| Author | Title | Citation | Summary | Year |
| Terrence W. McCarthy , Callie D. Brister |
The Newly-created Racial Bias Exception to the General Rule That Precludes Jurors from Offering Testimony to Impeach Their Own Verdict |
78 Alabama Lawyer 284 (July, 2017) |
The no-impeachment rule generally provides that a juror may not testify about statements made during jury deliberations if offered to challenge the validity of a verdict or indictment. This longstanding rule has roots dating back to English common law, and is codified in Rule 606(b) of both the Federal Rules of Evidence and Alabama Rules of... |
2017 |
| Jillian K. Swencionis, Phillip Atiba Goff , Center for Policing Equity and John Jay College of Criminal Justice |
The Psychological Science of Racial Bias and Policing |
23 Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 398 (November, 2017) |
What can the social psychology of racial bias teach us about the potential for racial bias in policing? Because social psychological research is mostly laboratory based and rarely includes police officers, direct generalizability is limited. However, social psychology has identified robust risk factors that make individuals more likely to engage in... |
2017 |
| Leonard M. Niehoff , Deeva Shah |
The Resilience of Noxious Doctrine: the 2016 Election, the Marketplace of Ideas, and the Obstinacy of Bias |
22 Michigan Journal of Race and Law 243 (Spring, 2017) |
The Supreme Court has recognized the central role that free expression plays in our democratic enterprise. In his dissenting opinion in United States v. Abrams, Justice Holmes offered a theory of how free expression advances our search for truth and our cultivation of an informed electorate. That model-- often called the marketplace of ideas,... |
2017 |
| Daniel Masakayan |
The Unconscious Discrimination Paradox: How Expanding Title Vii to Incorporate Implicit Bias Cannot Solve the Issues Posed by Unconscious Discrimination |
25 George Mason Law Review 246 (Fall, 2017) |
The greater our knowledge increases the more our ignorance unfolds. John F. Kennedy For some journalists and commentators, the election of Barack Obama as America's first African-American president, and the candidacy of Hillary Clinton as the first female major party presidential candidate signaled a shift in a major social framework--a shift... |
2017 |
| Jeanette L. Schroeder |
The Vulnerability of Asylum Adjudications to Subconscious Cultural Biases: Demanding American Narrative Norms |
97 Boston University Law Review 315 (January, 2017) |
Introduction. 316 I. Background. 316 II. The Importance of Credibility Determinations in the Asylum Context. 319 A. The Legal Process for Obtaining Asylum. 319 1. The Affirmative Asylum Process. 320 2. The Defensive Asylum Process. 322 3. Applicable Law. 323 B. The Necessity of a Favorable Crediblity Determination. 325 III. The Effects of... |
2017 |
| Catherine Ross Dunham |
Third Generation Discrimination: the Ripple Effects of Gender Bias in the Workplace |
51 Akron Law Review 55 (2017) |
I. Introduction. 55 II. Considering the Role of Implicit Bias in the Factual Context of Gender-Based Workplace Discrimination Suits. 59 A. Bias and Discrimination Generally. 59 B. Pao v. Kleiner. 62 C. Wal-Mart v. Dukes. 67 III. Implicit Gender Bias and Second Generation Discrimination. 72 A. First Generation Discrimination. 73 B. Second Generation... |
2017 |
| Antuan M. Johnson |
Title Ix Narratives, Intersectionality, and Male-biased Conceptions of Racism |
9 Georgetown Journal of Law & Modern Critical Race Perspectives 57 (Spring, 2017) |
For decades, men have sexually harassed and sexually assaulted women on college campuses with impunity. Although Title IX was passed in 1972 to provide sex equality in education, that equality still does not exist. In recent years, campus sexual assault has been recognized as a national epidemic and a manifestation of sex inequality. The U.S.... |
2017 |
| Amber Hall |
Using Legal Ethics to Improve Implicit Bias in Prosecutorial Discretion |
42 Journal of the Legal Profession 111 (Fall, 2017) |
Racial consideration and evidence of its disparaging effects on prosecutorial discretion were not compelling enough to convince the Supreme Court to place limits on the power of the prosecutor. In McCleskey v. Kemp, petitioner McCleskey, an African-American male, attempted to prove that his capital sentence was unconstitutional due to the risk of... |
2017 |
| David D. Savage , Richard Bales |
