| Author | Title | Citation | Summary | Year |
| Kelsey Inouye |
Asian Americans: Identity and the Stance on Affirmative Action |
23 Asian American Law Journal 145 (2016) |
Introduction. 145 I. The Asian American Identity: Historical and Social Contexts. 147 A. History of Asian Immigration to America. 147 B. History of Asian American Social Movements. 149 II. Meaning(s) of Affirmative Action. 150 III. The Supreme Court Cases and the Changing Meaning of Affirmative Action. 152 A. Affirmative Action Jurisprudence. 153... |
2016 |
| Mehera Nori |
Asian/american/alien: Birth Tourism, the Racialization of Asians, and the Identity of the American Citizen |
27 Hastings Women's Law Journal 87 (Winter 2016) |
On March 3, 2015, federal agents raided thirty-seven locations in Southern California as part of an investigation into the practice of birth tourism, also known as maternity tourism. Investigators focused on three multimillion-dollar businesses that catered to wealthy, pregnant Chinese women hoping to give birth to their babies on American... |
2016 |
| Mary Szto |
From Exclusion to Exclusivity: Chinese American Property Ownership and Discrimination in Historical Perspective |
25 Journal of Transnational Law & Policy 33 (2015-2016) |
I. Introduction. 34 II. Today's Chinese Real Estate Investors. 37 III. The Maritime Silk Road and Early Chinese Arrivals in the US. 42 A. The Maritime Silk Road. 43 B. The 1849 Gold Rush. 45 IV. Violence, Anti-Chinese Legislation, and Resistance. 47 V. Building of the Transcontinental Railroad (1863-1869). 49 VI. The 1868 Burlingame Treaty. 53 VII.... |
2016 |
| Harvey Gee |
Habeas Corpus, Civil Liberties, and Indefinite Detention During Wartime: from ex Parte Endo and the Japanese American Internment to the War on Terrorism and Beyond |
47 University of the Pacific Law Review 791 (2016) |
I. Introduction. 792 II. The Internment of Japanese Americans and Endo: It was About Race Despite the Government and Supreme Court Insistence that It Was About Military Necessity . 796 A. The Three Internment Cases Leading Up to Endo. 799 B. Endo's Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus and Justice Douglas' Avoidance of the Constitutional Issues. 801... |
2016 |
| Ji Li |
I Came, I Saw, I. . . Adapted: an Empirical Study of Chinese Business Expansion in the United States and its Legal and Policy Implications |
36 Northwestern Journal of International Law and Business 143 (Winter 2016) |
Abstract: China's economic expansion into the United States has generated intense debates and controversies. Some view it as posing a critical challenge to extant U.S. institutions; others see China as a stakeholder of the extant system and that the Chinese investors are by and large playing our game. However, theories and hypotheses on the... |
2016 |
| Stewart Chang |
Is Gay the New Asian?: Marriage Equality and the Dawn of a New Model Minority |
23 Asian American Law Journal 5 (2016) |
Introduction. 5 I. Asian Immigration and the American Family: Shifting the Rhetoric From Exclusion to Assimilation. 9 A. Family Ideation and Early Stereotypes of Asians as Sexualized Yellow Peril. 11 B. Family Ideation and the Stereotyping of Asians as a Sexual Model Minority. 15 II. Why Gay Is Definitely Not the New Black: The Evolution of the Bad... |
2016 |
| Kevin Lam |
Mediating Domestic Violence Disputes in Chinese Immigrant Families in the U.s.: the Case for Court-appointed Mediation Programs |
17 Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution 989 (Spring 2016) |
Chinese immigrants, particularly those that lack legal status, have historically mistrusted the U.S. legal system. Not only are they wary of the adversarial nature of court proceedings, but also language and cultural barriers frequently prevent them from gaining meaningful access to relief. As a result, issues that arise from within the Chinese... |
2016 |
| David B. Oppenheimer, Swati Prakash, Rachel Burns |
Playing the Trump Card: the Enduring Legacy of Racism in Immigration Law |
26 Berkeley La Raza Law Journal 1 (2016) |
Introduction. 1 I. European Immigration and American Immigration Policy. 6 A. Early American Demographics and Immigration Policy. 6 B. Irish Immigration. 7 C. Eastern European Jewish Immigration. 11 D. Italian Immigration. 14 E. Early Twentieth-Century Changes to Immigration Policy. 17 II. Chinese and Japanese Immigration and American Immigration... |
