AuthorTitleCitationSummaryYear
Yxta Maya Murray Leaked Memo to West Point Superintendent Lt. Gen. Robert Caslen from Major Consuelo Antoinette Martinez Regarding the "Raised Black Female Fist" Old Corps Photograph Incident 23 Cardozo Journal of Law & Gender 149 (Fall, 2016) This satire responds to the recent United States Military Academy (USMA or West Point) Investigation sixteen African American female cadets who took a photograph of themselves holding up their fists. This work of legal analysis and of the imagination takes the form of an investigatory memo written by a fictional Latina West Point official to... 2016
Gregory S. Parks , Caryn Neumann Lifting as They Climb: Race, Sorority, and African American Uplift in the 20th Century 27 Hastings Women's Law Journal 109 (Winter 2016) In the July 2015 issue of Essence magazine, Donna Owens wrote an intriguing piece on black sororities within the Black Lives Matter Movement. Owens addressed the complicated and somewhat standoffish position of four major black sororities--Alpha Kappa Alpha, Delta Sigma Theta, Zeta Phi Beta, and Sigma Gamma Rho--in light of the deaths of Michael... 2016
André Douglas Pond Cummings Lord Forgive Me, but He Tried to Kill Me: Proposing Solutions to the United States' Most Vexing Racial Challenges 23 Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice 3 (Fall, 2016) C1-3Table of Contents I. Introduction. 4 II. Our Most Vexing and Persistent Racial Challenges. 8 A. Police Killing of Unarmed Black Men. 10 B. Racially Disparate Mass Incarceration. 13 C. Violent Homicide of African American Young Men and Boys. 18 III. Proposing Solutions to our Most Vexing and Persistent Racial Challenges. 23 A. Ending the Police... 2016
Cynthia Lee Making Black and Brown Lives Matter: Incorporating Race into the Criminal Procedure Curriculum 60 Saint Louis University Law Journal 481 (Spring 2016) The fatal shooting of Michael Brown, an African American teenager, in August 2014 by a White police officer in Ferguson, Missouri, and the death of Eric Garner, an African American man who died after being put into a chokehold by a New York City police officer in July 2014, led to a firestorm of protests under the moniker of Black Lives Matter.... 2016
Jasmine Sankofa Mapping the Blank: Centering Black Women's Vulnerability to Police Sexual Violence to Upend Mainstream Police Reform 59 Howard Law Journal 651 (Spring 2016) ABSTRACT. 652 INTRODUCTION. 652 I. RACE AND POLICING. 658 II. RACE AND STRUCTURAL SEXUAL VIOLENCE. 666 A. Police Sexual Violence. 666 B. A Brief History of Sexualized Racial Terror Against Black Women. 673 III. ADVANCING JUSTICE: BROADENING THE SCOPE OF PROPOSED INTERVENTIONS. 683 A. Divesting From Law Enforcement. 683 B. Building Survivor Support.... 2016
April G. Dawson Missing in Action: the Absence of Potential African American Female Supreme Court Justice Nominees--why this Is and What Can Be Done about it 60 Howard Law Journal 177 (Fall, 2016) INTRODUCTION. 178 5 I. PRESIDENTIAL SELECTION OF SUPREME COURT JUSTICE NOMINEES. 182 A. The Stakes of Inclusiveness. 183 B. Evolution of Presidential Selection Criteria. 184 1. Ivy League Law School. 186 2. Federal Judicial Experience. 189 3. Age. 192 4. Federal Government Experience. 193 5. Judicial Clerkships. 195 II. THE EFFECT OF CURRENT... 2016
Mary Wright Mission Accomplished? The Unfinished Relationship Between Black Law Schools and Their Historical Constituencies 39 North Carolina Central Law Review Rev. 1 (2016) Today, there are six historically Black law schools operating in the United States. These are all that remain of the twenty-two Black law schools that were in existence at some point beginning in 1869. With the exception of Howard University School of Law, established as Howard University Law Department in 1869, and Miles Law School, established... 2016
Dawn D. Bennett-Alexander , Linda F. Harrison My Hair Is Not like Yours: Workplace Hair Grooming Policies for African American Women as Racial Stereotyping in Violation of Title Vii 22 Cardozo Journal of Law & Gender 437 (Spring, 2016) This article argues that workplace discrimination based on hair grooming policies disproportionately impacts African American women. The article seeks to establish that natural hair is an immutable characteristic, as is all hair, made mutable by social policies that impose an acceptable standard of beauty that was never meant to include or... 2016
