AuthorTitleCitationSummaryYearKey Terms in Title or Summary
David Charny THE EMPLOYEE WELFARE STATE IN TRANSITION 74 Texas Law Review 1601 (June, 1996) Throughout the postwar period, large-firm employers have provided a majority of full-time workers with a fairly comprehensive set of welfare or social insurance entitlements. Employee social insurance has come in two varieties. First, firms have provided certain types of insurance directly, or contracted with private third parties to do so, and... 1996 Yes
Jacqueline Jones THE LATE TWENTIETH-CENTURY WAR ON THE POOR: A VIEW FROM DISTRESSED COMMUNITIES THROUGHOUT THE NATION 16 Boston College Third World Law Journal 1 (Winter, 1996) The American economy of the mid-1990s reveals all of the social contradictions, all of the complex cross-currents, of the post-industrial age. In 1994, corporate profits soared by 30 percent, and meaner, leaner companies boasted that they were now recession proof, immune to future downswings in the economy. These companies have met the challenge... 1996 Yes
Peter M. Cicchino THE PROBLEM CHILD: AN EMPIRICAL SURVEY AND RHETORICAL ANALYSIS OF CHILD POVERTY IN THE UNITED STATES 5 Journal of Law & Policy 5 (1996) Pauper ubique jacet. In one of the most dramatic moments of Plato's Republic, Socrates is interrupted and then verbally attacked by a rhetorician named Thrasymachus. Thrasymachus, who holds the position that justice is nothing other than the advantage of the stronger, has been hunched up like a wild beast as Socrates and another of the... 1996 Yes
Dennis D. Hirsch THE RIGHT TO ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY: MAKING SENSE OF THE SUPREME COURT'S welfare rights decisions 58 University of Pittsburgh Law Review 109 (FALL 1996) The Spring of 1971 seemed full of promise for legal advocates seeking to establish a right to minimum welfare for the poor. The welfare rights movement had recently experienced a string of legal victories. Then, in early March of 1971, the Supreme Court issued what appeared to be a break-through decision in Boddie v. Connecticut . The plaintiffs in... 1996 Yes
Rebecca E. Zietlow TWO WRONGS DON'T ADD UP TO RIGHTS: THE IMPORTANCE OF PRESERVING DUE PROCESS IN LIGHT OF RECENT WELFARE REFORM MEASURES 45 American University Law Review 1111 (1996) C1-3Table of Contents Introduction. 1111 I. The Importance of Due Process for Low-Income People of Color, Particularly Women of Color. 1114 II. The Existing System of Due Process Hearings. 1121 III. The Changes Proposed by Congress. 1126 IV. Government Intrusion in Recent Reform Measures. 1129 V. Court Rulings on Benefit Reductions. 1137 VI.... 1996 Yes
Meredith Blake WELFARE AND COERCED CONTRACEPTION: MORALITY IMPLICATIONS OF STATE SPONSORED REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL 34 University of Louisville Journal of Family Law 31 (1995-96) The history of this country is replete with incidents of state-sponsored control of individual reproductive freedoms. Attempts have also been made in the United States, both historically and recently, to condition the receipt of welfare on behavior modification. These two trends have recently combined to pose one of the most dangerous threats to... 1996 Yes
Dorothy E. Roberts WELFARE AND THE PROBLEM OF BLACK CITIZENSHIP 105 Yale Law Journal 1563 (April, 1996) Racial politics has so dominated welfare reform efforts that it is commonplace to observe that welfare has become a code word for race. When Americans discuss welfare, many have in mind the mythical Black welfare queen or profligate teenager who becomes pregnant at taxpayers' expense to fatten her welfare check. Although most welfare recipients... 1996 Yes
Edward M. Wayland WELFARE REFORM IN VIRGINIA: A WORK IN PROGRESS 3 Virginia Journal of Social Policy and the Law 249 (Spring, 1996) Welfare reform is one of our most enduring political debates. In the last three decades, we have considered one change after another in a virtually continuous process of reform and revision, without growing tired of the issue. If anything, interest in welfare reform seems to have intensified in recent years. Although the interest is widespread and... 1996 Yes