2016 |
| Ethan Hee-Seok Shin |
The "Comfort Women" Reparation Movement: Between Universal Women's Human Right and Particular Anti-colonial Nationalism |
28 Florida Journal of International Law 87 (April, 2016) |
I. Introduction. 88 II. Imperial Japan and Its Aftermath. 91 A. Imperial Japan up to 1945. 91 B. The Politico-Legal Settlement after World War II. 94 C. Reparation Movement since the 1990s: From the Political to the Legal. 99 III. Main Legal Issues of the Japanese Reparation. 103 A. (Il)legality of Imperial Japan's Colonial Rule over Korea. 103 B.... |
2016 |
| Nancy Leong |
The Misuse of Asian Americans in the Affirmative Action Debate |
64 UCLA Law Review Discourse 90 (2016) |
Opponents of affirmative action often claim that Asian Americans are injured by affirmative action. This argument is both inaccurate and strategic rather than motivated by real concern for Asian Americans. This Essay explains how Asian Americans in fact benefit from affirmative action. It also exposes the way that framing opposition to affirmative... |
2016 |
| Corinna Barrett Lain |
Three Supreme Court "Failures" and a Story of Supreme Court Success |
69 Vanderbilt Law Review 1019 (May, 2016) |
Plessy v. Ferguson. Buck v. Bell. Korematsu v. United States. Together, these three decisions legitimated separate but equal, sanctioned the forced sterilization of thousands, and ratified the removal of Japanese Americans from their homes during World War II. By Erwin Chemerinsky's measure in The Case Against the Supreme Court, all three are... |
2016 |
| Emily S. Zia |
What Side Are We On? A Call to Arms to the Asian American Community |
23 Asian American Law Journal 169 (2016) |
Introduction. 169 I. The Complicated History of Asian Americans and Affirmative Action. 175 A. A Quick History of Affirmative Action in California. 175 B. The Ideological Debate Over Asian Americans' Stance on Affirmative Action. 180 II. The SCA5 Debate. 183 III. Racial Triangulation and the Dangers of Honorary Whiteness . 187 IV. A Call to Arms.... |
2016 |
| Chan Hee Chu |
When Proportionality Equals Diversity: Asian Americans and Affirmative Action |
23 Asian American Law Journal 99 (2016) |
In recent years, Asian Americans have become key players in the affirmative action debate. The current legal scholarship, however, has painted an overly simplistic picture of the impact of affirmative action on Asian Americans. Frank Wu, William C. Kidder, and other scholars have asserted that negative rather than affirmative action is the cause of... |
2016 |
| Shawn Ho |
A Critique of the Motivations Behind Negative Action Against Asian Americans in U.s. Universities: the Model Victims |
5 Columbia Journal of Race and Law 79 (2015) |
To deal effectively with negative action against Asian Americans, it is crucial to first understand the motivations behind negative action. This Article posits that these motivations are complex--they are an intricate tapestry of racism and benevolence interwoven with both conscious and unintentional aspects. In theorizing about and critiquing... |
2015 |
| Kim D. Chanbonpin |
Between Black and White: the Coloring of Asian Americans |
14 Washington University Global Studies Law Review 637 (2015) |
While reporting on the civil unrest that followed the police killing of Mike Brown in Ferguson, Missouri last August, Fox News host Bill O'Reilly became enraged when his guest Megyn Kelly suggested that race-based privilege shields White people from police violence while it simultaneously subordinates Black people. After the brief on-air debate,... |
2015 |
| Paul Finkelman |
Coping with a New "Yellow Peril": Japanese Immigration, the Gentlemen's Agreement, and the Coming of World War Ii |
117 West Virginia Law Review 1409 (Spring, 2015) |
I. Introduction. 1409 II. Early Opposition to Immigration in a Continent of Immigrants. 1412 III. Hostility to Immigration from the Revolution to the Civil War. 1415 IV. Hostility to European Immigrants, 1880-1924. 1420 V. East Asian Immigration. 1421 VI. The New Yellow Peril: Japanese Immigration. 1426 VII. The Rise of Anti-Japanese Sentiment,... |
2015 |
| Stewart Chang |
Feminism in Yellowface |
38 Harvard Journal of Law & Gender 235 (Summer 2015) |