Yolanda Vázquez Nothing Is Ever Black & White: the Criminal Justice System and its Expansion into "Criminal Alien" Enforcement 21 Public Interest Law Reporter 110 (Spring, 2016) The criminal justice system is particularly skewed by race and by wealth -Barack Obama On July 14, 2015, President Barack Obama addressed the audience at the NAACP's 106th National Convention to discuss the stark racial and economic disparities that have existed in the U.S. criminal justice system for almost five decades. Recognizing that these... 2016
Donald F. Tibbs Of Law and Black Lives, 50 Years Later: Race and Policing in the Aftermath of the Moynihan Report 8 Georgetown Journal of Law & Modern Critical Race Perspectives 85 (Spring, 2016) There is a quest for the Negro, the Negro is in demand, one cannot get along without him, he is needed, but only if he is made palatable in a certain way. Frantz Fanon America is free to choose whether the Negro shall remain her liability or become her opportunity. Gunnar Myrdal An American Dilemma The title of the Journal's Symposium, The 50... 2016
Andrea Durbach Of Trials, Reparation, and Transformation in Post-apartheid South Africa: the Making of a Common Purpose 60 New York Law School Law Review 409 (2015/2016) In November 1985, twenty-six people were arrested in Paballelo, a black township on the outskirts of the Northern Cape town of Upington, for the murder of Lucas Sethwala, a local policeman. The murder took place after almost 3,000 township residents met on the Eleven Experience soccer field early on the morning of November 13, 1985 to protest their... 2016
Eleanor Marie Lawrence Brown On Black South Africans, Black Americans, and Black West Indians: Some Thoughts on We Want What's Ours 114 Michigan Law Review 1037 (April, 2016) We Want What's Ours: Learning from South Africa's Land Restitution Program. By Bernadette Atuahene. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 2014. Pp. viii, 198. $42.50. Most modern constitutions have eminent domain provisions that mandate just compensation for forced deprivations of land and require such deprivations to be for a public use or... 2016
Roger Allan Ford , W. Nicholson Price II Privacy and Accountability in Black-box Medicine 23 Michigan Telecommunications and Technology Law Review 1 (Fall, 2016) This manuscript may be accessed online at repository.law.umich.edu. Black-box medicine--the use of big data and sophisticated machine-learning techniques for health-care applications--could be the future of personalized medicine. Black-box medicine promises to make it easier to diagnose rare diseases and conditions, identify the most promising... 2016
Devon W. Carbado, Kate M. Turetsky, Valerie Purdie-Vaughns Privileged or Mismatched: the Lose-lose Position of African Americans in the Affirmative Action Debate 64 UCLA Law Review Discourse 174 (2016) This Article challenges the perception of affirmative action as a racial preference. That perception has made the policy less constitutionally secure and more difficult normatively to defend. We focus our analysis on middle-class African Americans. We do so because the framing of affirmative action as a racial preference has particular traction... 2016
Lori W. Will, Jessica R. Kunz, Matthew P. Majarian Racial Disparities in Sentencing 34-SPG Delaware Lawyer 18 (Spring, 2016) Delaware, like many other states across the country, has experienced a steady increase in its incarceration rate over the past four decades. The incarceration rate in Delaware is about 12% higher than the national average at a rate of about 440 people per 100,000. Although African Americans comprise about 22 percent of Delaware's population, they... 2016
Donald F. Tibbs Racial Profiling in the Era of Black De-constitutionalism 23 Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice 181 (Fall, 2016) On July 6, 2016, Philando Divall Castile was returning from shopping at a grocery store with his girlfriend Diamond Reynolds as the two of them drove through Falcon Heights, Minnesota, a suburb of St. Paul. Earlier that evening, he performed normal day-to-day functions. He had gotten a haircut and eaten dinner with his sister before picking up... 2016
Vijay Kasschau Reaction To: a Dark Secret Too Scandalous to Confront: Did the Moynihan Report Imply That Poor Black Caregivers' Parenting Style and Childhood Cruelties Were Strongly Correlated with Self-perpetuating Pathologies? 8 Georgetown Journal of Law & Modern Critical Race Perspectives 169 (Spring, 2016) Reginald Robinson's article presents a unique and contentious take on several implications in the Moynihan Report, especially about pathological behavior among black families in America. Professor Robinson contends that undergirding Moynihan's report on the state of black families in America is a claim about black people's parenting styles and... 2016
