AuthorTitleCitationSummaryYearKey Term
James Jennings THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION: IMPLICATIONS FOR CHALLENGING RACIAL HIERARCHY 40 Howard Law Journal 597 (Spring 1997) From July 23 to 25, 1900, thirty-two individuals from around the world gathered in London at the behest of Trinidadian barrister Henry Sylvester-Williams. The purpose of this meeting was to bring together delegates to serve under the first Pan-African Congress. At this meeting a Committee on Address to the Nations of the World was appointed with... 1997 Yes
Natsu Taylor Saito BEYOND CIVIL RIGHTS: CONSIDERING "THIRD GENERATION" INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 28 University of Miami Inter-American Law Review 387 (1997) L1-3,T3I. Human Rights: The Next Generation 388 L1-4 L1-3,T3II. The International Human Rights Framework 391 L1-4 A. Emergence of a Law of Human Rights to Supplement the Law of Nations. 391 L1-4 B. Individual Rights: Civil and Political; Economic, Social, and Cultural. 392 L1-4 C. Group Rights: Solidarity and Self-Determination. 395 L1-4... 1997  
Sanford J. Fox BEYOND THE AMERICAN LEGAL SYSTEM FOR THE PROTECTION OF CHILDREN'S RIGHTS 31 Family Law Quarterly 237 (Summer, 1997) Evidence of the extent to which American children are in deep trouble has led to a call that the legal profession focus on a broad and long-term ameliorative campaign, a campaign that has been rendered more urgent by passage of the 1996 federal welfare reform legislation and by recent federal and state proposals that would all but put an end to a... 1997  
David Weissbrodt, Marci Hoffman BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR RESEARCH ON INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 6 Minnesota Journal of Global Trade 200 (Winter 1997) A. Compilations of Human Rights Instruments. 202 1. United Nations (U.N.). 202 2. International Labour Organisation (ILO). 202 3. U.N. Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). 203 4. U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). 203 5. Council of Europe. 204 6. Organization of African Unity (OAU). 206 7. Organization of American... 1997  
Norman Dorsen CIVIL LIBERTIES, NATIONAL SECURITY AND HUMAN RIGHTS TREATIES: A SNAPSHOT IN CONTEXT 3 U.C. Davis Journal of International Law and Policy 143 (Spring, 1997) This essay will discuss the impact on civil liberties of concepts and principles of foreign affairs, in particular considerations of national security. It will first situate the present era by summarizing what has gone before. It then will illustrate the current state of affairs by examining the recently enacted Anti-Terrorism Act and the way in... 1997  
Connie de la Vega CIVIL RIGHTS DURING THE 1990S: NEW TREATY LAW COULD HELP IMMENSELY 65 University of Cincinnati Law Review 423 (Winter 1997) There are three ways in which international human rights legal standards can be used in litigation in state and federal courts: 1) as direct application of a treaty to which the United States is a party, 2) as an interpretive guide, and 3) as application of customary international law. Because the United States has not become a party to many... 1997  
Naomi Roht-Arriaza INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW IN UNITED STATES COURTS: PROFESSOR RIESENFELD'S CONTRIBUTIONS 20 Hastings International and Comparative Law Review 601 (Spring 1997) Not so long ago, the use of international human rights law to uphold the rights of individuals in U.S. courts was practically unthinkable. International law concerned interrelations among sovereign states; individuals were irrelevant, or at least largely subsumed by the interests of their state. Moreover, with few exceptions, what happened to... 1997  
Hope Lewis LIONHEART GALS FACING THE DRAGON: THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF INTER/NATIONAL BLACK WOMEN IN THE UNITED STATES 76 Oregon Law Review 567 (Fall 1997) [T]o survive in the mouth of this dragon we call America, we have had to learn this first and most vital lesson--that we were never meant to survive. --Audre Lorde By the rivers of Babylon, there we sat down, yea, we wept, when we remembered Zion . . . . For there they that carried us away captive required of us a song . . . . How shall we sing the... 1997  
Cees Flinterman RICHARD B. LILLICH AND HUMAN RIGHTS 38 Virginia Journal of International Law 51 (Fall 1997) Once again, to all oppressed people everywhere It was some time ago that I studied for my LL.M.degree at the U.Va. Law School: 1970-1971. International human rights law was then still in its early stages of development. The world community had just a few years earlier in 1966 adopted the two important United Nations Covenants on Civil and... 1997  
