AuthorTitleCitationSummaryYear
Nickolas Kaplan Reparations Now!: Municipal Reparations, International Tribunals, and the Chicago Torture Justice Memorials Campaign 20 Public Interest Law Reporter 116 (Spring, 2015) Chicago is an epicenter of systemic anti-black state violence. The murder of Fred Hampton, the torture ring of Chicago Police Department Commander Jon Burge, and the domestic equivalent of CIA black site at Homan Square are just the tip of the iceberg. Almost 500 people have been killed by U.S. law enforcement in 2015 as of June 1, with the... 2015
Katrin B. Anacker Saving While Black: from the Freedman's Savings Bank, to Public Policy Missing in Action, to a New Downpayment Savings Product and Policy 34 No. 12 Banking & Financial Services Policy Report 11 (December, 2015) In an article published in The Atlantic in June 2014, Ta-Nehisi Coates argued for the case of reparations. Two hundred fifty years of slavery. Ninety years of Jim Crow. Sixty years of separate but equal. Thirty-five years of racist housing policy. Until we reckon with our compounding moral debts, America will never be whole. Reparations would... 2015
Reginald Leamon Robinson Seen but Not Recognized: Black Caregivers, Childhood Cruelties, and Social Dislocations in an Increasingly Colored America 117 West Virginia Law Review 1273 (Spring, 2015) I. Introduction. 1274 II. A Child's Basic Need for Recognition: Does Childhood Cruelty Correlate with or Cause Social Dislocations (or Self-Perpetuating Pathologies)?. 1284 A. Miller, Perry, and van der Kolk: A Conceptual Framework. 1284 B. Our Nation's Most Preventable Cruelty. 1290 C. The Brain's Response to Present, Immediate Threat of Childhood... 2015
Patrick A. Dawson Slaves, the Law, and the Banality of Horror 23 Journal of Southern Legal History 161 (2015) Horror comes in many forms. Several are readily evident in the recent movie 12 Years A Slave. With slavery, the slave-holding states peculiar institution, there is horror in fading ink, yellowed paper, and dusty books. Having always loved the law and law books, I often enjoy looking through the pages of old Georgia Reports. There are interesting... 2015
DeLeith Duke Gossett Take off the [Color] Blinders: How Ignoring the Hague Convention's Subsidiarity Principle Furthers Structural Racism Against Black American Children 55 Santa Clara Law Review 261 (2015) A definite purpose, like blinders on a horse, inevitably narrows its possessor's point of view. ~ Robert Frost Introduction. 262 I. Race and Colorblindness in America. 266 A. Colorblindness as an Aspirational Goal. 268 B. Co-opting Colorblindness to Keep the Status Quo. 272 1. Restrictive v. Structural Racism. 272 2. Bell's Interest Convergence... 2015
Samuel E. McCargo Taney's Negroes Can the Court Un-ring the Bell? 94-MAY Michigan Bar Journal 42 (May, 2015) They had for more than a century before been regarded as beings of an inferior order, and altogether unfit to associate with the white race, either in social or political relations; and so far inferior, that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect .. This opinion was at that time fixed and universal in the civilized portion of... 2015
Ayesha Bell Hardaway The Breach of the Common Law Trust Relationship Between the United States and African Americans: a Substantive Right to Reparations 39 New York University Review of Law and Social Change 525 (2015) You don't simply say I'm sorry to the man you've robbed. You return what you stole or your apology takes on a hollow ring. Introduction. 526 I. An Overview of African American Reparations Claims. 529 A. Waivers of Sovereign Immunity. 531 1. The Federal Tort Claims Act. 533 2. The Tucker Act. 533 B. Notable African American Reparations Claims.... 2015
Jennifer M. Smith The Color of Pain: Blacks and the U.s. Health Care System-can the Affordable Care Act Help to Heal a History of Injustice? Part I 72 National Lawyers Guild Review 238 (Winter 2015) Of all the forms of inequality, injustice in health care is the most shocking and inhumane. --The Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. In 1940, when Moses A. Robinson was only 13 years old, he wanted to go to a movie in his hometown of Franklin, Louisiana. Because of the segregation and overt racism of the time, his mother preferred that he not go alone,... 2015