Introduction. 235 I. Starting From the First Page: Historicizing Stereotypes of Asian Prostitutes in Early United States Immigration Policy. 239 II. Tonight I Will Be Miss Saigon . . . I'll Win a G.I. and Be Gone: Marriage Fraud and New Conceptions of Asian Prostitution in Twentieth Century Immigration Policy. 245 III. Confess, Repudiate,... |
2015 |
| Carol G.S. Tan |
How a "Lawless" China Made Modern America: an Epic Told in Orientalism Legal Orientalism: China, the United States and Modern Law. By Teemu Ruskola. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 2013. Pp. 338. $39.95 |
128 Harvard Law Review 1677 (April, 2015) |
Legal Orientalism begins with a map of modern law in which the United States and China are located at opposite ends. America sees itself as being built on particularly universal political values in which law is given a privileged position (p. 9). From this perspective, China and Chinese law are cast as being universally particular (p. 9). In... |
2015 |
| Peter Irons |
How Solicitor General Charles Fahy Misled the Supreme Court in the Japanese American Internment Cases: a Reply to Charles Sheehan |
55 American Journal of Legal History 208 (April, 2015) |
The judicial process is seriously impaired when the government's law enforcement officers violate their ethical obligations to the court. United States District Judge Marilyn Hall Patel, vacating the conviction of Fred Korematsu In its October 2014 issue, this journal published an article by Charles Sheehan, entitled Solicitor General Charles... |
2015 |
| Donna H. Lee |
Intimate Partner Violence Against Asian American Women: Moving from Theory to Strategy |
28 Columbia Journal of Gender and Law 315 (2015) |
Despite theoretical advances in understanding intimate partner violence (IPV), practical strategies for addressing the destruction it wreaks on individuals, families, and communities have stagnated. Criminal prosecutions of domestic violence, legal services to help IPV survivors obtain civil orders of protection, emergency shelters, and social... |
2015 |
| Debito Arudou |
Japan's Under-researched Visible Minorities: Applying Critical Race Theory to Racialization Dynamics in a Non-white Society |
14 Washington University Global Studies Law Review 695 (2015) |
Critical Race Theory (CRT), an analytical framework grounded in American legal academia, uncovers power relationships between a racialized enfranchised majority and a disenfranchised minority. Although applied primarily to countries and societies with Caucasian majorities to analyze White Privilege this Article applies CRT to Japan, a non-White... |
2015 |
| Myunghwa Lee |
Legislative Initiative for Work-family Reconciliation in South Korea: a Comparative Analysis of the South Korean, American, French, and German Family Leave Policies |
22 Asian American Law Journal 45 (2015) |
This thesis compares the family leave policies (maternity, paternity and parental leave) of South Korea, U.S., France, and Germany by exploring the cultural context and purposes in adopting family leave laws. Unlike Western nations, family leave legislation has been ineffective in South Korea since family leave laws were adopted as a means to... |
2015 |
| Harvey Gee |
National Insecurity: the National Defense Authorization Act, the Indefinite Detention of American Citizens, and a Call for Heightened Judicial Scrutiny |
49 John Marshall Law Review 69 (Fall, 2015) |
I. Introduction. 69 II. The Japanese American Internment. 73 III. The NDAA and the War Against Terrorism. 79 A. 2001 Authorization of Use of Military Force. 79 B. National Defense Authorization Act of 2012. 80 C. Hamdi v. Rumsfeld and Establishing the Legal Authority for the NDAA. 83 IV. Hedges v. Obama. 85 V. Learning from History and Avoiding... |
2015 |
| Li Chen |
Pioneers in the Fight for the Inclusion of Chinese Students in American Legal Education and Legal Profession |
22 Asian American Law Journal 5 (2015) |
In 1878, the first Chinese student, Sit Ming Cook, sought entry into an American law school and was rejected because of his race. Chang Hong Yen, the second Chinese law student, was more fortunate. In 1884, Chang journeyed to New York City to embark on his legal education at Columbia Law School. A former Chinese Government Scholar, Chang had nine... |
2015 |
| Katherine Lee Goyette |
The Bamboo Ceiling |
84-JAN Journal of the Kansas Bar Association 14 (January, 2015) |