Video Games in Job Interviews: Using Algorithms to Minimize Discrimination and Unconscious Bias |
32 ABA Journal of Labor & Employment Law 211 (Winter, 2017) |
On a summer day in 2002, Billy Beane sat in a roomful of baseball scouts trying to create a list of high school and college athletes his team hoped to draft seven days later. Beane, in his fifth year as general manager of the Oakland Athletics, a Major League Baseball team, grew tired of the players his scouts suggested, most of whom never reached... |
2017 |
| Gail B. Murrow , Richard Murrow |
A Valid Question: Could Hate Speech Condition Bias in the Brain? |
3 Journal of Law & the Biosciences 196 (April, 2016) |
KEYWORDS: dehumanization, hate speech, neuroscience, implicit bias, empathy Here, we respond to three peer commentaries on our paper, A hypothetical neurological association between dehumanization and human rights abuses'. In that paper, we hypothesized that dehumanizing implicit biases dampen the response of neural mechanisms of pain empathy to... |
2016 |
| Jonathan J. Koehler , John B. Meixner Jr. |
An Empirical Research Agenda for the Forensic Sciences |
106 Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 1 (Winter, 2016) |
After the National Academy of Sciences issued a stunning report in 2009 on the unscientific state of many forensic science subfields, forensic science has undergone internal and external scrutiny that it had managed to avoid for decades. Although some reform efforts are underway, forensic science writ large has yet to embrace and settle upon an... |
2016 |
| Victor Li |
An Explicit Step |
102-DEC ABA Journal 66 (December, 2016) |
In June, as Paulette Brown was nearing the end of her term as ABA president, she got a nice farewell present from the U.S. Department of Justice. Having been in contact with various Justice Department officials, Brown knew the DOJ was planning on introducing mandatory training for all federal prosecutors designed to prevent implicit bias--defined... |
2016 |
| Christy Krawietz |
An Overture to Equality: Preventing Subconscious Sex and Gender Biases from Influencing Hiring Decisions |
39 Seattle University Law Review 1051 (Spring, 2016) |
C1-2Contents Introduction. 1051 I. The Problem of Subconscious Gender Bias. 1053 A. Conflating Gender and Sex. 1054 1. Separating Sex and Gender Identity. 1055 2. Assuming Gender in Others. 1058 B. Neurological Gender? Debunking Neurofallacies and Innate Difference. 1059 C. Gender Bias in the Employment Context. 1062 II. Current Law Fails to... |
2016 |
| Brooks Holland |
Anticipatory Self-defense Claims as a Lens for Reexamining Zealous Advocacy and Anti-bias Disciplinary Norms |
49 Texas Tech Law Review 89 (Fall, 2016) |
I. Introduction. 89 II. Anticipatory Self-Defense Claims and Gender Bias. 94 A. Defining Anticipatory Self-Defense. 94 B. Anticipatory Self-Defense and Gender Bias. 100 III. Zealous Advocacy and Anticipatory Self-Defense Claims. 104 A. The Role of Zealous Advocacy in Criminal Defense. 104 B. Zealous Advocacy and Bias in Anticipatory Self-Defense... |
2016 |
| Michael J. Higdon |
Beyond the Metatheoretical: Implicit Bias in Law Review Article Selection |
51 Wake Forest Law Review 339 (Summer, 2016) |
The eye sees only what the mind is prepared to comprehend. --Henri Bergson In the early 1970s, the leading symphonies in the United States were composed almost entirely of men. In fact, only about five percent of the musicians comprising those symphonies were female. Of course, given the time period, such disparity is hardly surprising. After... |
2016 |
| Ronald M. Sandgrund, Esq., InQ. |
Can We Talk? Bias, Diversity, and Inclusiveness in the Colorado Legal Community |
45-FEB Colorado Lawyer 49 (February, 2016) |
This is the fourth article series by The InQuiring Lawyer addressing a topic that Colorado lawyers may consider often but may not discuss publicly in much depth. The topics in this column are being explored through dialogues involving lawyers, judges, law professors, law students, and law school deans, as well as entrepreneurs, journalists,... |
2016 |
| Caleb J. Fountain |
Client Perjury, Implicit Bias, and the Problem of Actual Knowledge |
30 Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy 49 (June, 2016) |
The Model Rules of Professional Conduct require a lawyer, including defense counsel in a criminal proceeding who actually knows that her client has committed or intends to commit perjury, to take remedial measures, up to and including disclosure to the tribunal. This rule has justly caused considerable handwringing among academics, practitioners,... |