Susan Frelich Appleton WHEN WELFARE REFORMS PROMOTE ABORTION: "PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY," "FAMILY VALUES," AND THE RIGHT TO CHOOSE 85 Georgetown Law Journal 155 (November, 1996) Welfare reform has arrived, albeit with sharp disagreements about what its changes will mean for this country's poor as well as for the entire nation. In transferring power to the states, reformers have promised a return to personal responsibility and traditional family values. The new approach to welfare, however, poses a substantial risk of... 1996 Yes
Joel F. Handler WOMEN, FAMILIES, WORK, AND POVERTY: A CLOUDY FUTURE 6 UCLA Women's Law Journal 375 (Spring 1996) The dramatic entry of women into the paid labor force is both good news and bad news. Clearly, it is a great sign of progress that women are striving towards economic and social independence. Although impressive gains have been made, there is still a long way to go -- in both the Third World and the more industrialized nations as well. But in part,... 1996 Yes
William P. Quigley WORK OR STARVE: REGULATION OF THE POOR IN COLONIAL AMERICA 31 University of San Francisco Law Review 35 (Fall 1996) [Those] who would not work must not eat. [F]or those who Indulge themselves in Idleness, the Express Command of God unto us, is, That we should let them Starve. COLONIAL POOR LAWS have, not surprisingly, helped shape subsequent poor laws of the United States. From the very inception of colonial poor laws, the choice for the poor, with few... 1996 Yes
Sarah Ramsey , Daan Braveman "LET THEM STARVE": GOVERNMENT'S OBLIGATION TO CHILDREN IN POVERTY 68 Temple Law Review 1607 (Winter 1995) Children constitute the largest group of poor people in our country. The number of children living in poverty is the highest in thirty years, and that number is growing. The disturbing forecast is that one out of every four children will suffer the hardships of poverty by the end of this decade. The statistics on child poverty should not obscure... 1995 Yes
William H. Clune ACCELERATED EDUCATION AS A REMEDY FOR HIGH-POVERTY SCHOOLS 28 University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform 655 (Spring 1995) High-poverty schools, and the students who attend them, have historically faced substantial challenges in providing, and receiving, adequate education. Despite some relief from the courts, school finance remedies that require the redistribution of monetary aid to low-wealth districts have encountered strong political opposition. In this Article,... 1995 Yes
Ethel Long-Scott AN ACTION PLAN FOR THE ERADICATION OF POVERTY IN THE UNITED STATES 3 Georgetown Journal on Fighting Poverty 55 (Fall, 1995) As the head of the California based Women's Economic Agenda Project (WEAP), Ethel Long-Scott has for ten years put a premium on helping low income mothers organize themselves for more oportunities and more power. Rising from Technical Assistant for Voter Registration to Executive Director, she has devised methods for evaluating the impact of... 1995 Yes
Yvette Marie Barksdale AND THE POOR HAVE CHILDREN: A HARM-BASED ANALYSIS OF FAMILY CAPS AND THE HOLLOW PROCREATIVE RIGHTS OF WELFARE BENEFICIARIES 14 Law & Inequality: A Journal of Theory and Practice 1 (December, 1995) L1-3Table of Contents A Fable. 2 Introduction. 2 I. Current Welfare Child Limitation Plans. 10 II. Constitutionality of Family Cap Plans under Current Doctrine. 15 A. The Constitutional Right to Decide Whether to Bear or Beget Children. 16 B. Negative versus Positive Procreative Rights. 20 1. The Supreme Court's Concept of Negative Rights. 20 2.... 1995 Yes
Kirk J. Stark, Associate, King & Spalding, Atlanta, Georgia: J.D., Yale Law School, 1994; B.S.F.S., Georgetown University, 1989. CITY WELFARE: VIEWS FROM THEORY, HISTORY, AND PRACTICE 27 Urban Lawyer 495 (Summer, 1995) THERE IS A NOTABLE ABSENCE of unity in the history, theory, and practice of local welfare spending. Historically, all welfare spending was handled on the local level, first by the English through local parishes, and later in the United States by townships and counties. In contrast, economists have argued that an efficient local public sector can... 1995 Yes
Cathy Lesser Mansfield DECONSTRUCTING RECONSTRUCTIVE POVERTY LAW: PRACTICE-BASED CRITIQUE OF THE STORYTELLING ASPECTS OF THE THEORETICS OF PRACTICE MOVEMENT 61 Brooklyn Law Review 889 (Fall 1995) Introduction. 890 I. Lawyer Interpretation and Displacement of Client Story. 893 A. Functional Storytelling and Theoretical Assumptions--Why Clients Tell Us Their Stories. 893 B. The Essence of Legal Paradigm. 897 1. Utilitarian Control of Story. 898 2. Ownership of Story. 906 3. Images of Dependence and Inferiority in Story. 908 4. Normative... 1995 Yes
