstitutional the segregation of school-children according to their race. Over the next three decades, federal courts issued desegregation orders, but their powers to uproot entrenched social prejudices proved relatively weak. Riots against busing, the migration of...; Search Snippet: ...April, 1993 Equal Protection SEPARATE BUT EQUAL REVISITED: THE DETROIT MALE ACADEMIES CASE Lisa K. Hsiao [FNa] Copyright (c) 1993 by... |
1993 |
Yes |
|
| Carlin Meyer |
Snips and Snails and Puppy Dogs' Tails, That's What Little Boys Are Made of |
38 New York Law School Law Review 443 (1993) |
Maleness. Masculinity. Macho. We associate these with certain traits, certain behaviors. Competitive aggression. Toughness, bravery, even violence. Camaraderie, command, control. Rationality, dispassion, honor. Domination. Of women, especially. Where did these associations come from? Have we always made these particular associations? Are they...; Search Snippet: ...SNIPS AND SNAILS AND PUPPY DOGS' TAILS, THAT'S WHAT LITTLE BOYS ARE MADE OF American Manhood: Transformations In Masculinity From The... |
1993 |
Yes |
|
| Pamela J. Smith |
All-male Black Schools and the Equal Protection Clause: a Step Forward Toward Education |
66 Tulane Law Review 2003 (June, 1992) |
I. Introduction. 2004 II. Continuing the Quest for Quality Education of African-American Children. 2008 A. Distinguishing Between De Jure and De Facto Segregation. 2009 B. Questioning the Black Label. 2011 C. Analyzing Separate-But-Equal by Race. 2012 III. Discriminating Based on Gender. 2016 A. Analyzing Separate-But-Equal by Sex. 2016 B....; Search Snippet: ...TULANE LAW REVIEW Tulane Law Review June, 1992 Comment ALL- MALE BLACK SCHOOLS AND THE EQUAL PROTECTION CLAUSE: A STEP FORWARD... |
1992 |
Yes |
African/Black American |
| Carolyn Jin-Myung Oh |
Questioning the Cultural and Gender-based Assumptions of the Adversary System: Voices of Asian-american Law Students |
7 Berkeley Women's Law Journal 125 (1992) |
The political and legal institutions of a country inevitably reflect the ethos of its dominant culture. The legal system in the United States is no exception. It has been and continues to be shaped by the cultural values prevalent in America, especially the values held by those in powereducated white men. The entry of women in increasing numbers...; Search Snippet: ...JOURNAL Berkeley Women's Law Journal 1992 QUESTIONING THE CULTURAL AND GENDER-BASED ASSUMPTIONS OF THE ADVERSARY SYSTEM: VOICES OF ASIAN- AMERICAN LAW STUDENTS Carolyn Jin-Myung Oh [FNd] Copyright (c) 1992... |
1992 |
Yes |
Asian American |
| Lorraine A. Schmall |
Women and Children First, but Only If the Men Are Union Members: Hiring Halls and Delinquent Child-supporters |
6 Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy 449 (1992) |
A. Historical Treatment of Labor Unions B. Unions and the First Amendment C. Unions' and Members' First Amendment Rights A. Historical Hierarchies B. Women's Economic Disadvantages C. Peculiar Financial Problems of Divorced Women D. Other Problems Associated with Non-Support A. Historical Purpose and Application of Preemption B. Hiring Halls and...; Search Snippet: ...the Law WOMEN AND CHILDREN FIRST, BUT ONLY IF THE MEN ARE UNION MEMBERS: HIRING HALLS AND DELINQUENT CHILD-SUPPORTERS Lorraine... |
1992 |
Yes |
|
| |
Invisible Man: Black and Male under Title Vii |
104 Harvard Law Review 749 (January, 1991) |
The man said, I believe they are short-handed, but I don't believe they're employing any colored boys in the reconversion jobs. I said, What makes you think I'm colored? They done took such words off of jobs in New York State by law. I know he wanted to say, But they ain't took the black off of your face. On March 20, 1989, Leo Johnson...; Search Snippet: ...HARVARD LAW REVIEW Harvard Law Review January, 1991 Note INVISIBLE MAN: BLACK AND MALE UNDER TITLE VII Copyright 1991 by the Harvard Law Review... |
1991 |
Yes |
African/Black American |
| Melissa Spatz |
A "Lesser" Crime: a Comparative Study of Legal Defenses for Men Who Kill Their Wives |
24 Columbia Journal of Law and Social Problems 597 (1991) |
