AuthorTitleCitationSummaryYearKey Term
Rebecca L. Case NOT SEPARATE BUT NOT EQUAL: HOW SHOULD THE UNITED STATES ADDRESS ITS INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS TO ERADICATE RACIAL DISCRIMINATION IN THE PUBLIC EDUCATION SYSTEM? 21 Penn State International Law Review 205 (Fall 2002) When the United States ratified the International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, it made a clear promise to the international community that it would... 2002 Yes
Vernellia R. Randall RACIAL DISCRIMINATION IN HEALTH CARE IN THE UNITED STATES AS A VIOLATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION 14 University of Florida Journal of Law and Public Policy 45 (Fall, 2002) I. L2-3,T3Introduction 46. II. L2-3,T3International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination 47. III. L2-3,T3Racial Disparity in Health Status of the U.S. Population 51. IV. L2-3,T3Institutional Racism and Racial Discrimination in the U.S. Health Care System 53. A. Lack of Economic Access to Health Care. 54 B. Barriers to... 2002 Yes
Negin Salimipour THE CHALLENGE OF REGULATING HATE AND OFFENSIVE SPEECH ON THE INTERNET 8 Southwestern Journal of Law and Trade in the Americas 395 (2001-2002) I. Introduction. 396 A. The Risk of Censorship. 398 II. The American Perspective on Regulating Hate and Offensive Speech. 400 A. United States. 400 B. Canada. 403 C. Argentina. 405 III. How Human Rights Help to Protect Free Speech on the Internet. 406 A. The American Convention on Freedom of Expression. 407 1. No Prior Censorship. 408 B.... 2002 Yes
Jeffrey Fagan THIS WILL HURT ME MORE THAN IT HURTS YOU: 16 Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy 1 (2002) SOCIAL AND LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF CRIMINALIZING DELINQUENCY In December, 1998, the European Commission of Human Rights declared Great Britain guilty of three violations of the European Convention on Human Rights in the trial and sentencing of Robert Thompson and Jon Venables in the murder of the toddler Jamie Bulger. The case was notorious in... 2002 Yes
Ronald B. Hurdle, Walter J. Champion, Jr. "THE LIFE AND TIMES OF NAPOLEON BEAZLEY: THE EFFECT (IF ANY) OF THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS ON TEXAS' 17 & UP EXECUTION STANDARD" 28 Thurgood Marshall Law Review 1 (Fall, 2002) C1-3Table of Headings I. Introduction: A Promising Youth Killed the Father of a Leading JudgeThe Covenant. 2 II. Ratification of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. 5 III. The Effect of International Law Generally in the United States. 9 IV. To Self Execute or not to Self Execute that is the Question. 13 V. The Effect... 2002  
Maria Grahn-Farley A CHILD PERSPECTIVE ON THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM 6 Journal of Gender, Race and Justice 297 (Fall 2002) I. Introduction II. The Master Norm III. The Move Away from the Master Norm IV. An Anti-essentialist Method V. What makes it a Child Perspective? VI. The Juvenile Justice System VII. The Child in Adult Confinement A. Rape B. Slavery VIII. Protection Against Torture IX. The Right to Rehabilitation and Reintegration X. Race as a Factor XI. A Child... 2002  
Harold Hongju Koh A UNITED STATES HUMAN RIGHTS POLICY FOR THE 21ST CENTURY 46 Saint Louis University Law Journal 293 (Spring 2002) I. A General Approach to Human Rights Policy. 296 A. Bureaucratic Lessons. 296 B. Human Rights Principles. 301 1. A Page of History. 301 2. Truth, Justice, Engagement, and the Democratic Way. 306 a. Telling the Truth. 306 b. Justice. 311 c. Inside-Outside Engagement, with Governments and the Private Sector. 316 d. Strategies of Prevention: Early... 2002  
Marjorie Cohn AFFIRMATIVE ACTION AND THE EQUALITY PRINCIPLE IN HUMAN RIGHTS TREATIES: UNITED STATES' VIOLATION OF ITS INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS 43 Virginia Journal of International Law 249 (Fall 2002) I. Introduction. 250 II. Affirmative action under the Race Convention. 251 III. Affirmative Action Under the Women's Convention. 253 IV. Affirmative Action under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. 256 V. Equality and Non-discrimination Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.. 257 VI.... 2002  