Jessica Williams The Consequences of Florida's Discretionary Direct File Law and its Particular Impact on Young African American Males 9 Southern Journal of Policy and Justice 57 (Spring 2015) In July of 2014, eighteen-year-old Ivins Rosier was sentenced to twenty-three years in prison for a burglary he committed in 2012 when he was only sixteen. During the burglary, Rosier and two other juveniles broke into the home of a Florida Highway Patrol Trooper and fatally shot the Trooper's retired police dog. Charged as an adult, Rosier's... 2015
Jeffrey M. Schmitt The Federal Right to Recover Fugitive Slaves: an Absolute but Self-defeating Property Right 2 Savannah Law Review 21 (2015) Modern property scholarship recognizes that the key to understanding property law is recognizing that [p]roperty rights are limited by and exist in conjunction with the rights of others. In the antebellum era, slave owners' property rights in fugitive slaves who had escaped into the North existed in tension with the rights of free blacks who... 2015
Charles R. Lawrence III The Fire this Time: Black Lives Matter, Abolitionist Pedagogy and the Law 65 Journal of Legal Education 381 (November, 2015) It seems as if I have been teaching Ferguson all of my adult life. In the fall of 1964 I applied to Yale Law School, and the admissions office encouraged me to supplement my written application with an interview. As I rode a Greyhound bus to New Haven I read James Baldwin's The Fire Next Time, a paperback copy purchased for seventy-five cents... 2015
Nick J. Sciullo The Ghosts of White Supremacy: Trayvon Martin, Michael Brown, and the Specters of Black Criminality 117 West Virginia Law Review 1397 (Spring, 2015) I. Introduction. 1397 II. A Hauntology of the Criminal. 1400 III. Black Letter Law's Photographic Negative. 1405 IV. Hope, Not Pessimism, and Surely Not Optimism. 1406 V. Conclusion. 1407 2015
Bonnie Urciuoli The Metaculture of Law School Admissions: a Commentary on Lazarus-black and Globokar 22 Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 113 (2015) What does it mean for law school applicants to become, as Mindie Lazarus-Black and Julie Globokar put it, what the ranking[s] count[]? What does it mean for foreign applicants to develop responses to the application process by writing essays in certain ways, to project themselves (again as Lazarus-Black and Globokar put it) as commodified... 2015
Lisa Chaiet, J.D., 2016 (U.C. Berkeley) The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. Michelle Alexander. The New Press, 2011. 296 Pages. 36 Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labor Law 261 (2015) In The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, Michelle Alexander argues that the current American criminal justice system--from first-time traffic stops to post-incarceration felony laws--is a system of legalized racial control, analogous in many ways to southern Jim Crow laws. She aims to show that if mass incarceration is... 2015
Jonathan Wood The Old Boss the Same as the New Boss?: Critiques and Plaudits of Michelle Alexander's New Jim Crow Metaphor 7 Georgetown Journal of Law & Modern Critical Race Perspectives 175 (Spring, 2015) New prejudices will serve as well as old ones to harness the great unthinking masses. Michelle Alexander is the most well-known of the numerous critics who have recently decried America's policy of mass incarceration. It is unquestionably true that crime enforcement has had a devastating impact on the African-American community and has created... 2015
Hon. Terrance A. Keith Theme Introduction 94-MAY Michigan Bar Journal 21 (May, 2015) The June 1985 Blacks in the Law edition of the Michigan Bar Journal brought attention to some of the many contributions of black lawyers in the pursuit of equal opportunity and equal justice under law. At the time, I had just been admitted to the bar and was so taken with the articles that I looked forward to being among the impressive array of... 2015
Vinay Harpalani To Be White, Black, or Brown? South Asian Americans and the Race-color Distinction 14 Washington University Global Studies Law Review 609 (2015) People often use race and color terminology interchangeably in common parlance. When the renowned African American scholar W.E.B. Du Bois stated that the problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color line, he was referring to rampant and overt racism faced by African Americans and non-European peoples all over the world. Within the... 2015
