| Author | Title | Citation | Summary | Year | Key Terms |
| Caleb Wootan |
A LAST FULL MEASURE: DEFINING INSURRECTION IN THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT |
46 Mitchell Hamline Law Journal of Public Policy and Practice 215 (2025) |
I. Introduction. 216 II. Historical Background of the Fourteenth Amendment. 223 III. Legislative History. 231 IV. The Insurrectionist Bar Applied. 239 A. The Civil War Era. 240 B. The Exclusion of Victor L. Berger. 243 C. The Modern Era: Anderson v. Griswold, Couy Griffin. 247 V. Proposed Definitions of Insurrection. 251 A. History and Traditions:... |
2025 |
|
| Tabatha Abu El-Haj |
A RIGHT OF PEACEABLE ASSEMBLY |
125 Columbia Law Review 1049 (June, 2025) |
The functional absence of the Assembly Clause in First Amendment law and constitutional discourse fundamentally distorts our analysis of the proper scope of constitutional protection for political assemblies. This Symposium Piece develops a much-needed independent Assembly Clause doctrine. An independent Assembly Clause doctrine would not only be... |
2025 |
|
| Peter N. Salib |
ABOLITION BY ALGORITHM |
123 Michigan Law Review 799 (March, 2025) |
C1-2Table of Contents Introduction. 801 I. Prison and Police Abolitionism. 808 A. A Convincing Diagnosis. 809 B. Bitter Medicine. 813 1. On Policing. 815 2. On Prison. 816 II. Algorithmic Abolitionism. 818 A. Prisons. 821 B. Police. 827 C. How to Design an Algorithmic Abolitionist Policy. 832 III. Algorithmic Abolitionism Upends the Bias Debate.... |
2025 |
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| Christopher Williams |
ABOLITION IN THE REAL WORLD: A CASE STUDY OF CASH BAIL ABOLITION IN ILLINOIS |
60 Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 443 (Spring, 2025) |
In recent years, legal academia's interest in abolition and the harms of pretrial incarceration has increased dramatically. Much of the scholarship has focused on the theoretical underpinnings of abolition, problems associated with the cash bail system, and forms of abolition (police abolition, prison abolition, etc.) in the abstract. However, less... |
2025 |
|
| Etienne C. Toussaint |
AFROFUTURISM IN PROTEST: DISSENT AND REVOLUTION |
125 Columbia Law Review 1375 (June, 2025) |
In an era of reckoning and resistance, this Symposium Piece journeys through the rich terrain of Black protest and Afrofuturist imagination, uncovering a radical legal tradition rooted in historical defiance and visionary possibility. By analyzing Black resistance--from insurrections against slavery to today's racial justice movements--through an... |
2025 |
|
| Synda Mark |
ANTIRACIST ANTITRUST: ANTITRUST ENFORCEMENT AS A CIVIL RIGHT |
31 William and Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice 393 (Spring, 2025) |
Tryna' make a dollar out of fifteen cents is more than a genius hip-hop lyric, it is also a metaphor for a real-life economic problem. It is extremely difficult for Black communities to build wealth in America. While many factors contribute to the lack of economic growth, one overlooked area is the ineffective enforcement of the antitrust laws.... |
2025 |
|
| Katherine A. Macfarlane |
BEN CRUMP AND RACIALIZED PROFESSIONALISM |
98 Saint John's Law Review 1189 (2025) |
Benjamin Ben Crump is the country's most influential civil rights lawyer. His advocacy led to the arrest and prosecution of George Zimmerman. He has represented the families of George Floyd and Breonna Taylor and many others, negotiating record-breaking settlements despite a body of civil rights precedent that is overwhelmingly pro-defendant.... |
2025 |
|
| Laura K. Donohue |
BIOMANIPULATION |
113 Georgetown Law Journal 475 (February, 2025) |
C1-3Table of Contents L1-2Introduction . L3476 I. Defining Biomanipulation. 483 a. baseline: manipulation. 484 b. role played by biometric data. 489 c. biomanipulation in the market context. 494 1. Traditional Approaches. 494 2. Biologically Based Personalization. 499 3. Immutability and Persistent Vulnerability. 503 II. Enabling Factors. 504 a.... |
2025 |
|
| Kamron Moghaddas |
BLACK ART IN COURT AGAIN: HOW RICO LAWS USE RAP LYRICS TO UNCONSTITUTIONALLY IMPLICATE BLACK ARTISTS IN CRIMINAL ORGANIZATIONS |
17 Drexel Law Review 513 (2025) |