2016 |
| |
Criminal Law--bias-intimidation Laws--new Jersey Supreme Court Holds That Conviction Based on Victim's Reasonable Belief That Bias Motivated the Offense Violates Due Process.-- State V. Pomianek, 110 A.3d 841 (N.j. 2015) |
129 Harvard Law Review 867 (January, 2016) |
In 2010, Dharun Ravi used a webcam to spy on his Rutgers roommate, Tyler Clementi, having sex with another man. The situation garnered national attention when Clementi leapt to his death from the George Washington Bridge. Ravi was convicted under New Jersey's bias-intimidation statute when the jury determined that Clementi reasonably believed... |
2016 |
| Molly J. Walker Wilson |
Defense Attorney Bias and the Rush to the Plea |
65 University of Kansas Law Review 271 (December, 2016) |
We have rejected an approach to individual liberties that abstracts from the right to its purposes, and then eliminates the right. --Justice Antonin Scalia The pervasiveness of plea bargains in our criminal justice system is of concern to many, and scholars in the legal academy have often been critical of the practice. One reason for the unease... |
2016 |
| Sarah C. Haan , Dominic Lovotti |
Eliminating Bias, Harassment, and Discrimination in the Legal Profession: Proposed Changes to Model Rule 8.4 |
59-AUG Advocate 23 (August, 2016) |
Is a lawyer who makes unwanted sexual advances to a legal assistant in violation of the Idaho Rules of Professional Conduct? Under existing rules, which essentially track the ABA's Model Rules of Professional Conduct, probably not, unless the lawyer's acts are prejudicial to the administration of justice. However, if Idaho adopts proposed revisions... |
2016 |
| Anthony W. Flores, Kristin Bechtel, Christopher T. Lowenkamp, California State University, Bakersfield, Crime and Justice Institute at CRJ, Administrative Office of the United States Courts, Probation and Pretrial Services Office |
False Positives, False Negatives, and False Analyses: a Rejoinder to "Machine Bias: There's Software Used Across the Country to Predict Future Criminals. And It's Biased Against Blacks." |
80-SEP Federal Probation 38 (September, 2016) |
The validity and intellectual honesty of conducting and reporting analysis are critical, since the ramifications of published data, accurate or misleading, may have consequences for years to come. --Marco and Larkin, 2000, p. 692 PROPUBLICA RECENTLY RELEASED a much-heralded investigative report claiming that a risk assessment tool (known as the... |
2016 |
| Ann Mallatt Killenbeck |
Ferguson, Fisher, and the Future: Diversity and Inclusion as a Remedy for Implicit Racial Bias |
42 Journal of College and University Law 59 (2016) |
Introduction. 60 I. Fisher II: Fictions and Facts. 63 II. Bakke to Grutter. 71 A. Not Theoretical But Real: The Importance of Outcomes. 71 B. Preparing for Work and Citizenship: Beyond the College Years. 78 III. Diversity and Inclusion: From Theory to Fact?. 81 A. Grutter: The Benefits of Contact Are Real. 82 B. Unappealing Truths: Implicit Bias,... |
2016 |
| Connie Lee |
Gender Bias in the Courtroom: Combating Implicit Bias Against Women Trial Attorneys and Litigators |
22 Cardozo Journal of Law & Gender 229 (Winter, 2016) |
C1-2Table of Contents Introduction. 230 I. The History of Gender Bias in the Legal Profession. 231 II. Empirical Data Demonstrate the Impact of Gender Bias in the Courtroom. 235 A. Scientists Use the Implicit Association Test to Measure Gender Biases in the Legal Profession. 236 B. The Challenge of the Double Bind: Studies of Juries Reveal... |
2016 |
| Jessica Blakemore |
Implicit Racial Bias and Public Defenders |
29 Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics 833 (Fall, 2016) |
African American men are significantly more likely to be incarcerated than either white or Hispanic men, and throughout the American criminal justice system, black Americans face a significantly greater chance of arrest, conviction, sentencing, and incarceration than white Americans. It is likely that soon, one third of African American men will... |
2016 |
| Paulette Brown |
Inclusion ≠ Exclusion |
102-JAN ABA Journal 8 (January, 2016) |
In today's society, the attitudes and stereotypes that we all hold in our hearts can affect our understanding, actions and decisions in an unconscious manner. The phenomenon is called implicit bias and it is very real. It does not in any way make people unsavory, but implicit bias can impede not only diversity and inclusion, but also implementation... |