Laura M. Friedman FAMILY CAP AND THE UNCONSTITUTIONAL CONDITIONS DOCTRINE: SCRUTINIZING A WELFARE WOMAN'S RIGHT TO BEAR CHILDREN 56 Ohio State Law Journal 637 (1995) As it exists today, the welfare system in the United States is doomed to failure. Taxpayers, politicians, and even recipients are urging reform and President Clinton has promised to end welfare as we know it. While federal welfare reforms are still in the preliminary stages, a number of states have taken the initiative and enacted various... 1995 Yes
Reviewed by M.M. Slaughter FANTASIES: SINGLE MOTHERS AND WELFARE REFORM 95 Columbia Law Review 2156 (December, 1995) Every day millions of single mothers change diapers, fix dinner, chauffeur kids, give advice, and go to work -- unattached women who mother without men. Currently, they rest at the center of an intense national controversy. This is particularly true of poor single mothers on welfare. The discourse is more a cacophony than a reasoned dialogue.... 1995 Yes
Richard D. Marsico FIGHTING POVERTY THROUGH COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: THE ROLE OF THE COMMUNITY REINVESTMENT AND HOME MORTGAGE DISCLOSURE ACTS 12 New York Law School Journal of Human Rights 281 (Spring, 1995) The traditional government social welfare programs aimed at poverty may alleviate some of poverty's harshest consequences for needy individuals, but they are not designed to eliminate poverty. On the other hand, two unique federal statutes, the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) and the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA), provide opportunities... 1995 Yes
James J. Killerlane III FINGER IMAGING: A 21ST CENTURY SOLUTION TO WELFARE FRAUD AT OUR FINGERTIPS 22 Fordham Urban Law Journal 1327 (Summer 1995) In May 1994, the State of New York arrested Shirley Simmons for defrauding the welfare system of over $450,000 by collecting Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), food stamps and Medicaid benefits under at least fifteen aliases and for seventy-three children including eleven sets of twins. Applying and reapplying under several names,... 1995 Yes
Valerie J. Phillips HAVE LOW INCOME, MINORITIES BEEN LEFT OUT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CLEANUP? 38-OCT Advocate 16 (October, 1995) For decades, people of color and low-income communities have become increasingly aware that they bear a disproportionate share of the burden of this nation's environmental hazards. In 1982, their growing outrage came to a head when the State of North Carolina decided to build a toxic waste landfill in Warren County for PCB-contaminated soil taken... 1995 Yes
Alex M. Johnson, Jr. HOW RACE AND POVERTY INTERSECT TO PREVENT INTEGRATION: DESTABILIZING RACE AS A VEHICLE TO INTEGRATE NEIGHBORHOODS 143 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 1595 (May, 1995) The persistence of housing segregation in the face of legal and other societal efforts to promote integration has been the subject of intense academic debate and scholarship. Most of the early scholarship focused on the efficacy of the Fair Housing Act of 1968 and subsequent amendments. Much of the recent scholarship has focused on the failure of... 1995 Yes
Stephen H. Legomsky IMMIGRATION, FEDERALISM, AND THE WELFARE STATE 42 UCLA Law Review 1453 (August 1, 1995) Introduction. 1453 I. Social Obligation in a Market Economy. 1454 A. Theories of Social Obligation. 1454 B. Range of Public Benefits. 1457 II. Immigrants and Public Benefits Today. 1458 A. Classifying Aliens. 1458 B. Immigrants' Eligibility for Public Benefits. 1458 C. Recent Proposed Restrictions on Public Benefits for Immigrants. 1460 III. Who... 1995 Yes
Florence Wagman Roisman INTENTIONAL RACIAL DISCRIMINATION AND SEGREGATION BY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AS A PRINCIPAL CAUSE OF CONCENTRATED POVERTY: A RESPONSE TO SCHILL AND WACHTER 143 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 1351 (May, 1995) Schill and Wachter's The Spatial Bias of Federal Housing Law and Policy: Concentrated Poverty in Urban America is a rich and stimulating article on a vitally important topic: the role of federal housing law and policy in creating the concentrations of poverty that devastate our society. The authors of this article and the organizers of this... 1995 Yes