Throughout the world, men who murder their wives encounter legal systems that are lenient toward their crimes. Many legal systems treat the murder of a wife as a less serious crime than the murder of a stranger. Such systems permit men who kill their wives to avoid punishment or receive mitigated sentences through a variety of techniques, including...; Search Snippet: ...A LESSER CRIME: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LEGAL DEFENSES FOR MEN WHO KILL THEIR WIVES Melissa Spatz [FNa] Copyright (c) 1991... |
1991 |
Yes |
|
| Susan L. Miller, Sally S. Simpson |
Courtship Violence and Social Control: Does Gender Matter? |
25 Law and Society Review 335 (1991) |
In this exploratory study, we ask whether perceptions of and responses to violence in dating relationships are gendered and whether the factors that affect male perceptions also influence females. Using the social control and feminist literatures as a guide, we explore gender differences in perception of sanction risk and attitudes toward...; Search Snippet: ...Society Review 1991 Article COURTSHIP VIOLENCE AND SOCIAL CONTROL: DOES GENDER MATTER? Susan L. Miller Sally S. Simpson [FNa1] Copyright ©... |
1991 |
Yes |
|
| Carrie Menkel-Meadow, Shari Seidman Diamond |
The Content, Method, and Epistemology of Gender in Sociolegal Studies |
25 Law and Society Review 221 (1991) |
This Special Issue of the Law & Society Review devoted to gender and sociolegal studies focuses on one of the major political movements and intellectual challenges to the social sciences in the last years of the twentieth century. The collection of articles explores some of the controversies that a focus on gender has raised and provides an...; Search Snippet: ...Society Review 1991 Introduction THE CONTENT, METHOD, AND EPISTEMOLOGY OF GENDER IN SOCIOLEGAL STUDIES Carrie Menkel-Meadow Shari Seidman Diamond Copyright... |
1991 |
Yes |
|
| Seth Harris |
Permitting Prejudice to Govern: Equal Protection, Military Deference, and the Exclusion of Lesbians and Gay Men from the Military |
17 New York University Review of Law and Social Change 171 (January, 1990) |
Introduction I. The Legal Framework A. Military Policy Toward Lesbians and Gay Men B. Constitutional Challenges to Military Policy 1. Substantive Due Process 2. Fundamental Rights 3. Bowers v. Hardwick and Equal Protection Analysis II. Equal Protection Analysis A. Strict Scrutiny of Suspect Classifications B. Rational Basis Analysis 1. Rational...; Search Snippet: ...PROTECTION, MILITARY DEFERENCE, AND THE EXCLUSION OF LESBIANS AND GAY MEN FROM THE MILITARY Seth Harris [FNa] Copyright 1989 by the... |
1990 |
Yes |
|
| Kirk R. Williams, Richard Hawkins |
Controlling Male Aggression in Intimate Relationships |
23 Law and Society Review 591 (1989) |
Legal control of aggressive acts within the family must be assessed against a background of other familial controls. This study identifies factors that control male aggression against female partners in intimate relationships. Hirschi's (1969) theory of the social bond, applied almost exclusively to delinquency, is used to test the importance of...; Search Snippet: ...Review 1989 Special Section on Law and the Family CONTROLLING MALE AGGRESSION IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS Kirk R. Williams Richard Hawkins [FNa1... |
1989 |
Yes |
|
| N. Morrison Torrey |
Indirect Discrimination under Title Vii: Expanding Male Standing to Sue for Injuries Received as a Result of Employer Discrimination Against Females |
64 Washington Law Review 365 (April, 1989) |
Abstract: Historically, both men and women have had the right to seek redress under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 for injuries they have received as a result of sex discrimination. In recent years, the federal circuits have split on whether to give men standing in one particular category of such cases: employment discrimination cases...; Search Snippet: ...Law Review April, 1989 INDIRECT DISCRIMINATION UNDER TITLE VII: EXPANDING MALE STANDING TO SUE FOR INJURIES RECEIVED AS A RESULT OF... |
1989 |
Yes |
|
| Karen Musalo |