Jasmine Adams Reaction To: of Law and Black Lives, 50 Years Later: Race and Policing in the Aftermath of the Moynihan Report 8 Georgetown Journal of Law & Modern Critical Race Perspectives 99 (Spring, 2016) The notion that history has the potential to repeat itself rings throughout Donald Tibbs' piece concerning the dynamic between race and policing in the United States. Tibbs tracks how black lives have been treated within the U.S. legal system and subsequently by police officers throughout history. In particular, Tibbs asserts two major points: (1)... 2016
Rich Marsico Reaction To: the Moynihan Report, Self-help, and Black Power 8 Georgetown Journal of Law & Modern Critical Race Perspectives 57 (Spring, 2016) Professor Peller adroitly uses the Moynihan Report as a point of embarkation for examining contemporary liberal discourse and ideology on the race issue in America in a way that is both compelling and likely to incite productive reaction. The Moynihan Report claims that family practices distinctive to the black community impede its progress and... 2016
Llezlie Green Coleman Rendered Invisible: African American Low-wage Workers and the Workplace Exploitation Paradigm 60 Howard Law Journal 61 (Fall, 2016) ABSTRACT. 62 INTRODUCTION. 63 I. DEFINING THE LOW-WAGE WORKFORCE. 65 A. Low-Wage Work and Poverty. 65 B. Low-Wage Jobs. 67 C. Low-Wage Workers: Beyond the Teenager. 68 D. African American Low-Wage Worker Demographics. 69 II. LOW-WAGE AFRICAN AMERICAN WORKERS' ABSENCE FROM THE SCHOLARLY CONVERSATION. 72 A. Low-Wage Workers and the Limitation of... 2016
Erika C. Weaver Reparations for Descendants of American Slaves: the Recurring Clarion Call That Emerges from Race-based, Social, and Political Movements 21 Public Interest Law Reporter 167 (Spring, 2016) The demand for reparations isn't new. It began with Callie House after enslavement ended. She knew that soldiers were given pension and sought a pension for freed slaves who were too old to work. In 2014, Ta-Nehisi Coates reminded societies of the moral and ethical premise of reparations when he quoted Deuteronomy 15:12-15. Coates' piece detailed... 2016
Jennifer Wriggins Response to Keeping Cases from Black Juries: an Empirical Analysis of How Race, Income Inequality, and Regional History Affect Tort Law 73 Washington and Lee Law Review Online 401 (9/21/2016) Issues of race and racism in the U.S. torts system continue to deserve much more attention from legal scholarship than they receive, and Keeping Cases from Black Juries is a valuable contribution. Studying racism as it infects the torts system is difficult because explicit de jure exclusions of black jurors are in the past; race is no longer on the... 2016
Norrinda Brown Hayat Section 8 Is the New N-word: Policing Integration in the Age of Black Mobility 51 Washington University Journal of Law & Policy 61 (2016) Black effer .. That's why you live in Section 8 homes .. From 2003 through 2004, the Alexanders, a black family, lived on Matsqui Road in Antioch, California. Members of the Antioch Police Department visited the Alexanders' home between four and six times while they lived in this house. On at least one of these visits, police officers approached... 2016
Doran Larson, Department of Literature & Creative Writing, Hamilton College Slaves of the State: Black Incarceration from the Chain Gang to the Penitentiary. By Dennis Childs. Minneapolis, Mn: University of Minnesota Press, 2015. 259 Pp. $22.50 Paperback 50 Law and Society Review 521 (June, 2016) Malcolm X and George Jackson articulated the unbroken line from African kidnap to the middle passage, from chattel slavery to Jim Crow and race-based incarceration. Social scientists working on mass incarceration generally make mere gestures to the period before 1973, while historians and legal scholars either limit their work to pieces of this... 2016
James M. Oleske, Jr. State Inaction, Equal Protection, and Religious Resistance to Lgbt Rights 87 University of Colorado Law Review 1 (Winter 2016) Now that the Supreme Court has held that states must recognize same-sex marriages, a new issue looms on the horizon: Must states also protect against sexual-orientation discrimination in the private marketplace? This Article contends that the answer under the Equal Protection Clause is yes for the forty-five-plus states that protect against... 2016