2016 |
| Mark Johnson Roberts |
Invidious Harassment and Discrimination as Professional Misconduct |
76-JUL Oregon State Bar Bulletin Bull. 9 (July, 2016) |
Last year, Oregon became one of 23 states, plus the District of Columbia, to amend their black-letter ethics rules to prohibit intimidation and harassment that is based on a person's protected class status. Helen Hierschbiel, Keeping Up with a Changing World: New Rules of Professional Conduct, OSB Bulletin (April 2015). The new rules added an RFC... |
2016 |
| Clifford Clapp, Esq. |
Latino Jury Nullification: Resisting Racially & Ethnically Biased Crimmigration Through Civil Disobedience |
17 Rutgers Race & the Law Review 167 (2016) |
In 1995, over twenty years ago, Paul Butler argued for jury nullification by African-American jurors in cases where black defendants commit crimes that do not affect public safety, such as public drunkenness, minor drug possession, gambling and other victimless crimes. He opines that racial considerations by African-American jurors are legally and... |
2016 |
| Melaine Shannon Rothey, ACBA President |
Lend Your Voice to Effort to Eradicate Bias, Prejudice |
18 No. 22 Lawyers Journal 3 (October 28, 2016) |
Diversity, inclusion, and the elimination of bias in our profession - seems like it should be a simple undertaking. However, much to my dismay, it has proven to be a rather arduous task, even in light of the fact that one of the stated goals in our mission statement is the promotion of equality and diversity among our members. Studies and surveys... |
2016 |
| Graham R. Cronogue |
Lies, Damn Lies, and Batson Challenges: the Right to Use Statistical Evidence to Prove Racial Bias |
6 University of Miami Race & Social Justice Law Review 103 (Summer, 2016) |
This Article provides two principal contributions to the study of wrongful convictions. First, it fills a gap in the literature by clarifying the scope of a capital defendant's constitutional right to use statistics when attacking a wrongful conviction caused by racial bias in jury selection. In doing so, the Article not only examines the content... |
2016 |
| Sarah Q. Simmons |
Litigators Beware: Implicit Bias |
59-APR Advocate 35 (March/April, 2016) |
We have no prejudices. We are fair evaluators of just the facts. We can separate our personal judgments from our professional assessments. Right? Wrong. Lawyers are just human and our nature dictates that subconscious bias permeates our analyses and decisionmaking--unless we acknowledge the bias and bring it into the light. Although the majority... |
2016 |
| Laura R. McNeal |
Managing Our Blind Spot: the Role of Bias in the School-to-prison Pipeline |
48 Arizona State Law Journal 285 (Summer, 2016) |
That all citizens will be given an equal start through a sound education is one of the most basic, promised rights of our democracy.--Senator Paul Wellstone For decades, we have witnessed the increased criminalization of our nation's youth, especially youth of color and students with disabilities, through the implementation of zero tolerance... |
2016 |
| Clark Freshman , Shauna Shapiro , Sarah de Sousa |
Mindful "Judging" 1.5: the Science of Attention, "Lie Detection," and Bias Reduction - with Kindness |
2016 Journal of Dispute Resolution 281 (Fall, 2016) |
Federal Judge Jeremy Fogel, Director of the Federal Judicial Center, recently published Mindfulness and Judging on the Center's official website. From one view, this further confirms the growing embrace of mindfulness in law. Yet some still doubt mindfulness and the science behind its effectiveness. At a recent conference on mindfulness and legal... |
2016 |
| Nancy Leong |
New Economy, Old Biases |
100 Minnesota Law Review 2153 (May, 2016) |
Alan David Freeman's seminal article, Legitimizing Racial Discrimination Through Antidiscrimination Law: A Critical Review of Supreme Court Doctrine, provided a pathbreaking account of Supreme Court jurisprudence. The article laid bare a striking contradiction. The law promised racial equality, and indeed communicated that we had achieved such... |
2016 |
| Jason P. Nance |
Over-disciplining Students, Racial Bias, and the School-to-prison Pipeline |
50 University of Richmond Law Review 1063 (March, 2016) |
Over the last three decades, our nation has witnessed a dramatic change regarding how schools discipline children for disruptive behavior. Empirical evidence during this time period demonstrates that schools increasingly have relied on extreme forms of punishment such as suspensions, expulsions, referrals to law enforcement, and school-based... |