Louise G. Trubek INTRODUCTION TO THE SYMPOSIUM ON NEW APPROACHES TO POVERTY LAW, TEACHING, AND PRACTICE 4 Boston University Public Interest Law Journal 235 (1995) This Symposium presents the collective reflections of participants in the Interuniversity Consortium on Poverty Law on their experiences teaching poverty law, and presents new approaches for poverty law teaching and practice. Most of the articles originated from peer exchanges organized by the Consortium. Thus, the Symposium simultaneously... 1995 Yes
By Matthew Diller INTRODUCTORY REMARKS: IS THE ISSUE WELFARE OR POVERTY? 22 Fordham Urban Law Journal 875 (Summer 1995) It is my privilege to welcome you this morning on behalf of the two co-sponsors of today's symposium: The Stein Center and the Fordham Urban Law Journal. The Stein Center was established three years ago through the generosity of Louis Stein of the class of 1926. It sponsors a wide range of programs for the benefit of law students, practitioners and... 1995 Yes
Dorothy E. Roberts IRRATIONALITY AND SACRIFICE IN THE WELFARE REFORM CONSENSUS 81 Virginia Law Review 2607 (November, 1995) AN important question in the controversy over welfare reform is how the state should address the problem of children's poverty. Liberals and conservatives approach this question with different philosophies about poor people's childbearing and the relationship between public assistance and children's welfare. Nevertheless, at least since the 1980s,... 1995 Yes
Robert A. Wexler IRS PROPOSES USEFUL NEW SAFE HARBOR FOR NONPROFITS THAT PROVIDE LOW-INCOME HOUSING 83 Journal of Taxation 100 (August, 1995) There is also an alternative facts-and-circumstances test. Questions remain, however, about commercial space, vacancies, and limited partnerships. In Ann. 95-37, 1995-20 IRB 18, the Service issued a proposed Revenue Procedure that sets forth a safe harbor under which organizations that provide low-income housing will be considered charitable as... 1995  
Larry Catá Backer MEDIEVAL POOR LAW IN TWENTIETH CENTURY AMERICA: LOOKING BACK TOWARDS A GENERAL THEORY OF MODERN AMERICAN POOR RELIEF 44 Case Western Reserve Law Review 871 (Spring/Summer 1995) I. Introduction. 872 II. The Critical Assumptions and Principles of the Static Paradigm. 884 III. A General Theory of American Poor Relief. 900 IV. The General Theory and Archetypal Anglo-American Poor Relief Systems. 938 A. Ecclesiastical Poor Relief. 939 B. Elizabethan Poor Law. 953 V. The General Theory and Archetypal Anglo-American Poor Relief... 1995 Yes
Thomas J. Handler MULTIPLE EMPLOYER WELFARE BENEFIT PLANS HAVE ADVANTAGES FOR EMPLOYEES AND EXECUTIVES 3 Journal of Taxation of Employee Benefits 10 (May/June, 1995) These plans have increased in recent years as qualified plan benefits, welfare benefits, and fringe benefits have become more expensive and elusive for both employers and employees. As employers have struggled to provide deductible tangible benefits to rank-and-file employees and executives, they are increasingly turning to multiple employer... 1995 Yes
Leonard J. Long OPTIMUM POVERTY, CHARACTER, AND THE NON-RELEVANCE OF POVERTY LAW 47 Rutgers Law Review 693 (Winter 1995) I. Introduction . 694 A. Republic of Despair . 694 B. General Structure of the Discussion . 701 II. Poverty Realities and Myths . 702 A. The Brutality of Poverty . 702 B. The Myth of Social Mobility . 711 III. Economically Optimum Amount of Poverty . 717 A. Poverty as Definiens of American Character . 717 B. The Economics of the Nonpoor Matters... 1995 Yes
Michael K. Gottlieb PENNSYLVANIA'S LEARNFARE EXPERIMENT: REAL WELFARE REFORM OR POLITICS AS USUAL? 100 Dickinson Law Review 151 (Fall 1995) The public welfare system in the United States is widely regarded as a failure. The costs of administering welfare programs and the number of individuals dependent on public assistance continue to grow at a record pace. As a result, reforming the present welfare system is overwhelmingly advocated. Despite recent attempts, the federal government has... 1995 Yes