Fionnuala Ní Aoláin, Catherine O'Rourke, Aisling Swaine Transforming Reparations for Conflict-related Sexual Violence: Principles and Practice 28 Harvard Human Rights Journal 97 (Spring 2015) The United Nations Secretary-General's adoption of a Guidance Note on Reparations for Conflict-Related Sexual Violence (2014) marks an important supplement to recent normative developments in the area of gender-sensitive reparations. Despite these progressive normative advances, there remain conceptual gaps in the legal and policy framework for... 2015
Martha E. Lang, Ph.D., Chloe E. Bird, Ph.D. Understanding and Addressing the Common Roots of Racial Health Disparities: the Case of Cardiovascular Disease & Hiv/aids in African Americans 25 Health Matrix: Journal of Law-Medicine 109 (2015) C1-2Contents Introduction. 110 I. Health Disparities, Constrained Choice, and Intersectionality. 112 A. Morbidity & Mortality Disparities. 112 B. Constrained Choice. 115 C. Intersectionality. 118 II. Guiding Propositions of an Intersectional Constrained Choice Approach to Health Disparities. 119 A. Neighborhood Effects. 119 B. The Role of... 2015
Sherri Lee Keene Victim or Thug? Examining the Relevance of Stories in Cases Involving Shootings of Unarmed Black Males 58 Howard Law Journal 845 (Spring, 2015) INTRODUCTION. 845 I. DIVERSE PERSPECTIVES ABOUT THE ROLE OF RACE IN THE AMERICAN LEGAL SYSTEM. 847 II. THE ROLE OF STORIES IN JURY DECISION-MAKING. 849 III. STORIES ABOUT UNARMED AFRICAN AMERICAN MALES SHOT BY POLICE. 851 IV. ADDRESSING RACE IN THE COURTROOM. 854 2015
John G. Browning , Chief Justice Carolyn Wright We Stood on Their Shoulders: the First African American Attorneys in Texas 59 Howard Law Journal 55 (Fall, 2015) INTRODUCTION. 56 I. ALLEN W. WILDER--THE FIRST AFRICAN AMERICAN LAWYER IN TEXAS?. 59 II. W.A. PRICE. 63 III. JOHN N. JOHNSON, AUSTIN CRUSADER. 68 IV. GEORGE FREMONT--FIRST AFRICAN AMERICAN MEMBER OF THE SAN ANTONIO BAR. 70 V. J.H. WILLIAMS AND THE TRAILBLAZERS IN DALLAS. 73 VI. OTHER EARLY AFRICAN AMERICAN ATTORNEYS ACROSS THE STATE. 79 A. After... 2015
Gregory S. Parks , Shayne E. Jones , Rashawn Ray , Matthew W. Hughey , Jonathan M. Cox White Boys Drink, Black Girls Yell . . .: a Racialized and Gendered Analysis of Violent Hazing and the Law 18 Journal of Gender, Race and Justice 93 (Winter 2015) I. Introduction:. 94 A. The Cultural Roots of Hazing. 97 1. Rites of Passage and the Anthropological Foundations of Hazing. 97 2. The History and Evolution of Hazing in Higher Education. 100 a. Hazing in New World Universities. 104 b. Hazing in American Fraternities and Sororities. 105 c. Hazing Opposition. 108 II. Hazing and the Law. 109 A.... 2015
Richard Delgado Why Obama? An Interest Convergence Explanation of the Nation's First Black President 33 Law & Inequality: A Journal of Theory and Practice 345 (Summer, 2015) This Essay continues a trilogy of efforts devoted to extending Derrick Bell's intellectual legacy. Earlier, I identified strands in Bell's scholarship in the period immediately preceding his death. These clues show that Bell was intrigued by law's violence and was approaching a broad synthesis explaining how and why law sometimes reinforces... 2015
Christopher J. Bryant Without Representation, No Taxation: Free Blacks, Taxes, and Tax Exemptions Between the Revolutionary and Civil Wars 21 Michigan Journal of Race and Law 91 (Fall, 2015) This Essay is the first general survey of the taxation of free Blacks in free and slave states between the Revolutionary and Civil Wars. A few states treated all equally for tax purposes, but most states enacted taxation systems that subjected free Blacks to different requirements. Both free and slave states viewed free Blacks as an undesirable... 2015
Angela Irvine, Ph.D. You Can't Run from the Police!: Developing a Feminist Criminology That Incorporates Black Transgender Women 44 Southwestern Law Review 553 (2015) BreakOUT! Members and Staff BreakOUT! is a community-based organization in New Orleans that fights the criminalization of queer and transgender youth of color. Here is an excerpt from their report, We Deserve Better: Lee-Lee is a young Black transgender woman who moved here for college and is a Sophomore at a local university. She is also a... 2015
Thomas M. Antkowiak A Dark Side of Virtue: the Inter-american Court and Reparations for Indigenous Peoples 25 Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law L. 1 (Fall 2014) INTRODUCTION. 2 I. REMEDIES IN INTERNATIONAL LAW FOR HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS. 5 A. Overview. 5 B. Remedies for Indigenous Peoples in International Law. 10 II. THE INTER-AMERICAN COURT'S CASE LAW: REPARATIONS FOR INDIGENOUS PEOPLES. 17 A. Introduction. 17 1. Definition and Case Selection. 17 2. The Court's General Criteria for Monetary and... 2014