Aren't you supposed to be good at math? This stereotypical phrase has echoed my entire educational career. Same inquiry, same response: No, just because I'm Asian [American], doesn't mean that I'm good at math. Scholars have analyzed the various perceptions of Asian-Americans: (1) As foreigners; despite having been born in the United States, or... |
2015 |
| Vinay Harpalani |
To Be White, Black, or Brown? South Asian Americans and the Race-color Distinction |
14 Washington University Global Studies Law Review 609 (2015) |
People often use race and color terminology interchangeably in common parlance. When the renowned African American scholar W.E.B. Du Bois stated that the problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color line, he was referring to rampant and overt racism faced by African Americans and non-European peoples all over the world. Within the... |
2015 |
| Vernon Nase , Nicholas Humphrey |
Angry People in the Sky: Air Rage and the Tokyo Convention |
79 Journal of Air Law and Commerce 701 (Fall 2014) |
I. INTRODUCTION. 702 II. THE GLOBAL NATURE OF THE PROBLEM. 703 III. RELEVANT JURISPRUDENCE. 705 IV. THE ACUTE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM IN CHINA. 708 A. The Delay Issue. 710 B. Growth of Chinese Market Demands More Air Space Be Allocated. 711 C. Passenger Expectations. 712 V. AIR RAGE FROM THE AIRLINES' PERSPECTIVE. 713 A. International Air Transport... |
2014 |
| Joan C. Williams |
Double Jeopardy? An Empirical Study with Implications for the Debates over Implicit Bias and Intersectionality |
37 Harvard Journal of Law & Gender 185 (Winter, 2014) |
Introduction. 186 I. The NSF Study. 189 A. Methodology. 189 B. No Surprise: Women of Color Encounter Racial as well as Gender Bias. 194 C. Black Women. 195 D. Latinas. 205 E. Asian American Women. 212 II. Implications for the Debate over Implicit Bias. 219 III. Implications for the Intersectionality Debate. 233 A. Intersectional Plaintiffs' Fate in... |
2014 |
| |
Editors' Note |
21 Asian American Law Journal 1 (2014) |
This year marks the fiftieth anniversary of the landmark 1964 Civil Rights Act, which outlawed discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, and national origin. Although the Chinese Exclusion Act is long gone and the United States government has admitted the great injustice in interning over 110,000 Japanese Americans, our country... |
2014 |
| Peggy Li |
Hitting the Ceiling: an Examination of Barriers to Success for Asian American Women |
29 Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law & Justice 140 (Winter 2014) |
I. Introduction. 141 II. The Glass Ceiling, The Bamboo Ceiling, and their Exclusion of Asian American Women. 142 A. The Glass Ceiling. 143 B. The Bamboo Ceiling. 145 C. The Exclusion of Asian American Women. 146 III. Using Intersectionality to Acknowledge the Experiences of Asian American Women. 148 IV. Understanding the Origins and Perpetuation of... |
2014 |
| Will Sarvis |
Melting Pot Benevolence and Liberty Patriotism: the Importance of the Moral Cosmopolitanism Precedent in Asian American History |
3 British Journal of American Legal Studies 197 (Spring, 2014) |
Between the 1860s-1930s, there were a significant number of Chinese, Japanese, and various Caucasian peoples who embraced interracial friendships in the United States. Not only were these brave souls ahead of their time, but they exercised a moral cosmopolitan attitude amidst some of the fiercest racial discrimination in American history. Until... |
2014 |
| Charles Sheehan |
Solicitor General Charles Fahy and Honorable Defense of the Japanese-- American Exclusion Cases |
54 American Journal of Legal History 469 (October, 2014) |
The exclusion cases draw limitless commentary. Their defenders, if any, are silent. Their detractors occupy a field rich with constitutional spoils. They long ago hollowed out and carried off the core of executive and military orders, legislative acts and judicial decisions. none could wish it otherwise. The cause to right the great exclusion wrong... |
2014 |
| Glenn D. Magpantay |
Sound Barriers Ver. 2.0: the Second Generation of Enforcement of the Language Assistance Provisions (Section 203) of the Voting Rights Act |
80 Brooklyn Law Review 63 (Fall, 2014) |
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, nearly 10% of all Americans speak English less than very well. In some states, such as California, the number is as high as 20%. Asian Americans are one of the fastest-growing minority groups in the nation, estimated to number almost 15.5 million. More and more are becoming citizens and registering to vote.... |