Music is one of the oldest forms of human expression. - Justice Anthony Kennedy I always use my music as a form of artistic expression, and I see now that Black artists and rappers don't have that freedom. - Jeffery Lamar Williams (Rapper Young Thug) In the 1970s, rap music emerged as a tool for Black artists to express their life experiences.... |
2025 |
|
| Angela E. Addae |
BOOZE, BARS, AND BIAS: ANTI-BLACKNESS IN LIQUOR LICENSING ENFORCEMENT |
81 Washington and Lee Law Review 1855 (2025) |
This Article explores the disharmonious and disturbing influence of race in the enforcement of liquor licenses. Across the length and breadth of this nation, attentive Black revelers bear witness to an all-too-familiar trend signified by the disproportionately frequent closures of Black entertainment businesses. This Article argues that the... |
2025 |
|
| Citlalli Ochoa |
BRIDGING MOVEMENT LAWYERING & INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS ADVOCACY |
66 Boston College Law Review 1833 (June, 2025) |
Introduction. 1835 I. Why Bridge Movement Lawyering and International Human Rights Advocacy. 1839 II. Movement Lawyering & International Human Rights Law and Advocacy. 1844 A. Movement Lawyering: Contours, Principles, & Definitions. 1844 B. The International Human Rights Legal Framework & Human Rights Advocacy in the U.S.. 1847 1. The International... |
2025 |
|
| Karen J. Pita Loor |
CIVILIAN ENFORCERS |
97 Temple Law Review 507 (Summer, 2025) |
This Article analyzes the largely unexplored phenomenon of militant civilians engaged in efforts to police and silence activism that challenges entrenched American power systems and economic distributions placing whites atop the social hierarchy in the United States. I argue that this civilian enforcement is an unregulated vessel for... |
2025 |
|
| Paul H. Robinson , Jeffrey Seaman |
DECRIMINALIZING CONDEMNABLE CONDUCT: A MISCALCULATION OF SOCIETAL COSTS AND BENEFITS |
98 Southern California Law Review 585 (February, 2025) |
Recent developments have seen a trend toward de facto decriminalization of conduct that the community continues to see as criminally condemnable. This includes effectively decriminalizing certain kinds of conduct, such as lower-level theft, immigration offenses, illicit drug use, or domestic violence without serious physical injury, as well as... |
2025 |
|
| Ekow N. Yankah |
DEPUTIZATION AND PRIVILEGED WHITE VIOLENCE |
77 Stanford Law Review 703 (March, 2025) |
Abstract. A number of high-profile and racially charged killings, such as Trayvon Martin's, Kenneth Herring's, Ahmaud Arbery's, and Jordan Neely's, have been at the hands of civilians declaring themselves the law. These deaths stemmed from a phenomenon best described as deputization. Deputization describes a latent legal power that has empowered... |
2025 |
|
| Jonathan Feingold , Joshua Weishart |
DISCRIMINATORY CENSORSHIP LAWS |
99 Tulane Law Review 585 (February, 2025) |
The summer of 2020 ignited global protests for racial justice. Across the United States, millions marched with a modest plea: that America reckon with its racism. For K-12 schools, this moment pushed local communities and district leaders to create more inclusive classrooms and curricula. Yet before the summer ended, America's antiracist turn... |
2025 |
|
| Michael Conklin |
EFFECTS OF COVID-INDUCED REMOTE LEARNING ON LSAT PERFORMANCE |
37 DCBA Brief 14 (January/February, 2025) |
Existing research has shown that COVID restrictions resulted in diminished academic performance, particularly for minority students. This article presents a first-of-its-kind study, which is designed to measure whether this same effect is present with LSAT exam results. The counterintuitive results from this study--that the same correlations... |
2025 |
|
| Alec Greven |
FIRST AMENDMENT RIGHTS ON TRIAL: A CRITIQUE OF THE TIME, PLACE, AND MANNER DOCTRINE |
77 Oklahoma Law Review 285 (Winter, 2025) |
Time, place, and manner regulations are a long-established and entrenched part of First Amendment doctrine. This Article argues that three areas of the time, place, and manner doctrine need to be reformed because they grant excessive deference to government authorities to regulate and punish speech they disfavor. Therefore, the current doctrine... |
2025 |
|
| Lisa M. Fairfax |
FOR CORPORATE HYPOCRISY |