Jennifer Sumi Kim A Father's Race to Custody: an Argument for Multidimensional Masculinities for Black Men 16 Berkeley Journal of African-American Law & Policy 32 (2014) This Article applies masculinities theory to custody proceedings in family court and, in particular, applies the theory of bipolar black masculinity to black fathers. This Article explores the two extreme images of black men: 1) the default image of the excessively masculine Bad Black Man, who is seen as animalistic, inherently criminal, and... 2014
Jenny Bourne A Stone of Hope: the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and its Impact on the Economic Status of Black Americans 74 Louisiana Law Review 1195 (Summer, 2014) Fifty years ago, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (CRA) carved American law anew. In particular, Title VII forbade employers, employment agencies, and labor organizations larger than a certain size from discriminating against individuals due to their race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Some have viewed Title VII as mostly symbolic because... 2014
Daniel P. Tokaji Ohio State University, Moritz College of Law Alabama Democratic Conference 42 No. 2 Preview of United States Supreme Court Cases 74 (11/3/2014) The Alabama Legislative Black Caucus and Alabama Democratic Conference challenge the Alabama 2012 state legislative districting plans on the ground that they impermissibly classify voters on the basis of race in violation of the Equal Protection Clause. Plaintiffs rely on the line of racial gerrymandering beginning with Shaw v. Reno, 509 U.S. 630... 2014
Hope Lewis Appendix 32 Law & Inequality: A Journal of Theory and Practice 363 (Summer, 2014) Founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), a Pan-Africanist and Back-to-Africa Movement. Born in Jamaica, moved to the United States, eventually deported. Orator, political activist, actor, singer, athlete, international human rights advocate. African-American born in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. Founder and General... 2014
Tamar W. Carroll, Rochester Institute of Technology Brian Purnell, Fighting Jim Crow in the County of Kings: the Congress of Racial Equality in Brooklyn, Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2013, Pp. 353. $40 Cloth (Isbn 978-0-8131-4182-4) 32 Law and History Review 444 (May, 2014) Brian Purnell's important Fighting Jim Crow in the County of Kings chronicles the Brooklyn Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) from 1960 to 1964. In these years, Brooklyn CORE's interracial membership launched creative, nonviolent, direct action campaigns that sought to make visible and to eliminate racial discrimination in housing, employment,... 2014
Matthew Fowler Building Social Capital Through Place-based Lawmaking: Case Studies of Two Afro-caribbean Communities in Miami--the West Grove and Little Haiti 45 University of Miami Inter-American Law Review 425 (Spring 2014) A community is the mental and spiritual condition of knowing that the place is shared, and that the people who share the place define and limit the possibilities of each other's lives. It is the knowledge that people have of each other, their concern for each other, their trust in each other, the freedom with which they come and go among... 2014
Susan D. Carle Conceptions of Agency in Social Movement Scholarship: Mack on African American Civil Rights Lawyers 39 Law and Social Inquiry 522 (Spring, 2014) Mack, Kenneth w. 2012. Representing the Race: The Creation of the Civil Rights Lawyer. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Pp. 330. $35.00 cloth. This essay examines the theory of individual agency that propels the central thesis in Kenneth Mack's Representing the Race: The Creation of the Civil Rights Lawyer (2012)--namely, that an important... 2014
Jonathan Stahler Creating an Equitable Playing Field: Vital Protections for Male Athletes in Revenue-generating Sports Who Are Predominantly African-american 3 Arizona State Sports & Entertainment Law Journal 422 (Spring, 2014) Cardale Jones recently declared on the online social networking service, Twitter, Why should we have to go to class if we came here to play FOOTBALL, we ain't come to play SCHOOL classes are POINTLESS. In that statement, Cardale Jones, a freshman at Ohio State University, who is also the third-string quarterback for the Buckeyes football team,... 2014