2014 |
| Timothy Webster |
Teemu Ruskola, Legal Orientalism: China, the United States, and Modern Law (Harvard University Press, 2013) |
62 American Journal of Comparative Law 811 (Summer 2014) |
Professor Teemu Ruskola has produced a magisterial account of Western conceptions, preconceptions, and misconceptions of Chinese law from the Enlightenment to the present, with particularly illuminating sections on the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Avowedly postcolonial, Legal Orientalism examines the discourses that European... |
2014 |
| Jou-Chi Ho |
The Call for and Role of Asian Lawyers in the Deep South |
12 Seattle Journal for Social Justice 843 (Spring, 2014) |
The Deep South has long held a reputation for having its own system to deal with its matters, especially its racial matters. Widespread racial injustice permeates the history of the Deep South. Generally, however, the discussion of race in the Deep South proceeds from a Black/White binary perspective. Nevertheless, as this country becomes more... |
2014 |
| James W. Gordon |
Was the First Justice Harlan Anti-Chinese? |
36 Western New England Law Review 287 (2014) |
My whole nature responds to the principle of equality of all men before the law, as well as to the principle of the equal protection by the laws for everyone in his personal and property rights. - John Marshall Harlan [T]o be labeled a prophet is to be held to an impossible standard. In many ways, Harlan's views fell short of our current notions... |
2014 |
| Shira Morag Levine |
A "Vital Question of Self-preservation": Chinese Wives, Merchants, and American Citizens Caught in the 1924 Immigration Act |
9 Stanford Journal of Civil Rights & Civil Liberties 121 (January, 2013) |
Introduction. 121 I. Legal and Human Limbo: Exclusion from the United States and Detention on Angel Island. 124 II. Congress's Increasingly Restrictive Chinese Immigration Policy: 1868-1924. 128 III. Legal Battles to Protect Immigration by Chinese Wives, and the Supreme Court's Anomalous 1925 Decisions. 132 IV. Unpacking the Supreme Court's... |
2013 |
| Gabriel J. Chin |
A Chinaman's Chance in Court: Asian Pacific Americans and Racial Rules of Evidence |
3 UC Irvine Law Review 965 (December, 2013) |
Introduction. 966 I. Asians as Untrustworthy Witnesses. 967 A. Competency and Credibility Under State Law. 967 1. Incompetency. 967 2. Credibility. 970 B. Chinese Witnesses Under Federal Law. 972 1. Incompetency. 973 a. Residence certificates. 973 b. Returning merchants. 974 c. Pharmacy workers in China. 975 2. Credibility. 975 II. The Statutory... |
2013 |
| Denny Chan |
An Invisibility Cloak: the Model Minority Myth and Unauthorized Asian Immigrants |
3 UC Irvine Law Review 1281 (December, 2013) |
Introduction. 1281 I. The Case for Unauthorized Immigration as a Latino Issue. 1282 A. Evidence from the World Wide Web. 1283 B. Legislative Evidence. 1283 C. Public Commentary. 1287 II. Reasons Why Latinos and the Unauthorized Are Conflated. 1288 A. Powerful Numbers and Rapid Growth. 1288 B. Geographic Proximity. 1290 C. Economic Factors. 1290 D.... |
2013 |
| Michael Park |
Asian American Masculinity Eclipsed: a Legal and Historical Perspective of Emasculation Through U.s. Immigration Practices |
8 Modern American 5 (Spring, 2013) |
This Article provides a critical and historical analysis of the impact of U.S. immigration laws and policies in shaping Asian masculinity norms and the emasculation of the Asian male subject. The article begins with a historical introduction to immigration laws that have affected Asian Americans, particularly, Chinese immigrants. The article then... |
2013 |
| Yena Lee |
Asian Americans and Affirmative Action: Through the Study of Fisher V. University of Texas |
5 Georgetown Journal of Law & Modern Critical Race Perspectives 127 (Fall, 2013) |
On October 10, 2012, the Supreme Court heard oral arguments in Fisher v. University of Texas. While many anxiously await the Court's decision, issues surrounding affirmative action have reemerged at the center of social and political debates. Brought by a White female student, Abigail Fisher, whose admission to University of Texas was rejected, the... |
2013 |