Gay McDougall THURGOOD MARSHALL MEDAL OF JUSTICE AWARD 4 Georgetown Journal on Fighting Poverty 349 (Spring, 1997) Thank you Justice Ginsberg, and thank you to the Georgetown Student Bar Association for honoring me. This is a great honor for me to receive an award named for Justice Thurgood Marshall. For me, the work that I have done to end apartheid and to promote human rights internationally has been inextricably linked with the battle for equality and human... 1997  
  SYNOPSIS OF RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED DURING NBA 71ST ANNUAL CONVENTION, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 10-OCT NBA National Bar Association Magazine 18 (September/October, 1996) . agrees to become a party plaintiff in the action to be filed challenging legislation abolishing Recorder's Court. . supports the repeal of the distinction between powder and crack cocaine in all state and federal prosecutions and sentencing; and condemns the selective prosecution and imprisonment of people of color by the state and federal... 1996 Yes
Dorothy Q. Thomas ADVANCING RIGHTS PROTECTION IN THE UNITED STATES: AN INTERNATIONALIZED ADVOCACY STRATEGY 9 Harvard Human Rights Journal 15 (Spring, 1996) Our problem has to be internationalized. Malcolm X, 1965 Rights activists in the United States face a domestic political and legal environment that is increasingly hostile to their cause. During the 1990s, despite concerted efforts to safeguard the hard won gains of the past, domestic rights groups have suffered major setbacks in the struggle to... 1996  
Barbara Stark INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW, FEMINIST JURISPRUDENCE, AND NIETZSCHE'S "ETERNAL RETURN": TURNING THE WHEEL 19 Harvard Women's Law Journal 169 (Spring, 1996) Much of the important feminist scholarship on international human rights law has been deconstructive; that is, feminists have taken apart international human rights law to show how it neglects and marginalizes women, how it does not do enough for them, and how it may even perpetuate their subordination. Less has been written about its potential... 1996  
Berta Esperanza HernÁndez-Truyol NATIVES, NEWCOMERS AND NATIVISM: A HUMAN RIGHTS MODEL FOR THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY 23 Fordham Urban Law Journal 1075 (Summer 1996) Editor's Note: This article was completed prior to the Fifth Annual Stein Center Symposium on Contemporary Urban Challenges, which took place on February 28, 1996. Since that time, several then-pending anti-immigrant bills discussed below have been enacted into law. Without changing the author's analysis, these enactments provide additional... 1996  
Ann Fagan Ginger , Anne Paxton Wagley , Rob Markfield NONPROFITS HAVE A NEW ROLE IN ENSURING HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE UNITED STATES 30 University of San Francisco Law Review 427 (Winter 1996) THIS IS A great time to discuss the role of nonprofit organizations (nonprofits) in improving human rights. 1995 marked the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the United Nations (U.N.), which first proclaimed human rights and then enunciated a role for nonprofit nongovernmental organizations in promoting human rights. 1995 also marked the... 1996  
Neil A.F. Popovic PURSUING ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE WITH INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS AND STATE CONSTITUTIONS 15 Stanford Environmental Law Journal 338 (June, 1996) I. Introduction. 339 II. Identifying the Problem. 342 A. Factual Parameters. 342 B. Legal Parameters. 344 III. Environmental Racism Violates Human Rights. 347 A. Human Rights and the Environment. 347 B. Environmental Racism and the Anti-Discrimination Norm. 352 IV. State Constitutional Environmental Provisions. 355 A. Rights-Oriented Provisions and... 1996  
Juan F. Perea STRANGE FRUIT : HARASSMENT AND THE FIRST AMENDMENT 29 U.C. Davis Law Review 875 (Spring, 1996) There seems no cause for panic, though I find much cause for concern. The Supreme Court has indicated clearly that, one way or another, it will continue to find harassing speech to violate Title VII. Even in R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul, Justice Scalia writes that sexually derogatory fighting words, among other words, may produce a violation of... 1996  