50 Journal of Corporation Law 287 (January, 2025) |
Introduction. 288 I. The Corporate Hypocrisy Landscape. 293 A. Corporate Hypocrisy By the Issues. 293 1. The Corporate Climate Crisis. 293 2. Voting as Everyone's Business. 296 3. Institutions and Racism. 300 B. Accounting for the Rise. 302 C. Why the Scorn?. 304 1. Hypocrisy's Immorality. 304 2. Hypocrisy and Ethics. 305 3. Profit Over Morals. 305... |
2025 |
|
| Mamyrah A. Dougé-Prosper , Nixon Boumba , Mark Schuller |
FORGING NEW PATHS TO SOLIDARITY: ORGANIZING IN HAITI AND BEYOND SINCE THE 2018 PETROCHALLENGE |
48 PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review 1 (November, 2025) |
Received: 28 December 2023 Revised: 20 January 2025 Accepted: 25 July 2025 Keywords: Haiti | nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) | PetroChallenge | social movements | solidarity activism Solidarity involves showing up, putting one's body on the line. In this afterlife of NGOs, dissent is rooted in what Palestinian activist scholar Rabab... |
2025 |
|
| N. Jeremi Duru |
FORWARD PROGRESS: THE ROONEY RULE AND ITS POST-SFFA RELEVANCE |
16 Harvard Journal of Sports & Entertainment Law 181 (Summer, 2025) |
In 2003, the National Football League (NFL), which had long struggled with racial inequity both on and off the field, implemented a policy known as the Rooney Rule, requiring that any league club searching for a head coach interview at least one person of color before making a hire. In the over two decades since, employers of all sorts seeking to... |
2025 |
|
| Andy J. Carr |
FREE SPEECH AND ANTI-DEMOCRATIC VIOLENCE |
31 Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice 1 (Winter, 2025) |
The resurgence of far-right extremist groups--like sovereign militias, white supremacists, and avowedly fascist gangs--has exposed the First Amendment's vulnerabilities to the leaderless resistance model of extremist organizing. This model, first popularized by white supremacist Louis Beam, specifically aims to insulate extremist leaders from... |
2025 |
|
| Ndjuoh MehChu |
FROM IMPUNITY TO REPARATIONS |
100 New York University Law Review Online 57 (September, 2025) |
Current frameworks for compensating victims of police violence inadequately address collective healing and repair. Overlooked are those who suffer policing's harmful effects without direct police contact, e.g., bystanders and family members of those directly impacted. Consider 17-year-old Darnella Frazier, who documented George Floyd's murder by... |
2025 |
|
| Laurel Wanger |
FROM SIDEWALKS, STREETS, AND PARKS TO SOCIAL MEDIA: HOW SHOULD COURTS APPLY THE PUBLIC FORUM DOCTRINE IN THE DIGITAL AGE? |
99 Saint John's Law Review 487 (2025) |
Throughout history, American presidents have had to temper their foreign policy to protect the United States, advocate for human rights and other democratic values, and maintain relationships with foreign governments and international organizations. That is, until President Trump was elected. President Trump's use of his social media account as a... |
2025 |
|
| Chaz D. Brooks |
GEN Y MORE BLACK CORPORATE DIRECTORS |
59 University of Richmond Law Review 323 (Winter, 2025) |
Corporate diversity has been in the spotlight for decades. Recent efforts have followed years of legal scholarship, arguments on the business rationale for greater diversity, and, more recently, the racial unrest during the summer of 2020. Called by some, a racial reckoning, the summer of 2020 catalyzed many corporate declarations on the... |
2025 |
|
| Tamika Griffin Moses |
GEORGIA (RICO) ON MY MIND |
105 Boston University Law Review 247 (February, 2025) |
The Georgia RICO indictments against President Donald Trump, the Stop Cop City Protestors, and hip-hop entertainer Young Thug prompted debates regarding the proper scope of prosecutorial discretion and the legitimacy of the charges. This Article adds two critiques to the discourse. First, it posits that the expansive scope of the Georgia RICO... |
2025 |
|
| Karina Devi Etminani |
HASHTAGS, HANDCUFFS, AND HUSH MONEY: INEQUITABLE APPLICATION OF THE FOURTH AMENDMENT IN ELECTRONIC SURVEILLANCE |
22 UC Law Journal of Race and Economic Justice 281 (May, 2025) |