Natsu Taylor Saito ASSERTING PLENARY POWER OVER THE "OTHER": INDIANS, IMMIGRANTS, COLONIAL SUBJECTS, AND WHY U.S. JURISPRUDENCE NEEDS TO INCORPORATE INTERNATIONAL LAW 20 Yale Law and Policy Review 427 (2002) I. Human Rights and the Contradictions Within U.S. Law. 427 II. Origins of the Plenary Power Doctrine: The 19th Century Cases. 433 A. Immigrants. 434 B. Indian Nations. 437 C. External Colonies. 443 III. Plenary Power Today: The Doctrine and the Destruction. 447 A. Immigrants. 447 B. Indian Nations. 451 C. External Colonies. 455 IV. The Inadequacy... 2002  
Daniel J. Meltzer CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW, FOREIGN AFFAIRS, AND FEDERAL COMMON LAW 42 Virginia Journal of International Law 513 (Winter 2002) Introduction. 513 I. CIL as Federal Common Law. 518 II. Choice of Law, General Common Law, and Federal Common Law. 520 A. Alternatives to the Liberal International View. 520 B. Federal Substantive Rules vs. Federal Choice of Law Rules: Questions of Political Theory. 527 C. Federal Substantive Rules vs. Federal Choice of Law Rules: Questions of... 2002  
Laura S. Adams DIVERGENCE AND THE DYNAMIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DOMESTIC IMMIGRATION LAW AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS 51 Emory Law Journal 983 (Summer 2002) A basic premise of this symposium is that there has been a criminalization of migration in the United States. Indeed, U.S. immigration law has become increasingly punitive. This criminalization occurred at the same time that the United States was devoting considerable attention to the development of international human rights law. Thus, despite... 2002  
Jennifer A. Amiott ENVIRONMENT, EQUALITY, AND INDIGENOUS PEOPLES' LAND RIGHTS IN THE INTER-AMERICAN HUMAN RIGHTS SYSTEM: MAYAGNA (SUMO) INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY OF AWAS TINGNI V. NICARAGUA 32 Environmental Law 873 (Fall 2002) This Note outlines the struggles of the Mayagna (Sumo) Community of Awas Tingni of the Atlantic Coast of Nicaragua to protect its rights to its traditional lands and the natural resources found upon them. Despite the vital role that ancestral lands play in the lives of Nicaragua's indigenous peoples, the Nicaraguan government granted a foreign... 2002  
Jamie Cameron FEDERALISM, TREATIES AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS UNDER THE CANADIAN CONSTITUTION 48 Wayne Law Review 1 (Spring, 2002) Early last year, Canada chided Nigeria for publicly flogging a teenage mother under the sharia, the Islamic code of law that governs in the state of Zamfara. President Obasanjo's rejoinder to Canada's interference in Nigerian matters was non-confrontational but firm: We have a federal system. You come from a federal system of government. Why can't... 2002  
Koren L. Bell FROM LAGGARD TO LEADER: CANADIAN LESSONS ON A ROLE FOR U.S. STATES IN MAKING AND IMPLEMENTING HUMAN RIGHTS TREATIES 5 Yale Human Rights and Development Law Journal 255 (2002) Human rights treaty-making and implementation pose special challenges for federal states. The unique quality of human rights--inherent, universal, urgent, and compelling--and the existence of entrenched domestic rights-protecting instruments give rise to complexities that distinguish these treaties from their international counterparts. Of... 2002  
WILLIAM B. FISCH HATE SPEECH IN THE CONSTITUTIONAL LAW OF THE UNITED STATES 50 American Journal of Comparative Law 463 (Fall 2002) Our general reporter, Professor Pizzorusso, has given us incitement to hatred - primarily against a group of persons defined in terms of race, ethnicity, national origin, gender, religion, sexual orientation, and the like--as the working definition of hate speech, and asks to what extent such speech is constitutionally protected in the... 2002  
Jordan J. Paust HUMAN RIGHTS RESPONSIBILITIES OF PRIVATE CORPORATIONS 35 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 801 (May, 2002) This Article discusses the human rights responsibilities of private corporations. Part I addresses how decisions and activities of multinational corporations impact human rights. Part II examines corporate liability under human rights laws by examining trends in judicial decisions in the United States and foreign states and human rights... 2002  