Carrie E. Johnson POLICY AND PREJUDICE THE COLOR OF WELFARE: HOW RACISM UNDERMINED THE WAR ON POVERTY BY JILL QUADAGNO. NEW YORK: OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1994. PP. 254. $24.00. 10 Berkeley Women's Law Journal 134 (1995) The welfare state is not just a mechanism that intervenes in, and possibly corrects, the structure of inequality; it is, in its own right, a system of stratification. It is an active force in the ordering of social relations. The persistent correlation between race and economic prosperity is undeniable. Historically, African Americans have been... 1995 Yes
Alan W. Houseman POLITICAL LESSONS: LEGAL SERVICES FOR THE POOR--A COMMENTARY 83 Georgetown Law Journal 1669 (April, 1995) Legal services for the poor could greatly benefit from critique and critical examination. Regrettably, in Political Lessons Marc Feldman presents a critique of the federal legal services program that is not based on empirical evaluation. Instead, he presents a description of what he claims to be reality that is foreign to most legal services... 1995 Yes
Daniel A. Farber POVERTY AND DISCRIMINATION: NOTES ON AMERICAN APARTHEID 11 Constitutional Commentary 455 (Winter, 1994-95) Issues involving race, poverty, and discrimination are the daily fare of constitutional scholars, yet few of us have time to keep up with the social science research on these topics. At erratic intervals, Constitutional Commentary has published brief updates on this research in the But Cf section. What follows is a contribution to this irregular... 1995 Yes
Matthew Diller POVERTY LAWYERING IN THE GOLDEN AGE 93 Michigan Law Review 1401 (May, 1995) The 1960s was a decade of extremes. The decade opened with an almost-unbounded sense of optimism about America. With the nation led by a charismatic young President, it seemed that all problems and challenges could be solved if given sufficient attention. The United States, it was claimed, could even put a man on the moon. Despite NASA's success,... 1995 Yes
Laura T. Kessler PPI, PATRIARCHY, AND THE SCHIZOPHRENIC VIEW OF WOMEN: A FEMINIST ANALYSIS OF WELFARE REFORM IN MARYLAND 6 Maryland Journal of Contemporary Legal Issues 317 (1995) In July 1992, the Maryland Department of Human Resources (DHR) overhauled the state's Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program by establishing the Primary Prevention Initiative (PPI). Under PPI, women who receive AFDC are sanctioned monetarily if their children do not attend school on a regular basis, receive up-to-date... 1995 Yes
By Lucy A. Williams RACE, RAT BITES AND UNFIT MOTHERS: HOW MEDIA DISCOURSE INFORMS WELFARE LEGISLATION DEBATE 22 Fordham Urban Law Journal 1159 (Summer 1995) A Boston mother was yesterday charged with abusing her four-year old son by plunging his hands into boiling water and then locking him in his room for weeks without treatment. Police found Ernesto Ventura at the weekend lying on a mattress soaked with his own blood and urine, his hands virtually burned to the bone by scalding water. . . . Clarabel... 1995 Yes
Peter Margulies REPRESENTATION OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE SURVIVORS AS A NEW PARADIGM OF POVERTY LAW: IN SEARCH OF ACCESS, CONNECTION, AND VOICE 63 George Washington Law Review 1071 (August, 1995) Domestic violence is almost invisible in poverty law and lawyering. Although individual legal services lawyers have made substantial contributions to work against domestic violence, legal services programs have determined priorities through a skewed triage system that neglects domestic violence issues. In addition, traditional poverty scholars have... 1995 Yes
Angela Browne, Ph.D. RESHAPING THE RHETORIC: THE NEXUS OF VIOLENCE, POVERTY, AND MINORITY STATUS IN THE LIVES OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN THE UNITED STATES 3 Georgetown Journal on Fighting Poverty 17 (Fall, 1995) Angela Browne is a social psychologist with a particular expertise in family violence. Over the past 15 years, she has published and spoken on patterns of physical assault and threat in couple relationships, post-traumatic effects of physical and sexual assault on women and children, and homicides between intimate partners. Since 1988, she has... 1995 Yes
Beth E. Richie STIGMA, STEREOTYPES, AND GENDER ENTRAPMENT: VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND POVERTY 3 Georgetown Journal on Fighting Poverty 35 (Fall, 1995) Beth Richie is an Assistant Professor at Hunter College in New York City. She held a Post-Doctoral Fellowship at the University of Illinois at Chicago's Center for Research on Women and Gender and, since 1994, has served as Program Director for the Undergraduate Program in Community Health Education at Hunter College. In 1993, Dr. Richie was the... 1995 Yes