Swords into Ploughshares: Why the United States Should Provide Refuge to Young Men Who Refuse to Bear Arms for Reasons of Conscience |
26 San Diego Law Review 849 (September/October, 1989) |
Congress enacted the 1980 Refugee Act to bring the United States into compliance with the 1967 United Nations Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, and with the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, which is incorporated by reference into the Protocol. The Refugee Act adopted the definition of refugee contained in the...; Search Snippet: ...PLOUGHSHARES: WHY THE UNITED STATES SHOULD PROVIDE REFUGE TO YOUNG MEN WHO REFUSE TO BEAR ARMS FOR REASONS OF CONSCIENCE Karen... |
1989 |
Yes |
|
| Laurie J. Taylor |
Provoked Reason in Men and Women: Heat-of-passion Manslaughter and Imperfect Self-defense |
33 UCLA Law Review 1679 (August, 1986) |
The law of homicide assumes that intentional killings are fairly punished: it holds the offender most blameworthy and assigns the highest degree of culpability when the intent to kill is the product of the offender's premeditation and deliberation. To partially excuse homicide is to recognize that external forces and human weaknesses render some...; Search Snippet: ...REVIEW UCLA Law Review August, 1986 Comment PROVOKED REASON IN MEN AND WOMEN: HEAT-OF-PASSION MANSLAUGHTER AND IMPERFECT SELF-DEFENSE... |
1986 |
Yes |
|
| Ruth Colker |
Rank-order Physical Abilities Selection Devices for Traditionally Male Occupations as Gender-based Employment Discrimination |
19 U.C. Davis Law Review 761 (Summer, 1986) |
Historically, women, as well as racial minorities, have been excluded from police and firefighter positions. Only recently, since the 1972 amendments to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 extended coverage to state and local governments, have many police and fire departments begun to permit women to apply for employment. However, these...; Search Snippet: ...Summer, 1986 RANK-ORDER PHYSICAL ABILITIES SELECTION DEVICES FOR TRADITIONALLY MALE OCCUPATIONS AS GENDER-BASED EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION Ruth Colker [FNa] Copyright 1986 by the... |
1986 |
Yes |
|
| Charelle Lett |
BLACK WOMEN VICTIMS OF POLICE BRUTALITY AND THE SILENCING OF THEIR STORIES |
30 UCLA Journal of Gender & Law 131 (Summer, 2023) |
C1-2Table of Contents Introduction. 132 I. Brief History of State Sanctioned Violence Against Black People in the United States. 132 A. Slave Patrols as the Foundation of Modern Policing. 132 B. The Lynching Period and Law Enforcement's Involvement. 134 C. Historical Account of the Criminalization of Black Activism. 136 1. Second Red Scare. 136 2.... |
2023 |
|
African/Black American |
| Jacqueline Pittman |
CONSTRUCTING RACE AND GENDER IN MODERN RAPE LAW: THE ABANDONED CATEGORY OF BLACK FEMALE VICTIMS |
30 Michigan Journal of Gender & Law 151 (2023) |
Despite the successes of the 1960s Anti-Rape Movement, modern state rape statutes continue to prioritize white male perspectives and perceptions of race, ultimately ignoring the intersectional identity of Black women and leaving these victims without legal protection. This Note examines rape law's history of allocating agency along gendered and... |
2023 |
|
African/Black American |
| Dushiyanthini (Toni) Kenthirarajah , Nicholas P. Camp , Gregory M. Walton , Aaron C. Kay , Geoffrey L. Cohen |
DOES "JAMAL" RECEIVE A HARSHER SENTENCE THAN "JAMES"? FIRST-NAME BIAS IN THE CRIMINAL SENTENCING OF BLACK MEN |
47 Law and Human Behavior 169 (February, 2023) |
Objective: Using archival and experimental methods, we tested the role that racial associations of first names play in criminal sentencing. Hypotheses: We hypothesized that Black defendants with more stereotypically Black names (e.g., Jamal) would receive more punitive sentences than Black defendants with more stereotypically White names (e.g.,... |
2023 |
|
African/Black American |
| Aliza Hochman Bloom |
OBJECTIVE ENOUGH: RACE IS RELEVANT TO THE REASONABLE PERSON IN CRIMINAL PROCEDURE |
19 Stanford Journal of Civil Rights & Civil Liberties 1 (April, 2023) |