Marissa Jackson Crossing the Bridge: African-americans and the Necessity of a 21st Century Human Rights Movement 5 Human Rights & Globalization Law Review 56 (Fall, 2013-Spring, 2014) We have injected ourselves into the civil rights struggle, and we intend to expand it from the level of civil rights to the level of human rights. As long as you're fighting on the level of civil rights, you're under Uncle Sam's jurisdiction. You're going to his court expecting him to correct the problem. He created the problem. He's the criminal.... 2014
Elizabeth Brown, Department of Criminal Justice Studies, San Francisco State University Disposable Heroes: the Betrayal of African American Veterans. By Benjamin Fleury-steiner. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield, 2012. 200 Pp. $36.00 48 Law and Society Review 481 (June, 2014) It is not often that one reads an academic book and is transported into another world, where the words of research subjects dominate, and the stories are left bare to expose the raw, entangled webs that make up people's lives. Benjamin Fleury-Steiner's Disposable Heroes accomplishes this task in an eminently readable and engaging book that details... 2014
Eteena J. Tadjiogueu Fifty Shades of Black: Challenging the Monolithic Treatment of "Black or African American" Candidates on Law School Admissions Applications 44 Washington University Journal of Law & Policy 133 (2014) Law school applicants who identify as Black or African American are afforded little opportunity to identify more specifically their ancestral or cultural heritage, if it is known, on law school admissions applications. Seemingly, some law schools have not found it necessary to allow certain groups, such as Haitian Americans, Black Britons,... 2014
Hope Lewis Globalization's People: Black Identities in U.s.-caribbean Encounters 32 Law & Inequality: A Journal of Theory and Practice 349 (Summer, 2014) Transnationalism has a significant, yet often under-recognized, impact on the complex racial identities of both Black migrant and native-born African-American communities throughout their colonial, independence, and post-colonial histories. This commentary discusses how the U.S. legal, political, economic, and cultural discourse on race is... 2014
Michael Phillips, Collin College Gordon K. Mantler, Power to the Poor: Black-brown Coalition & the Fight for Economic Justice, 1960-1974, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013. Pp. 362. $34.95 Cloth (Isbn 978-0-8078-3851-8). Pete Daniel, Dispossession: Discrimination Agai 32 Law and History Review 441 (May, 2014) Two recent books released by the University of North Carolina Press imaginatively and provocatively reveal underexplored chapters of twentieth century African American civil rights history. In Power to the Poor: Black-Brown Coalition & the Fight for Economic Justice, 1960-1974, Gordon Mantler turns conventional wisdom on its head. He argues that... 2014
Zachary Newkirk Gray Jackets and Rifles to Black Robes and Gavels: Confederate Veterans in the U.s. Federal Courts from Ulysses S. Grant to William H. Taft 22 Journal of Southern Legal History 187 (2014) Twenty-seven Confederate veterans of the Civil War sat on the federal bench of the United States during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Four were justices of the Supreme Court. Among them was Charles H. Simonton. Simonton's death in 1904 prompted colleagues and friends to gather in Richmond, Virginia in his memory. John Rose, a... 2014
John L. Rury Growth in African-american High School Enrollment, 1950-1970: an Under-appreciated Legacy of the Brown Era 53 Washburn Law Journal 479 (Summer, 2014) In May 1952, the New York Times featured an article describing the state of black schooling titled Negro Education in South on Rise. Appearing two years before the historic Brown v. Board of Education decision, this account described phenomenal gains by African-American students at both the elementary and secondary level, citing improvements... 2014
Nikita Parekh Hands 13 Seattle Journal for Social Justice 599 (Fall, 2014) Her hands. Small, but faithful. They keep her whole. Opened: reaching outward, they welcome others forward. Her hands. Opened, soft and beautiful. They keep her whole. Remind her that she can give to others, selflessly, with all of her. But when he asks, Your ID please. Her hands tremble and fear seeps in like clouds of a newly formed storm.... 2014