A wealthy executive buries misconduct behind corporate nondisclosure agreements (NDAs) and encrypted devices. Nearby, police wield geofence warrants to sweep the digital footprints of peaceful protesters demanding racial justice. Both scenarios hinge on the same Fourth Amendment but reveal a coin with two faces. For powerful abusers, privacy... |
2025 |
|
| Renagh O'Leary |
IDEOLOGICAL TESTING |
103 North Carolina Law Review 909 (May, 2025) |
This Article describes and critiques a practice I call the ideological testing of criminal defendants. Ideological testing occurs when state actors within the criminal legal system elicit and evaluate the defendant's views of the criminal legal system. For example, as part of the presentence investigation process in some jurisdictions, probation or... |
2025 |
|
| John Inazu |
INCITEMENT, ENTHUSIASM, AND THE DANGERS OF NEGLIGENT PROTEST |
6 Journal of Free Speech Law 801 (2025) |
This Article explores the murky line between protected speech and assembly on the one hand, and harmful incitement on the other. On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of Oliver Wendell Holmes's dissent in Gitlow v. New York, it uses Holmes's famous dictum that every idea is an incitement as a conceptual starting point. By analyzing the... |
2025 |
|
| Brandon Hasbrouck |
INSURRECTION AND BLACK POLITICAL PARTICIPATION |
15 California Law Review Online 1 (January, 2025) |
The Reconstruction Congress envisioned a comprehensive set of rights and structural protections in the Fourteenth Amendment to establish and preserve a multiracial democracy. The Fourteenth Amendment's third section, the Insurrection Clause, may seldom have been enforced in recent memory, but it remains a vital part of the Amendment's framework.... |
2025 |
|
| Tan T. Boston |
IS NIL WOKE? |
58 Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review 421 (Spring, 2025) |
NCAA football and men's basketball cumulatively receive almost one hundred percent of intercollegiate name, image, and likeness (NIL) compensation. NIL exceptionalism, however, is not the only distinguishing factor for these two sports. They are also distinctively racially and economically diverse in comparison to the dozens of other NCAA sports.... |
2025 |
|
| Anita L. Allen , Christopher Muhawe |
IS PRIVACY REALLY A CIVIL RIGHT? |
40 Berkeley Technology Law Journal 1 (2025) |
Sixty years ago, President Lyndon Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Civil rights laws aimed at curbing discrimination and inequality in federal programs, public accommodations, housing, employment, education, voting and lending faced opposition before the Act and continue to do so today. Nevertheless, a swell of legal scholars, policy... |
2025 |
|
| Lcda. Nanette M. González Díaz |
LA INTELIGENCIA ARTIFICIAL Y LA LIBERTAD DE EXPRESIÓN EN LA ERA DIGITAL: UN ANÁLISIS JURÍDICO SOBRE EL IMPACTO DE LA MODERACIÓN ALGORÍTMICA EN LAS PLATAFORMAS SOCIALES |
94 Revista Juridica Universidad de Puerto Rico 407 (2025) |
Introducción. 407 I. Marco conceptual: la inteligencia artificial y la libertad de expresión. 409 A. La inteligencia artificial: concepto y alcance. 409 B. Principios generales de la libertad de expresión. 410 C. La libertad de palabra ampliada: redes sociales. 413 II. La colisión entre la IA y la libertad de expresión en las redes sociales. 415 A.... |
2025 |
|
| Kristine L. Bowman , Andrea Chambers |
LAW, LANGUAGE AND LEADERSHIP: ANTI-RACISM IN DEANS' RACIAL JUSTICE SOLIDARITY STATEMENTS |
73 Journal of Legal Education 588 (Spring, 2025) |
C1-2Table of Contents I. Introduction. 589 II. Intersections Among Anti-racism, Higher Education Leadership, and Speech Act Theory. 592 A. Anti-racism and Equality. 592 1. Anti-racism. 592 2. Ideas of Equality Today: Anti-Discrimination and Anti-Subordination. 594 B. Higher Education Leadership. 595 1. The University's Purpose. 596 2. Legal... |
2025 |
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| Jamillah Bowman Williams , Elizabeth C. Tippett , Anu Ramdin |
MIND THE GAP(S): MITIGATING HARASSMENT IN A POST-#METOO WORKPLACE |
98 Southern California Law Review 881 (April, 2025) |
In a post-#MeToo workplace, harassment remains pervasive, and harassment law still fails to provide protection for the harms experienced by many workers-- particularly those in the most vulnerable jobs. Even when reform efforts are introduced through legislation, courts, and agency guidance, it often does not provide greater power, autonomy, and... |