Scott T. Johnson THE INFLUENCE OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW ON STATE COURTS AND STATE CONSTITUTIONS 90 American Society of International Law Proceedings 259 (March 27-30, 1996) The panel was convened at 2:15 p.m., on Thursday, March 28th, by its Chair, Alice H. Henkin, who introduced the panelists: Christine Durham, Utah Supreme Court; Joan Fitzpatrick, University of Washington; Paul Hoffman, Former Legal Director, ACLU, Southern California; and Herman Schwartz, American University and Co-Director, Center for Human Rights... 1996  
Jill C. Stroguiludis THE REFUGEE ACT OF 1980: AN EMPTY PROMISE TO EXPLOITED CHILDREN 29 John Marshall Law Review 995 (Summer, 1996) After marrying at the tender age of thirteen and being sold by her husband to a prostitution agent a few years later, Maya left her native Nepali village to work as a child prostitute in Bombay, India. Here, Maya suffered from regular beatings and lock-ups at the hands of brothel owners who forced her to serve clients until she contracted HIV and... 1996  
Patricia Stirling THE USE OF TRADE SANCTIONS AS AN ENFORCEMENT MECHANISM FOR BASIC HUMAN RIGHTS: A PROPOSAL FOR ADDITION TO THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION 11 American University Journal of International Law and Policy 1 (1996) In the spring of 1994, a debate raged in the United States concerning the trade status of China in relation to its policy on human rights. On one side, economists contended that to deny China Most Favored Nation trading status would ultimately hurt the United States as much as China, and that the emphasis on human rights cost both countries... 1996  
Louis Henkin U.S. RATIFICATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS CONVENTIONS: THE GHOST OF SENATOR BRICKER 89 American Journal of International Law 341 (April, 1995) In 1994 the United States ratified the Convention against Torture, as well as the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. Also, the Committee on Foreign Relations of the United States Senate has recommended that the Senate consent to U.S. ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of... 1995 Yes
Julia Ernst U.S. RATIFICATION OF THE CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN 3 Michigan Journal of Gender & Law 299 (1995) Introduction. 300 I. Summary of the Terms of CEAFDAW. 302 II. General Difficulties with Ratification by the United States. 308 A. History of Ratification Procedures. 308 B. The Slow Pace of Ratification. 311 C. Complete Prior Compliance with the Terms of the Convention. 313 D. Fear of the Encroachment of International Law upon Domestic Law. 315 E.... 1995 Yes
Susan H. Bitensky A CONTEMPORARY PROPOSAL FOR RECONCILING THE FREE SPEECH CLAUSE WITH CURRICULAR VALUES INCULCATION IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 70 Notre Dame Law Review 769 (1995) The Child is father of the Man; And I could wish my days to be Bound each to each by natural piety. ---- William Wordsworth That we cannot be adults without first having been children is, by nature, the human condition; that we are blessed with Wordsworth's natural piety is far less certain. The world has seen no great surplusage of piety or,... 1995  
Thomas David Jones A HUMAN RIGHTS TRAGEDY: THE CUBAN AND HAITIAN REFUGEE CRISES REVISITED 9 Georgetown Immigration Law Journal 479 (Summer, 1995) What reasons should motivate an administration to afford human rights a central role in United States foreign policy as a matter of national interest? I believe that there are at least the following compelling motivations Human rights address one of the world's most pressing problems: the enormous increase of refugees. The plight of refugees... 1995  
Kimberly Younce Schooley CULTURAL SOVEREIGNTY, ISLAM, AND HUMAN RIGHTS--TOWARD A COMMUNITARIAN REVISION 25 Cumberland Law Review 651 (1994-1995) Without the past, I conceive Egypt to be utterly uninhabitable. Oh, if you were to see the people! No ideas that I had of polygamy come near the fact; and my wonder is now, not that Sarah and Rachel were so bad, but that they were not a great deal worse. Polygamy strikes at the root of everything in womanshe is not a wifeshe is not a mother;and... 1995  
Marybeth Herald DOES THE CONSTITUTION FOLLOW THE FLAG INTO UNITED STATES TERRITORIES OR CAN IT BE SEPARATELY PURCHASED AND SOLD? 22 Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly 707 (Spring 1995) Introduction. 708 I. The Constitution and the Territories: A Brief History. 713 A. The Supreme Court and the Territories. 713 B. Federal Appellate Court Interpretation of the Insular Cases. 719 1. Jury Trials and War Claims -- The D.C. Circuit Expands Constitutional Protections. 719 2. The Ninth Circuit Narrows Constitutional Protections. 721 II.... 1995  