There is overwhelming evidence that an individual's race affects how police treat them during a police encounter, and that Black Americans have substantial cause to worry about the consequences of ignoring or walking away from law enforcement. Accordingly, when courts determine whether a reasonable person feels free to decline, leave, or end an... |
2023 |
|
African/Black American |
| Trevor George Gardner |
THE CONFLICT AMONG AFRICAN AMERICAN PENAL INTERESTS: RETHINKING RACIAL EQUITY IN CRIMINAL PROCEDURE |
171 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 1699 (June, 2023) |
This Article argues that neither the criminal justice reform platform nor the penal abolition platform shows the ambition necessary to advance each of the primary African American interests in penal administration. It contends, first, that abolitionists have rightly called for a more robust conceptualization of racial equity in criminal procedure.... |
2023 |
|
African/Black American |
| Jessica M. Salerno, Kylie Kulak, Laura Smalarz, Rose E. Eerdmans, Megan L. Lawrence, Tramanh Dao, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Arizona State University |
THE ROLE OF SOCIAL DESIRABILITY AND ESTABLISHING NONRACIST CREDENTIALS ON MOCK JUROR DECISIONS ABOUT BLACK DEFENDANTS |
47 Law and Human Behavior 100 (February, 2023) |
Objective: Recently, experimental work on racial bias in legal settings has diverged from real-world field data demonstrating racial disparities, instead often producing null or potential overcorrection effects favoring Black individuals over White individuals. We explored the role of social desirability in these counterintuitive effects and tested... |
2023 |
|
African/Black American |
| Lydia Davenport |
WOULD JUSTICE SCALIA THINK BLACK GUNS MATTER? |
47 New York University Review of Law and Social Change 1 (2023) |
Do Black Guns Matter? This Article considers what Justice Scalia's opinion in District of Columbia v. Heller tells us about how the law treats Black gun owners' rights. The opinion appears to tell two stories. One elevates white gun holders through three white paradigms: the colonial revolutionary, the frontiersman, and the hunter. The second... |
2023 |
|
African/Black American |
| Ariel Roddy, PhD , Kaelyn Sanders , Christian Sarver, PhD , Emily Salisbury, PhD |
FINANCIAL MARGINALIZATION, HOUSING ACCESS, TRANSPORTATION, AND EMPLOYMENT: INTERSECTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS IN WOMEN'S REENTRY |
32-SUM Kansas Journal of Law & Public Policy 55 (Summer, 2023) |
The U.S. carceral system has a vast scope that includes close to two million individuals incarcerated in state, local, and federal facilities, as well as immigration detention centers, juvenile facilities, and other carceral institutions. Additionally, three million people are under probation or parole supervision. In particular, women's system... |
2023 |
|
American Indian/Native American |
| Henry F. Fradella |
A SYNTHESIS OF THE SCIENCE AND LAW RELATING TO EYEWITNESS MISIDENTIFICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR HOW POLICE AND COURTS CAN REDUCE WRONGFUL CONVICTIONS BASED ON THEM |
47 Seattle University Law Review 1 (Fall, 2023) |
The empirical literature on perception and memory consistently demonstrates the pitfalls of eyewitness identifications. Exoneration data lend external validity to these studies. With the goal of informing law enforcement officers, prosecutors, criminal defense attorneys, judges, and judicial law clerks about what they can do to reduce wrongful... |
2023 |
|
Hispanic/Latinx American |
| Beth Caldwell |
REIFYING INJUSTICE: USING CULTURALLY SPECIFIC TATTOOS AS A MARKER OF GANG MEMBERSHIP |
98 Washington Law Review 787 (October, 2023) |
Abstract: The gang label has been so highly racialized that white people who self-identify as gang members are almost never categorized as gang members by law enforcement, while Black and Latino people who are not gang members are routinely labeled and targeted as if they were. Different rules attach to people under criminal law once they are... |
2023 |
|
Hispanic/Latinx American |