Ethan Hee-Seok Shin The "Comfort Women" Reparation Movement: Between Universal Women's Human Right and Particular Anti-colonial Nationalism 28 Florida Journal of International Law 87 (April, 2016) I. Introduction. 88 II. Imperial Japan and Its Aftermath. 91 A. Imperial Japan up to 1945. 91 B. The Politico-Legal Settlement after World War II. 94 C. Reparation Movement since the 1990s: From the Political to the Legal. 99 III. Main Legal Issues of the Japanese Reparation. 103 A. (Il)legality of Imperial Japan's Colonial Rule over Korea. 103 B.... 2016
Jennifer M. Smith The Color of Pain: Blacks and the U.s. Health Care System--can the Affordable Care Act Help to Heal a History of Injustice? Part Ii 73 National Lawyers Guild Review 1 (Spring, 2016) Part I of this article can be found in the last issue of the National Lawyers Guild Review. See Jennifer M. Smith, The Color of Pain: Blacks and the U.S. Health Care System--Can the Affordable Care Act Help to Heal a History of Injustice? Part I, 72 NLG Rev. 238 (2015). The state of Americans' health care has been troubling, especially before... 2016
Jerome Gray , James U. Blacksher The Dillard Cases and Grassroots Black Political Power 46 Cumberland Law Review 311 (2015-2016) The Voting Rights Act may have had its greatest impact on Alabama through the so-called Dillard cases. What began as Dillard v. Crenshaw County became a statewide defendant class action alleging that the use of at-large elections in 192 political subdivisions from sixty-one of Alabama's sixty-seven counties violated Section 2 of the Voting Rights... 2016
Gabrielle M. Thomas The Fate of Black Youth in the Criminal Justice System: the Racially Discriminatory Implications of Prosecutorial Discretion and Juvenile Waiver 17 Rutgers Race & the Law Review 267 (2016) In 2008, seven-year-old Latarian Milton took the keys of his grandmother's car and went for a joy ride in Florida. After receiving calls about a driver in the vehicle who looked too short to see over the steering wheel, police officers went to investigate. It was at this time the officers watched as Latarian's joy ride came to an end, when the... 2016
Nnennaya Amuchie The Forgotten Victims How Racialized Gender Stereotypes Lead to Police Violence Against Black Women and Girls: Incorporating an Analysis of Police Violence into Feminist Jurisprudence and Community Activism 14 Seattle Journal for Social Justice 617 (Spring, 2016) For all the Black girls and women who never had a chance to live in a world free from violence. --Nnennaya Amuchie Last year, thousands of young people gathered around the world in solidarity with Ferguson, Missouri, after police officers killed Michael Brown, an unarmed 18-year-old Black teenager. Following Michael Brown's death, police officers... 2016
Sherri Burr The Free Blacks of Virginia: a Personal Narrative, a Legal Construct 19 Journal of Gender, Race and Justice 1 (Spring 2016) Abstract: The existence of the Free Blacks of Virginia as a group in United States history would surprise most Americans. The common narrative is that all Africans were brought to this country as slaves with no rights, and systematically received legal privileges after the Civil War in the 1860s and the Civil Rights struggle a century later. The... 2016
Meagen K. Monahan The Green Book Safely Navigating Jim Crow America 20 Green Bag 43 (Autumn, 2016) In the following pages, you will discover a re-publication of a mid-twentieth century travel guide titled The Negro Motorist Green Book, but commonly referred to as The Green Book. Published from 1936 through 1967, this travel guide catered exclusively to black motorists and vacationers. During this period, due to the increased availability of... 2016
Angela A. Allen-Bell The Incongruous Intersection of the Black Panther Party and the Ku Klux Klan 39 Seattle University Law Review 1157 (Summer, 2016) C1-2Contents Introduction. 1157 I. Juxtaposition of the KKK & the BPP. 1160 A. Formation & Geographical Presence. 1160 B. Mission & Objectives. 1169 C. Group Identity. 1172 D. Fulfillment of Organizational Goals. 1174 E. Law, the Legal Process & Law Enforcement. 1179 F. Public Appeal. 1188 II. Assessment. 1192 Conclusion. 1195 2016