2016 |
| Liku T. Madoshi |
Policing the Police: Implicit Racial Bias & the Necessity of Limiting Police Discretion to Use Militarized Gear Against Civilian Protesters |
44 Southern University Law Review 118 (Fall, 2016) |
A militarized police force cannot be fully effective. Because police are civilian members of a community, their success depends upon the trust and cooperation of that community. The pervasive use of tactics that are overly aggressive and militarized tend to exacerbate any tensions that may already exist. At the intersection of Trust Avenue and... |
2016 |
| Cynthia Lee |
Race, Policing, and Lethal Force: Remedying Shooter Bias with Martial Arts Training |
79 Law and Contemporary Problems 145 (2016) |
On November 24, 2015, the city of Chicago released dashboard camera video footage of the shooting of a seventeen-year-old Black male teenager named Laquan McDonald by Jason Van Dyke, a police officer with the Chicago Police Department. The video shows McDonald strolling down the street, holding a knife in his right hand by his side. McDonald does... |
2016 |
| Tracey C. Hinson |
Racial Bias and the Criminal Justice System Deadly Injustice: Trayvon Martin, Race, and the Criminal Justice System Edited by Devon Johnson, Patricia Y. Warren & Amy Farrell Nyu Press Www.nyupress.org 354 Pp., $28 |
52-SEP Trial 58 (September, 2016) |
Deadly Injustice is an in-depth look at racial injustice and its role in the killing of unarmed, African-American teenager Trayvon Martin and the acquittal of George Zimmerman, the man who shot him--a case that sparked outrage and ignited a discussion about race, violence, and the legal system in the United States. Edited by Devon Johnson, Patricia... |
2016 |
| William Y. Chin |
Racial Cumulative Disadvantage: the Cumulative Effects of Racial Bias at Multiple Decision Points in the Criminal Justice System |
6 Wake Forest Journal of Law and Policy 441 (June, 2016) |
Everything is connected. In the criminal justice system, racial bias at individual stages connects to create cumulative disadvantage for defendants of color. Cumulative disadvantage occurs when prior negative events (e.g., pretrial detention) increase the likelihood of later negative events (e.g., imprisonment). Racial bias is not sequestered... |
2016 |
| Amy J. Coco |
Should Ethics Codes Include Prohibitions on Biased Conduct in the Practice of Law? |
18 No. 1 Lawyers Journal 10 (January 8, 2016) |
At a time when headlines are focusing on lawyers and judges who are accused of engaging in discriminatory communications and comments, members of diversity-focused bar groups report that it's not unusual for their discussions to be replete with stories of lawyer comments that may be construed as biased. Anecdotal evidence of those types of comments... |
2016 |
| Kathleen Nalty , © Kathleen Nalty Consulting LLC |
Strategies for Confronting Unconscious Bias |
45-MAY Colorado Lawyer 45 (May, 2016) |
So--what's in a name? Apparently, a lot. If you are named John, you will have a significant advantage over Jennifer when applying for a position, even if you both have the exact same credentials. If your name is Jose, you will get more callbacks if you change it to Joe. And if you're named Emily or Greg, you will receive 50% more callbacks for job... |
2016 |
| Danielle De Smeth, Prudence Hutton, Kelly Robbins |
The Brock Turner Sentencing and the Face of Bias |
58-OCT Orange County Lawyer 54 (October, 2016) |
In the wake of Brock Turner's sentencing, a group that advocates for women's issues--California Women Lawyers--has written an open letter to the Chief Justice of the California Supreme Court and Judicial Council requesting implementation of implicit bias training for all sitting judges in California regarding sexual assault, domestic violence, and... |
2016 |
| Kevin Zhao |
The Choice Between Right and Easy: Pena-rodriguez V. Colorado and the Necessity of a Racial Bias Exception to Rule 606(b) |
12 Duke Journal of Constitutional Law & Public Policy Sidebar 33 (November 29, 2016) |
In 1944, George Stinney Jr., a fourteen-year-old black boy, was tried for the murders of two young, white girls. His trial lasted just one day, and the all-white jury deliberated for just ten minutes before finding him guilty and sentencing him to death. Less than three months later, Stinney was executed by electrocution at the age of fourteen.... |