Derek Jinks INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW AND THE WAR ON TERRORISM 31 Denver Journal of International Law and Policy 58 (Fall 2002) The September 11th terrorist attacks prompted a rethinking of the relationship between liberty and security. The attacks exemplify a new mode of organizing sustained violence that poses a fundamental challenge to United States (U.S.) and international law. Indeed, Anne-Marie Slaughter and William Burke-White recently described this critical... 2002  
Deborah Schaaf , Julie Fishel MARY AND CARRIE DANN V. UNITED STATES AT THE INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS: VICTORY FOR INDIAN LAND RIGHTS AND THE ENVIRONMENT 16 Tulane Environmental Law Journal 175 (Winter 2002) I. Introduction. 175 II. Indigenous Rights and Environmental Protection. 177 III. The Ongoing Theft of Western Shoshone Lands by the United States. 178 IV. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights: Mary and Carrie Dann v. United States. 181 V. Conclusion. 186 2002  
  PRESERVING AFFIRMATIVE ACTION IN HIGHER EDUCATION: AMICUS CURIAE BRIEF OF NOW LEGAL DEFENSE FUND FOR GRUTTER V. BOLLINGER 23 Women's Rights Law Reporter 145 (Spring 2002) Affirmative Action has long been a controversial topic in the United States. From business to education, the idea of considering race or sex as positive factors in making hiring and admissions decisions have proved to be a divisive issue in the nation's political and judicial arenas. In particular, race-based affirmative action programs in... 2002  
Kirsten M. Hetzel REACHING REGIONAL CONSENSUS: EXAMINING UNITED STATES NATIVE AMERICAN PROPERTY RIGHTS IN LIGHT OF RECENT INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS 10 Tulane Journal of International and Comparative Law 307 (Spring 2002) I. Introduction. 307 II. The International Perspective on Indigenous Peoples' Property Rights. 310 A. International Instruments. 310 1. The Inter-American System. 310 2. UN Developments. 313 B. Customary International Law. 315 III. The Inter-American Court of Human Rights Takes a Giant Step Forward: Awas Tingni v. Nicaragua. 318 A. The Awas Tingni... 2002  
Rebecca Tsosie RECLAIMING NATIVE STORIES: AN ESSAY ON CULTURAL APPROPRIATION AND CULTURAL RIGHTS 34 Arizona State Law Journal 299 (Spring, 2002) My people will sleep for one hundred years. When they awake it will be the artists that give them back their spirit. Louis Riel (Cree/Metis) When one lives in a society where people can no longer rely on the institutions to tell them the truth, the truth must come from culture and art . . . . Every culture has art and probably the first form of art... 2002  
Jordan J. Paust SANCTIONS AGAINST NON-STATE ACTORS FOR VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 8 ILSA Journal of International and Comparative Law 417 (Spring, 2002) I. Introduction. 417 II. Prosecution of and Lawsuits Against bin Laden et al.. 418 III. Private Responsibility of Companies and Corporations More Generally. 423 IV. Conclusion. 429 2002  
Anthony N. Bishop THE DEATH PENALTY IN THE UNITED STATES: AN INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS PERSPECTIVE 43 South Texas Law Review 1115 (Fall 2002) I. Introduction. 1116 II. International Laws Affecting the Use of the Death Penalty in the United States. 1122 A. Sources of International Law. 1124 B. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 1128 C. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. 1131 1. Background & Contents. 1131 2. The Protection of Juvenile Offenders. 1134 3. Other... 2002  
Michael J. Dennis THE FIFTY-SEVENTH SESSION OF THE UN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS 96 American Journal of International Law 181 (January, 2002) The fifty-seventh session of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights took place in Geneva from March 19 to April 27, 2001, under the chairmanship of Ambassador Leandro Despouy of Argentina. More than thirty-six hundred individuals were in attendance, representing 53 member states, 93 observer states, 250 nongovernmental organizations, 37... 2002  
Paul Schiff Berman THE GLOBALIZATION OF JURISDICTION 151 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 311 (December, 2002) Supposing however that the Act [at issue] had said in terms, that though a person sued in the island [of Tobago] had never been present within the jurisdiction, yet that it should bind him upon proof of nailing up the summons at the Court door; how could that be obligatory upon the subjects of other countries? Can the island of Tobago pass a law to... 2002  