Professor Cecil J. Hunt, II The Jim Crow Effect: Denial, Dignity, Human Rights, and Racialized Mass Incarceration 29 Journal of Civil Rights & Economic Development 15 (Fall, 2016) [W]e will not end mass incarceration without a recommitment to the movement-building work that was begun in the 1950's and 1960's and left unfinished. A human rights nightmare is occurring on our watch. If we fail to rise to the challenge, and push past the politics of momentary interest convergence, future generations will judge us harshly.... 2016
Toni M. Massaro The Lawfulness of the Same-sex Marriage Decisions: Charles Black on Obergefell 25 William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal 321 (October, 2016) In 1960, Professor Charles L. Black, Jr. published a justly famous defense of the United States Supreme Court opinion in Brown v. Board of Education, titled The Lawfulness of the Segregation Decisions. His essay was an attempt to meet the criticisms of that case on various grounds, including Herbert Wechsler's argument that it suffered from a lack... 2016
G. Flint Taylor The Long Path to Reparations for the Survivors of Chicago Police Torture 11 Northwestern Journal of Law & Social Policy 330 (Spring, 2016) In the early 1970s, a Chicago police detective named Jon Burge began a nearly twenty-year reign of police terror that was visited upon more than 120 almost exclusively African-American men who were interrogated at police stations on the South and West sides of Chicago. Burge, working with a unit of white detectives who came to be known as the... 2016
Gary Peller The Moynihan Report, Self-help, and Black Power 8 Georgetown Journal of Law & Modern Critical Race Perspectives 39 (Spring, 2016) In 1965, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, then an assistant Secretary of Labor developing policies for the Johnson Administration's War on Poverty, published The Negro Family: The Case For National Action. During the ensuing decades of controversy and contestation, it has been commonly referred to as the Moynihan Report. The Moynihan Report collected... 2016
Mark S. Brodin The Murder of Black Males in a World of Non-accountability: the Surreal Trial of George Zimmerman for the Killing of Trayvon Martin 59 Howard Law Journal 765 (Spring 2016) Nothing predicts future behavior as much as past impunity. [N]othing makes you feel more black in America than experiencing police mistreatment. Very few modern oppressions convey the permanence of racism-- individual and institutional--like the ritual of unpunished police abuse. In the face of the ugly violence against civil rights protesters... 2016
Bryan Adamson Thugs, "Crooks," and "Rebellious Negroes": Racist and Racialized Media Coverage of Michael Brown and the Ferguson Demonstrations 32 Harvard Journal on Racial & Ethnic Justice 189 (Spring, 2016) At approximately 1:30 p.m. CST on August 9, 2014, when the news broke of a shooting in Ferguson, Missouri, one disturbing picture was the first still image most of us saw. A Black male body is lying face down on the street. The picture is foregrounded by the familiar yellow POLICE LINE DO NOT CROSS barrier tape. One need not cross to see what is... 2016
Melvin L. Otey Toward Improving Policing in African American Communities 29 Journal of Civil Rights & Economic Development 67 (Fall, 2016) The distressed state of police relations with African American communities has enraptured national and international attention recently. Demonstrations and protests have persisted while pundits and interested parties have debated the matter in public and private spheres. No one can deny that disturbing problems exist, and reasonable people... 2016
Otis S. Johnson Two Worlds: a Historical Perspective on the Dichotomous Relations Between Police and Black and White Communities 42 Human Rights Rts. 6 (2016) The collective memories and the current views of blacks and whites about their relationship with the police in the United States are very different. Pew Research Center and Gallup polling data have consistently found racial differences in the black and white views of how police deal with minorities. Gallup combined 2011-2014 data showed that blacks... 2016
Nicole D. Porter Unfinished Project of Civil Rights in the Era of Mass Incarceration and the Movement for Black Lives 6 Wake Forest Journal of Law and Policy 1 (February, 2016) The American criminal justice system has been dominated by relentless growth for the last forty years. The culture of punishment, in part driven by political interests leveraging tough on crime policies and practices marketed as the solution to the fear of crime, has been implemented at every stage of the criminal justice process: arresting,... 2016