2025 |
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| Kenneth B. Nunn |
MONUMENTS, LAW AND CULTURAL TRANSFORMATION |
68 Howard Law Journal 349 (Spring, 2025) |
I want to tell a story about Old Joe. Old Joe is a statue memorializing the soldiers who fought for the Confederacy during the Civil War. The statue was erected on January 19, 1904, almost forty years after the Civil War, on Robert E. Lee's birthday. It was dedicated by the United Daughters of the Confederacy at a ceremony held on the Alachua... |
2025 |
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| Franciska Coleman |
MULTIRACIAL, INTERCLASS DEMOCRACY |
55 Seton Hall Law Review 1199 (2025) |
In 2019, after teaching for seven years in Seoul, South Korea, I was preparing to begin my first U.S. teaching job in the Midwest. I had hired a local mover, a White gentleman with a military background who had great online reviews, to move items into my office. After all my books and appliances had been moved in, we chatted as I walked him out of... |
2025 |
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| Reid Kress Weisbord , Jordan Bondurant |
OSCAR LAW |
76 Alabama Law Review 799 (2025) |
Introduction. 800 I. The Entertainment Awards Industry. 807 A. The Modern History of Awards. 807 B. Viewership and Financials. 812 C. Corporate Structure and Nonprofit Status. 816 II. Internal Governance of Entertainment Academies. 823 A. Academy Membership Rules. 823 B. Nomination Eligibility Criteria. 832 C. Award Selection Procedures. 840 III.... |
2025 |
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| Rachel Moran |
OVERBROAD PROTEST LAWS |
125 Columbia Law Review 1197 (June, 2025) |
Protests are woven into the history and social fabric of the United States. Whether the topic involves racial inequity, abortion, police brutality, oil and gas pipelines, war, or allegedly stolen elections, Americans will voice their opposition--occasionally, in frightening or destructive ways. Politicians, in turn, have a history of using their... |
2025 |
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| Spencer Overton |
OVERCOMING RACIAL HARMS TO DEMOCRACY FROM ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE |
110 Iowa Law Review 805 (January, 2025) |
ABSTRACT: While the United States is becoming more racially diverse, generative artificial intelligence and related technologies threaten to undermine truly representative democracy. Left unchecked, AI will exacerbate already substantial existing challenges, such as racial polarization, cultural anxiety, antidemocratic attitudes, racial vote... |
2025 |
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| Meghan L. Morris |
PARAMILITARY PROPERTY |
60 Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 107 (Winter, 2025) |
Paramilitarism is on the rise in America. In recent years, paramilitaries have mounted violent responses to movements for racial justice, climate emergencies, public health protocols, and migrant border crossings. Militias, white power organizations, and other paramilitary groups often claim their violence is justified as a legitimate defense of... |
2025 |
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| Michael Conklin |
PEAK WOKENESS IN LEGAL SCHOLARSHIP: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF RECENT TRENDS IN PROGRESSIVE TOPICS |
61 California Western Law Review 381 (Spring, 2025) |
C1-3Table of Contents I. Introduction. 382 A. What is Woke?. 384 B. Evidence of Peak Wokeness. 389 II. Methodology. 398 III. Results. 399 IV. Discussion. 400 V. Conclusion. 404 |
2025 |
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| Jonathon J. Booth |
POLICING AFTER SLAVERY: RACE, CRIME, AND RESISTANCE IN ATLANTA |
96 University of Colorado Law Review 1 (2025) |
This Article places the birth and growth of the Atlanta police in context by exploring the full scope of Atlanta's criminal legal system during the four decades after the end of slavery. To do so, it analyzes the connections Atlantans made between race and crime, the adjudication and punishment of minor offenses, and the variety of Black protests... |
2025 |