Ann L. Alstott THE EARNED INCOME TAX CREDIT AND THE LIMITATIONS OF TAX-BASED WELFARE REFORM 108 Harvard Law Review 533 (January, 1995) The earned income tax credit (EITC), which uses the federal income tax system to provide an earnings subsidy to low-income workers, has enjoyed support across the political spectrum as a pro-work, pro-family alternative to traditional welfare programs. Advocates of the EITC also claim that the EITC's tax-based administration is cheaper and less... 1995 Yes
  THE IMPACT OF MANAGED CARE ON DOCTORS WHO SERVE POOR AND MINORITY PATIENTS 108 Harvard Law Review 1625 (May, 1995) The wholesale restructuring of America's health care industry toward managed care continues to move at breakneck speed in spite of the recent failure of the National Health Security Act. The focus of current reform efforts has moved from the White House and Congress to state governments and the free market. Doctors, hospitals, and insurers are... 1995 Yes
Dorothy E. Roberts THE ONLY GOOD POOR WOMAN: UNCONSTITUTIONAL CONDITIONS AND WELFARE 72 Denver University Law Review 931 (1995) The goal of some welfare reform proposals is to discourage poor women from having children. The unconstitutional conditions doctrine provides a ready device for challenging these proposals in court. Such challenges, however, invoke a particular tension in the use of the unconstitutional conditions doctrine in the context of welfare--the tension... 1995 Yes
Michael H. Schill , Susan M. Wachter THE SPATIAL BIAS OF FEDERAL HOUSING LAW AND POLICY: CONCENTRATED POVERTY IN URBAN AMERICA 143 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 1285 (May, 1995) Problems associated with poverty are not new to American cities. Nevertheless, in recent years a consensus has developed that increasing concentrations of very poor, predominantly minority households in inner-city communities have generated especially severe social pathologies ranging from persistent unemployment and welfare dependency to crime and... 1995 Yes
Susan Bennett THE THREAT OF THE WANDERING POOR: WELFARE PAROCHIALISM AND ITS IMPACT ON THE USE OF HOUSING MOBILITY AS AN ANTI-POVERTY STRATEGY 22 Fordham Urban Law Journal 1207 (Summer 1995) At best, income and housing programs for poor people run on parallel tracks. Although reformers of the Progressive era saw bad housing and urban poverty as fatally meshed, the nationalized housing goals and nationalized income policy developed during the New Deal shared little except their status as responses to the economic catastrophe of the... 1995 Yes
Louise G. Trubek THE WORST OF TIMES . . . AND THE BEST OF TIMES: LAWYERING FOR POOR CLIENTS TODAY 22 Fordham Urban Law Journal 1123 (Summer 1995) Lawyering for poor people is in flux. The Legal Services Corporation (LSC), the primary provider of legal services for the poor, is beleaguered. While the number of people living in poverty has risen, the Corporation's capacity has been reduced. Congress is expected to cut back on funding and impose even more stringent restrictions on the ability... 1995 Yes
William F. Baxter , Daniel P. Kessler TOWARD A CONSISTENT THEORY OF THE WELFARE ANALYSIS OF AGREEMENTS 47 Stanford Law Review 615 (April, 1995) After reviewing traditional antitrust classifications of agreements, Professors Baxter and Kessler conclude that these labels are unhelpful and misleading. The classification of an agreement as horizontal or vertical provides little guidance as to either its effect on social welfare or its legality under the antitrust laws. The authors propose... 1995 Yes
Catherine R. Albiston , Laura Beth Nielsen WELFARE QUEENS AND OTHER FAIRY TALES: WELFARE REFORM AND UNCONSTITUTIONAL REPRODUCTIVE CONTROLS 38 Howard Law Journal 473 (Summer 1995) The Personal Responsibility Act of 1995 continues to make political progress even as this article goes to press. This welfare reform bill, known also as H.R. 4 of the 104th Congress, arose from the Republican Contract with America. On March 24, 1995, this bill passed the House of Representatives by a vote of 234 to 199. Robert Pear, House Backs... 1995 Yes
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