Ann Marie Cavazos Unintended Lawlessness of Stand Your Ground: Justitia Fiat Coelum Ruat 61 Wayne Law Review 221 (Winter, 2016) I. Introduction. 222 A. The Origin Story: It All Started With The Castle Doctrine. 227 1. Iowa 1967: Defendants May Use Deadly Force Only to Apprehend Specific Felonies or to Prevent Harm to Human Life. 227 2. Colorado 1986: Defendants Who Use Deadly Force Must Prove Entitlement to Immunity. 231 3. Iowa 2010: Defendant Who Gave Fair Warning is... 2016
Michael Kent Curtis Using the Voting Rights Act to Discriminate: North Carolina's Use of Racial Gerrymanders, Two Racial Quotas, Safe Harbors, Shields, and Inoculations to Undermine Multiracial Coalitions and Black Political Power 51 Wake Forest Law Review 421 (Summer, 2016) This Article (my second on the subject) focuses on new developments in the ongoing saga of North Carolina's 2011 state legislative and congressional reapportionment and gerrymander. The earlier article included a review of devices, including changes in election laws, used in North Carolina in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries--at... 2016
Ann Cammett Welfare Queens Redux: Criminalizing Black Mothers in the Age of Neoliberalism 25 Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal 363 (Spring 2016) The recent outcry that has accompanied the killing of black men and boys has had the effect of shedding light on the ways in which black people are vilified in order to justify the fear and loathing of others. Historically, the high proportion of arrests and prosecutions of African American men also has shaped the discourse of crime itself,... 2016
Devon W. Carbado, Patrick Rock What Exposes African Americans to Police Violence? 51 Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 159 (Winter 2016) Introduction. 160 I. How Racial Biases Produce Police Violence. 167 II. How Arrests, System Involvement/Incarceration, Police Insecurity, & Resistance to Authority Produce Police Violence. 173 A. Arrests. 173 B. System Involvement/Incarceration. 174 C. Police Insecurity. 175 1. Social Dominance Threat. 175 2. Physical Safety Threat. 179 3.... 2016
Steven D. Schwinn, The John Marshall Law School, Chicago, IL Wittman 43 No. 6 Preview of United States Supreme Court Cases 236 (3/21/2016) The Equal Protection Clause forbids a state legislature from unjustifiably using race as the predominate factor in redrawing state legislative and congressional districts. At the same time, some states were required under the Voting Rights Act to ensure against retrogression, the diminution of a minority group's ability to elect a preferred... 2016
Erin Y. H. Keith Wronged Without Recourse: Examining Shortcomings of Compensation Statutes for Black Exonerees 8 Georgetown Journal of Law & Modern Critical Race Perspectives 335 (Fall, 2016) Imagine. The year is 1983. You are 30 years old and reside in Shreveport, Louisiana. You have the equivalent of a high school education. To make ends meet, you work as a handy man around Shreveport doing lawn work here and there, along with a few other odd jobs. A local jeweler in your town has been robbed and killed. He was White. You are Black.... 2016
Angela A. Allen-Bell A Prescription for Healing a National Wound: Two Doses of Executive Direct Action Equals a Portion of Justice and a Serving of Redress for America & the Black Panther Party 5 University of Miami Race & Social Justice Law Review 1 (Spring, 2015) I. Introduction. 2 II. Victims and Their Victimization. 5 III. The Societal and Global Benefits of Redress. 27 IV. Redress Solution:Two Forms of Executive Direct Action. 34 V. Legal Undergirdings And Considerations. 36 A. Executive Direct Action Correcting History. 39 B. Executive Direct Action Correcting the Historical Trauma & Injustice. 41 C.... 2015
Rachel V. Rose, John Okray A Unique Perspective on Civil Rights: Hon. Arthur L. Burnett Sr., the First African-american U.s. Magistrate Judge 62-JUN Federal Lawyer 50 (June, 2015) This profile was originally published in the March 2014 issue of The Federal Lawyer. View additional profiles in the Judicial Profile Index. For more information, see page 16. In light of the 50th anniversary of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the subsequent impact it has had on every aspect of society, including the workplace, we were fortunate... 2015
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