D. Marvin Jones He's a Black Male . . . Something Is Wrong with Him! the Role of Race in the Stand Your Ground Debate 68 University of Miami Law Review 1025 (Summer 2014) That's one of the great frustrations of African-American life, those times when you are standing right there, minding your business, tending your house, coming home from the store, and other people are looking right at you, yet do not see you. They see instead their own superstitions and suppositions, paranoia and guilt, night terrors and... 2014
Brandon Paradise How Critical Race Theory Marginalizes the African American Christian Tradition 20 Michigan Journal of Race and Law 117 (Fall, 2014) This Article offers the first comprehensive account of the marginalization of the African American Christian tradition in the movement of race and law scholarship known as critical race theory. While committed to grounding itself in the perspectives of communities of color, critical race theory has virtually ignored the significance of the fact... 2014
Toussaint Cummings I Thought He Had a Gun: Amending New York's Justification Statute to Prevent Police Officers from Mistakenly Shooting Unarmed Black Men 12 Cardozo Public Law, Policy and Ethics Journal 781 (Summer 2014) And see now we got these fake cops They thought he had a gun (BAM!!) Made a mistake cops I hate cops . . . Got it bad cause I'm brown And not the other color So police think They have the authority To kill a minority Introduction. 783 I. How The Stereotypical Association of Black Men With Crime Influences Police officers' Decisions to Shoot. 787 A.... 2014
James G. Dwyer Jailing Black Babies 2014 Utah Law Review 465 (Summer 2014) In reaction to the tremendous increase in incarceration of poor and minority-race adults, perceiving that such adults suffer from losing not only liberty but also family ties, and citing the damage that children suffer from parental incarceration, advocates for prisoners have promoted programs to increase inmates' contact with their children. When... 2014
Dain C. Donelson, Christopher G. Yust, University of Texas, Austin, University of Texas, Austin Litigation Risk and Agency Costs: Evidence from Nevada Corporate Law 57 Journal of Law & Economics 747 (August, 2014) In 2001, Nevada significantly limited the personal legal liability of corporate officers and directors. We use this exogenous shock to implement a differences-in-differences design that examines the impact of officer and director litigation risk on agency costs. We find decreased firm value, especially for firms with lower levels of investor... 2014
Amanda E. Compton N.i.g.g.a., Slumdog, Dyke, Jap, and Heeb: Reconsidering Disparaging Trademarks in a Post-racial Era 15 Wake Forest Journal of Business and Intellectual Property Law L. 1 (Fall 2014) I. History: The Process of Banning Disparaging Trademarks from Federal Protection. 5 A. Earlier Federal Trademark Acts. 7 B. The Lanham Act. 11 C. The Registration Process and Review of Disparaging Matter by Examining Attorneys. 15 II. Moving Toward the Registration of Disparaging Trademarks. 21 A. Denial of Registration Will Not Stop Use of the... 2014
Danielle Snyder , St. Thomas University School of Law, Miami Gardens One Size Does Not Fit All: a Look at the Disproportionate Effects of Federal Mandatory Minimum Drug Sentences on Racial Minorities and How They Have Contributed to the Degradation of the Underprivileged African-american Family 36 Hamline Journal of Public Law and Policy 77 (Fall, 2014) If you stand in a Federal Court, you're watching poor and uneducated people being fed into a machine like meat to make sausage. It's just bang, bang, bang, bang, next! says journalist Charles Bowden in Eugene Jarecki's documentary film entitled, The House I Live In. This metaphorical butchery concept illustrates the harsh and unfair nature of... 2014
Maritza I. Reyes Opening Borders: African Americans and Latinos Through the Lens of Immigration 17 Harvard Latino Law Review 1 (Spring 2014) African-American and Latino voter turnout during the 2008 and 2012 presidential elections hit record numbers. Polls show that the immigration debate influenced Latino voter turnout and preference. Presidential candidate Barack Obama's voiced support of comprehensive immigration reform strengthened his lead among Latino voters in 2008 and, once in... 2014
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