| Ana Henderson |
Citizenship, Voting, and Asian American Political Engagement |
3 UC Irvine Law Review 1077 (December, 2013) |
A significant issue for Asian American's civic engagement and political empowerment is access to the ballot and to electoral schemes that allow Asian Pacific Islander American (API) voters to elect representatives of their choice. Because voting in nearly all U.S. jurisdictions is limited to citizens, questions about Asian American voters'... |
2013 |
| Vinay Harpalani |
Desi Crit: Theorizing the Racial Ambiguity of South Asian Americans |
69 New York University Annual Survey of American Law 77 (2013) |
This Article analyzes the racial ambiguity of South Asian Americans--peoples whose ancestry derives from the Indian subcontinent--and has two major aims. First, it provides a comprehensive account of the racialization of South Asian Americans (Desi) a group that legal scholars have not considered at any length in the rubric of American racial... |
2013 |
| Joseph Bui, Editor-in-chief, 2012-2013, Asian American Law Journal |
Editor's Note |
20 Asian American Law Journal 1 (2013) |
This year, as we celebrated the Asian American Law Journal's twentieth Anniversary, the larger Asian American community commemorated the thirtieth anniversary of the racialized killing of Vincent Chin. Chin was at a strip club for his bachelor party when he was accosted by two white men-a Chrysler executive and his step-son. Ronald Ebens and... |
2013 |
| Jamie R. Abrams |
Enforcing Masculinities at the Borders |
13 Nevada Law Journal 564 (Winter 2013) |
I. Introduction. 564 II. Hegemonic and Dominant Masculinities are Framed Relationally and Depend on Maintaining a Marginalized Other . 566 III. Maintaining Dominant Masculinities at the Borders Through the Exclusion of Marginalized Masculinities. 569 A. Marginalized Effeminacy and the Chinese Exclusion Act. 569 B. Masculinities in Crisis... |
2013 |
| Denny Chan , Jennifer Chin , James Yoon |
Foreword: Reigniting Community: Strengthening the Asian Pacific American Identity |
3 UC Irvine Law Review 801 (December, 2013) |
The Asian Pacific American Law Students Association (APALSA) at the University of California, Irvine School of Law is pleased to collaborate with the UC Irvine Law Review to present articles from the first school-sponsored, student-organized symposium at the UC Irvine School of Law. It is fitting that the first collaboration between student groups... |
2013 |
| Nancy Leong |
Half/full |
3 UC Irvine Law Review 1125 (December, 2013) |
Research suggests that multiracial identity is uniquely malleable, and I will focus here on the significance of that malleability for mixed-Asian individuals, primarily those of Asian/White descent. At various times, mixed-Asian individuals may present themselves as half Asian; other times, they may present themselves as full Asian, full... |
2013 |
| Leslie F. Goldstein |
How Equal Protection Did and Did Not Come to the United States, and the Executive Branch Role Therein |
73 Maryland Law Review 190 (2013) |
What follows is an interbranch comparison of federal policy toward three racial groups in the United States--African Americans, Native Americans, and Asian Americans--during the four decades following the post-bellum entrenchment of the right to equal protection of the laws. It should be read as an extended, analytic commentary on the Timechart... |
2013 |
| Julian Lim |
Immigration, Asylum, and Citizenship: a More Holistic Approach |
101 California Law Review 1013 (August, 2013) |
Despite obvious overlaps between immigration law, refugee law, and citizenship, legal scholars have tended to disaggregate them, studying them in isolation. This Article brings refugee law in closer conversation with both immigration law and citizenship by presenting the previously unknown history of Pershing's Chinese refugees: 522 Chinese... |
2013 |
| Jane L. Scheiber |
Internal Security, the "Japanese Problem," and the Kibei in World War Ii Hawai'i |
35 University of Hawaii Law Review 415 (Spring, 2013) |
I. INTRODUCTION. 415 II. MARTIAL LAW AND THE JAPANESE PROBLEM. 417 III. MILITARY GOVERNMENT AND EMERGENCY MEASURES. 421 IV. MASS REMOVALS VS. SELECTIVE DETENTION. 425 V. INVESTIGATION. 427 VI. INTERROGATION: THE HEARING BOARDS, RACIAL PROFILING, AND LOYALTY REVIEWS. 430 VII. INCARCERATION. 433 VIII. CONCLUSION. 437 |
2013 |