2016 |
| Ashley Lattal |
The Hidden World of Unconscious Bias and its Impact on the "Neutral" Workplace Investigator |
24 Journal of Law & Policy 411 (2016) |
Workplace investigations into complaints of harassment, discrimination, and other allegations of workplace misconduct have become a critical method for employers to establish that they have complied with certain obligations to provide a discrimination-free workplace. As a result, the fairness and effectiveness of the workplace investigation process... |
2016 |
| Laura Smalarz, Stephanie Madon, Yueran Yang, Max Guyll, Sarah Buck , Williams College, Iowa State University, Southern Illinois University Carbondale |
The Perfect Match: Do Criminal Stereotypes Bias Forensic Evidence Analysis? |
40 Law and Human Behavior 420 (August, 2016) |
This research provided the first empirical test of the hypothesis that stereotypes bias evaluations of forensic evidence. A pilot study (N = 107) assessed the content and consensus of 20 criminal stereotypes by identifying perpetrator characteristics (e.g., sex, race, age, religion) that are stereotypically associated with specific crimes. In the... |
2016 |
| Demetria D. Frank |
The Proof Is in the Prejudice: Implicit Racial Bias, Uncharged Act Evidence & the Colorblind Courtroom |
32 Harvard Journal on Racial & Ethnic Justice Just. 1 (Spring, 2016) |
Recent public exposés of excessive and unreasonable fear of young Black men in the United States, coupled with the reality that American prisons are filled disproportionately with Black men, has forced many lawmakers to examine a very painful truth--justice is certainly not colorblind. This is no new revelation, however. Nearly two decades ago,... |
2016 |
| Hon. Kenneth V. Desmond, Jr. |
The Road to Race and Implicit Bias Eradication |
60-SUM Boston Bar Journal B.J. 3 (Summer, 2016) |
Throughout the past several decades, State and Federal appellate courts have candidly acknowledged the implicit biases of litigants and jurors. Although social science research has found that judges are just as susceptible to unconscious bias as the rest of the population, the paucity of case law acknowledging judicial bias underscores the need for... |
2016 |
| Victor D. Quintanilla , Cheryl R. Kaiser |
The Same-actor Inference of Nondiscrimination: Moral Credentialing and the Psychological and Legal Licensing of Bias |
104 California Law Review 1 (February, 2016) |
One of the most egregious examples of the tension between federal employment discrimination law and psychological science is the federal common law doctrine known as the same-actor inference. When originally elaborated by the Fourth Circuit in Proud v. Stone, the same-actor doctrine applied only when an employee was hired and fired by the same... |
2016 |
| Natalie Salmanowitz |
Unconventional Methods for a Traditional Setting: the Use of Virtual Reality to Reduce Implicit Racial Bias in the Courtroom |
15 University of New Hampshire Law Review 117 (November, 2016) |
The presumption of innocence and the right to a fair trial lie at the core of the United States justice system. While existing rules and practices serve to uphold these principles, the administration of justice is significantly compromised by a covert but influential factor: namely, implicit racial biases. These biases can lead to automatic... |
2016 |
| Aileen Oeberst, Ingke Goeckenjan , Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien, Ruhr-Universität Bochum |
When Being Wise after the Event Results in Injustice: Evidence for Hindsight Bias in Judges' Negligence Assessments |
22 Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 271 (August, 2016) |
Research on hindsight bias has demonstrated that people perceive and evaluate events differently once they know about their outcome. One facet of hindsight bias is that people often perceive past events as more foreseeable than they do without outcome knowledge. This finding is of great importance in the legal context. Specifically, negligence... |
2016 |
| Lewis R. Katz |
Whren at Twenty: Systemic Racial Bias and the Criminal Justice System |
66 Case Western Reserve Law Review 923 (Summer, 2016) |
Street relations between the police and African-American communities have seemingly reached new levels of conflict, or else body cams and cell phones are finally disclosing the extent and truth about such interactions. The Cleveland officers who shot and killed Tamir Rice claimed that they had ordered him three times to drop the realistic toy gun... |
2016 |