Thomas E. Luebben , Cathy Nelson THE INDIAN WARS: EFFORTS TO RESOLVE WESTERN SHOSHONE LAND AND TREATY ISSUES AND TO DISTRIBUTE THE INDIAN CLAIMS COMMISSION JUDGMENT FUND 42 Natural Resources Journal 801 (Fall, 2002) International human rights agencies have found the United States in violation of international treaties and human rights standards by denying the Western Shoshone Nation the use of their ancestral lands. The 1863 Treaty of Ruby Valley did not cede any Western Shoshone land to the United States, nor did it purport to take or extinguish Western... 2002  
Michael P. Van Alstine THE JUDICIAL POWER AND TREATY DELEGATION 90 California Law Review 1263 (July, 2002) In this Essay, Professor Van Alstine addresses the power of federal courts to develop the law within the scope of a treaty. In response to an earlier essay by Professor John Yoo in this Review, Professor Van Alstine first challenges the assertion that the President has the sole constitutional power to interpret all treaties. He argues that for... 2002  
Curtis A. Bradley THE JUVENILE DEATH PENALTY AND INTERNATIONAL LAW 52 Duke Law Journal 485 (December, 2002) The United States is almost alone among nations in permitting the execution of juvenile offenders. Citing this fact, along with a variety of legal and historical materials, litigants and scholars are increasingly claiming that the United States' use of the juvenile death penalty violates international law. This Article examines the validity of this... 2002  
William M. Carter, Jr. THE MOTE IN THY BROTHER'S EYE: A REVIEW OF HUMAN RIGHTS AS POLITICS AND IDOLATRY 20 Berkeley Journal of International Law 496 (2002) Michael Ignatieff's provocatively titled collection of essays, Human Rights As Politics and Idolatry [hereinafter Human Rights], is a careful examination of the theoretical underpinnings and contradictions in the area of human rights. At bottom, both of his primary essays, Human Rights As Politics and Human Rights As Idolatry, make a claim that is... 2002  
Sean D. Murphy U.S. DETENTION OF ALIENS IN AFTERMATH OF SEPTEMBER 11 ATTACKS 96 American Journal of International Law 470 (April, 2002) In the aftermath of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) arrested numerous aliens in the United States who were engaged in suspicious activities. Further, as a preventive strategy against future terrorist operations, the FBI also arrested hundreds of... 2002  
Peter G. Danchin U.S. UNILATERALISM AND THE INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION OF RELIGIOUS FREEDOM: THE MULTILATERAL ALTERNATIVE 41 Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 33 (2002) This Article considers the tension in U.S. foreign policy between unilateral and multilateral approaches to the promotion and protection of religious freedom. In particular, it analyzes the recently enacted International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 that seeks to enforce international human rights norms through the imposition of unilateral... 2002  
Michelle E. Lyons WORLD CONFERENCE AGAINST RACISM: NEW AVENUES FOR SLAVERY REPARATIONS? 35 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 1235 (October, 2002) The reparations movement has had a long and tumultuous history, as past attempts to obtain equitable relief have failed through common law, international law, legislation, and constitutional law. However, recent developments in these areas have pushed the reparations movement to the forefront. For example, Farmer-Paellmann v. Fleetboston Financial... 2002  
Laboni Amena Hoq THE WOMEN'S CONVENTION AND ITS OPTIONAL PROTOCOL: EMPOWERING WOMEN TO CLAIM THEIR INTERNATIONALLY PROTECTED RIGHTS 32 Columbia Human Rights Law Review 677 (Summer 2001) The adoption of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (the Convention) marks a significant movement in the quest to advance international women's rights. The Optional Protocol's most immediate effect will be to strengthen the Convention's existing enforcement mechanism. For those... 2001 Yes