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| Sunita Patel |
POLICING CAMPUS PROTEST |
125 Columbia Law Review 1277 (June, 2025) |
College campuses across the country celebrate their legacies of creating free speech guarantees following student protests from the mid-1960s to early 1970s, even though colleges had minimal tolerance of such protests at the time. As part of the New Left's vision for a different society, students, sometimes joined by faculty, demanded an end to the... |
2025 |
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| G. Alex Sinha |
POLICING'S FREE-SPEECH PROBLEM |
2025 Utah Law Review 453 (2025) |
The central claim of this Article is that a significant share of typical policing activity is wildly and egregiously unconstitutional. More precisely, police regularly, predictably, and systematically violate the hardest, most settled core of free-speech law under the First Amendment. We have grown to tolerate these violations--we have not even... |
2025 |
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| David S. Ardia |
POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY AND A RIGHT TO KNOW ABOUT THE GOVERNMENT |
67 Arizona Law Review 1 (Spring, 2025) |
Imagine that a future U.S. President, upset about negative press coverage and plummeting approval ratings, issues an executive order instructing all federal agencies to henceforth provide no public access to executive branch records and meetings. Imagine further that the President's party controls both chambers of Congress, which rescinds all... |
2025 |
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| Vanessa Miller |
PRIVATE CAMPUS POLICE AND THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT |
102 Denver Law Review 1031 (Summer, 2025) |
The rise and expansion of private campus police forces raises critical concerns about the interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment. As state legislatures continue to authorize private police to act as state law enforcement officers and extend their jurisdiction beyond campus boundaries, resembling traditional public law enforcement agencies, the... |
2025 |
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| Erin Sheley |
PROSECUTORIAL DISCRETION AND DIGITAL DEMOCRACY |
113 Kentucky Law Journal 71 (2024-2025) |
Introduction. 72 I. Two Case Studies in Discretion and Public Opinion. 70 A. #MeToo in Theory and Practice. 77 B. Corporate Homicide. 82 i. The Sparse History of Corporate Homicide. 83 ii. Corporate Homicide and Popular Morality. 89 II. Public Mandate and Government Officials. 93 A. Public Opinion and Public Officials Generally. 93 B. Public... |
2025 |
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| Timothy Zick |
PUBLIC PROTEST AND CIVIL UNREST |
67 Arizona Law Review 459 (Summer, 2025) |
Governments and officials must respond to protest-related civil unrest. How they do so is both an index of official respect for dissent and a measure of how committed governments are to democratic accountability. This Article examines official responses to civil unrest in connection with several recent high-profile demonstrations. In general, it... |
2025 |
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| Katheryn Russell-Brown , Vanessa Miller |
RACE CENTERS AS CRITICAL CURRICULUM SPACES IN U.S. LAW SCHOOLS |
76 Mercer Law Review 609 (April, 2025) |
This piece aims to amplify the role of law school race centers. In fact, these centers are central curriculum spaces for student teaching and learning about race. The discussion highlights the role of race centers in law schools, explores the scholarly potential of race centers, and proposes strategies for sustaining race centers. The piece... |
2025 |
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| Vania Blaiklock |
RACE WITHOUT RACISM: RELIGIOUS SCHOOL CURRICULA AND THE RACE-NEUTRAL LEGACY OF BROWN |
66 William and Mary Law Review 883 (March, 2025) |
C1-2Table of Contents Introduction. 884 I. Brown's Colorblind Conversion. 888 II. Abeka Case Study--Narratives of Race Without Racism. 900 A. African Slave Trade & American Slavery. 902 B. Reconstruction. 906 C. The Civil Rights Movement. 908 D. Oppression in the Twenty-First Century. 911 Conclusion. 914 |
2025 |
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