John H. Knox A NEW APPROACH TO COMPLIANCE WITH INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW: THE SUBMISSIONS PROCEDURE OF THE NAFTA ENVIRONMENTAL COMMISSION 28 Ecology Law Quarterly 1 (2001) This Article makes two contributions to the debate over how best to promote compliance with international environmental law. First, it builds a bridge between two popular models of compliance: supranational adjudication, which allows private parties to bring claims against states to international tribunals; and the managerial model, which tries to... 2001  
Johan D. van der Vyver AMERICAN EXCEPTIONALISM: HUMAN RIGHTS, INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE, AND NATIONAL SELF-RIGHTEOUSNESS 50 Emory Law Journal 775 (Summer 2001) Since the dawn of Western thought, political science to a large extent remained focused on finding strategies and devices to constrain the exercise of political power, because power does tend to corrupt. As articulated by Emil Brunner, To possess power is a constant temptation to abuse power. Over the years, many commendable constitutional... 2001  
Virginia H. Johnson APPLICATION OF THE RATIONAL BASIS TEST TO TREATY-IMPLEMENTING LEGISLATION: THE NEED FOR A MORE STRINGENT STANDARD OF REVIEW 23 Cardozo Law Review 347 (November, 2001) The prominent role of the United States in the development of international law is best illustrated by the federal government's ratification of countless treaties addressing a myriad of issues across the legal spectrum. For well over a century, it has been commonplace for the Executive branch to enter into a particular type of treaty that requires... 2001  
K. Lee Boyd ARE HUMAN RIGHTS POLITICAL QUESTIONS? 53 Rutgers Law Review 277 (Winter, 2001) This Article discusses the applicability of the political question doctrine in the adjudication of international human rights claims. The political question doctrine insulates from judicial determination controversies that involve underlying political issues. Under this doctrine, federal courts are compelled to refrain from hearing certain cases... 2001  
Judith Resnik CATEGORICAL FEDERALISM: JURISDICTION, GENDER, AND THE GLOBE 111 Yale Law Journal 619 (December, 2001) The Constitution requires a distinction between what is truly national and what is truly local. These words were used by the Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court in 2000 to explain why a statute described by Congress as providing a civil rights remedy for victims of gender-biased assaults unconstitutionally trenched on lawmaking... 2001  
Catherine Powell DIALOGIC FEDERALISM: CONSTITUTIONAL POSSIBILITIES FOR INCORPORATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 150 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 245 (November, 2001) Where, after all, do universal rights begin? In small places, close to home-- so close and so small that they cannot be seen on any maps of the world. . . . Unless these rights have meaning there, they have little meaning anywhere. Without concerned citizen action to uphold them close to home, we shall look in vain for progress in the larger world.... 2001  
Allen E. White FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION IN AMERICA: THE FEDERAL DILEMMA 10 Texas Journal of Women and the Law 129 (Spring 2001) I. Introduction. 130 II. Background and History of Female Genital Mutilation. 133 A. Origins. 133 B. Types of Female Genital Mutilation. 135 C. Patterns of Practice. 136 D. Sociological and Psycho-sexual Significance. 136 E. Religious Significance. 137 F. Medical and Psychological Consequences. 137 G. Early Colonial and Missionary Responses in... 2001  
Curtis A. Bradley FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND DOMESTIC REFORM 87 Virginia Law Review 1475 (November 1, 2001) TO what extent can foreign affairs influence U.S. domestic reform? In her book Cold War Civil Rights, Professor Mary L. Dudziak explores this fascinating question in the context of U.S. civil rights reform from the mid-1940s through the 1960s. Relying on a variety of sources, including foreign newspapers, publications of the United States... 2001  
Bernard P. Haggerty, J.D., LL.M. HATE CRIMES: A VIEW FROM LARAMIE, WYOMING'S FIRST BIAS CRIME LAW, THE FIGHT AGAINST DISCRIMINATORY CRIME, AND A NEW COOPERATIVE FEDERALISM 45 Howard Law Journal 1 (Fall 2001) While hate crime scholarship is not new, the last few years have seen a series of highly publicized hate crimes in the United States. We know some by the names of the victims, like Matthew Shepard, James Byrd, Jr., and Billy Jack Gaither, and others by the name of the perpetrator, like Buford Furrow. Regardless of whether hate crimes have increased... 2001  
Mark E. Wojcik, Benjamin L. Apt, Cris Revaz INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS 35 International Lawyer 723 (Summer, 2001) International human rights law and institutions continue to be inadequate to prevent or redress many of the most serious human rights violations witnessed around the world. Signs of progress in one area of the world have often been quickly offset by new reports of mass atrocities in another part and by realizations that there are not enough... 2001  
Aric K. Short IS THE ALIEN TORT STATUTE SACROSANCT? RETAINING FORUM NON CONVENIENS IN HUMAN RIGHTS LITIGATION 33 New York University Journal of International Law & Politics 1001 (Summer 2001) Most Americans would probably be surprised to learn that victims of atrocities committed in Bosnia are suing the leader of the insurgent Bosnian-Serb forces in a United States District Court in Manhattan. As a moth is drawn to the light, so is a litigant drawn to the United States. During the past twenty years, the number of lawsuits filed in... 2001  
Berta Esperanza Hernández-Truyol LATINAS, CULTURE AND HUMAN RIGHTS: A MODEL FOR MAKING CHANGE, SAVING SOUL 23 Women's Rights Law Reporter 21 (Summer/Fall 2001) This essay, to be included in the 30 anniversary celebration of the Women's Rights Law Reporter, provides an overview of progresses achieved for women in the Americas by virtue of the use of the human rights model to further women's rights and attain betterment of their lives. Specifically, this work reviews the location of Latinas both within and... 2001  
Orville Lee LEGAL WEAPONS FOR THE WEAK? DEMOCRATIZING THE FORCE OF WORDS IN AN UNCIVIL SOCIETY 26 Law and Social Inquiry 847 (Fall 2001) First Amendment absolutists and proponents of speech regulation are locked in a normative stalemate over the best way to diminish racial hate speech. I argue that this stalemate can be overcome by considering a more expansive theory of the force of words and the risks the right of free speech entails for individuals. Drawing on a cultural... 2001  
Joshua Wallenstein PUNISHING WORDS: AN ANALYSIS OF THE NECESSITY OF THE ELEMENT OF CAUSATION IN PROSECUTIONS FOR INCITEMENT TO GENOCIDE 54 Stanford Law Review 351 (November, 2001) If we can create a new legal order in which there are no safe havens for those who committed human rights violations, we will have breathed new life into the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and new hope for world peace. I believe this will be the challenge for the coming century, and I believe we are making significant progress. Judge... 2001  
Ilhyung Lee RACE CONSCIOUSNESS AND MINORITY SCHOLARS 33 Connecticut Law Review 535 (Winter, 2001) Not many of you should pursue to be teachers . . . because you know that we who teach will be judged more strictly. At the turn of the century, America appears still defined, at least in significant part, by its race problem. Race is the most American of problems, the overriding American problem, the most serious, the most divisive, and the... 2001  
Petal Nevella Modeste RACE HATE SPEECH: THE PERVASIVE BADGE OF SLAVERY THAT MOCKS THE THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT 44 Howard Law Journal 311 (Winter 2001) What is freedom? Is it the mere negation? Is it bare privilege of not being chained, - of not being bought and sold, branded and scourged? If this is all, then freedom is a bitter mockery, a cruel delusion. . . . But liberty is no negation. It is a substantial, tangible reality. It is the realization of those imperishable truths of the Declaration.... 2001  
Maria V. Morris RACIAL PROFILING AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW: ILLEGAL DISCRIMINATION IN THE UNITED STATES 15 Emory International Law Review 207 (Spring 2001) I obtained my driver's license in 1972 and I've been stopped by police every year since then. . . . As many as five times in one year and typically once or twice a year. States Parties condemn racial discrimination and undertake to pursue by all appropriate means and without delay a policy of eliminating racial discrimination in all its forms.... 2001  
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