Jo L. Southard HUMAN RIGHTS PROVISIONS OF THE U.N. CHARTER: THE HISTORY IN U.S. COURTS 1 ILSA Journal of International and Comparative Law 41 (Spring, 1995) I. INTRODUCTION A. Background B. Scope C. The Creation of the United Nations II. APPLICATION OF THE CHARTER IN U.S. COURTS A. 1948 - 1980 1. The Doctrine of Non-Self-Execution 2. Anti-Communism and States' Rights 3. Validating the Doctrine of Non-Self-Execution B. The 1980s 1. Customary International Law 2. The Charter and Individual Rights C. The... 1995  
Thomas David Jones HUMAN RIGHTS: FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AND GROUP DEFAMATION UNDER BRITISH, CANADIAN, INDIAN, NIGERIAN AND UNITED STATES LAW - A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 18 Suffolk Transnational Law Review 427 (Summer 1995) (F)reedom of speech and of the press is only a human idea and is incapable of exact expression. It is an innate, instinctive desire of man for the right of self-expression and for the right to commune freely with his fellow men. This desire is a natural one and hence this freedom is a natural right. Some have described it as inalienable,... 1995  
Caroline Woodward INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW -- UNDOCUMENTED ALIENS 18 Suffolk Transnational Law Review 811 (Summer 1995) Both the United States Constitution and international law serve to protect all persons within the United States from human rights violations. Although the Supreme Court has not recognized education as a fundamental right under the Constitution, education is a basic human right within inter national standards. These international standards must be... 1995  
Anne Paxton Wagley NEWLY RATIFIED INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS TREATIES AND THE FIGHT AGAINST PROPOSITION 187 17 Chicano-Latino Law Review 88 (Fall 1995) The recent passage of Proposition 187 in California, and its progeny currently looming in other states and Congress, has spurred civil rights activists to find new tools to fight the increasing racial intolerance in the United States. International human rights laws can provide lawyers and activists in the United States with new opportunities to... 1995  
Donna E. Arzt NUREMBERG, DENAZIFICATION AND DEMOCRACY: THE HATE SPEECH PROBLEM AT THE INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRIBUNAL 12 New York Law School Journal of Human Rights 689 (Symposium, 1995) Nuremberg. Today the name, the word, stands for more than just a series of trials of Nazi war criminals, undoubtedly more than just an industrialized city in northern Bavaria. It exemplifies both the laudable principle of individual responsibility for criminal conduct violating international law and the thwarted hope for a permanent, universal... 1995  
By Stephen Knight PROPOSITION 187 AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW: ILLEGAL DISCRIMINATION IN THE RIGHT TO EDUCATION 19 Hastings International and Comparative Law Review 183 (Fall 1995) [W]e declare our firm belief in the principles enunciated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights that everyone has the right to education; that education shall be directed to the full development of human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and... 1995  
Charles Lewis Nier III RACIAL HATRED: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE HATE CRIME LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES AND GERMANY 13 Dickinson Journal of International Law 241 (Winter, 1995) I. Introduction On the night of October 29, 1993, several members of the U.S. luge team went to a pub to celebrate a teammate's birthday. The team was in Oberhof, Germany, a small town about 150 miles southwest of Berlin, to train for the World Cup tour and the 1994 Winter Olympic games. Shortly after arriving at the bar, Duncan Kennedy was alerted... 1995  
Cedric Merlin Powell THE MYTHOLOGICAL MARKETPLACE OF IDEAS: R.A.V., MITCHELL, AND BEYOND 12 Harvard Blackletter Law Journal 1 (Spring, 1995) The Problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color-line. -W.E.B. DuBois To engage in a serious discussion of race in America, we must begin not with the problems of black people but with the flaws of American society-flaws rooted in historic inequalities and longstanding cultural stereotypes. How we set up the terms for discussing... 1995  
Dorothy Q. Thomas WOMEN'S HUMAN RIGHTS: FROM VISIBILITY TO ACCOUNTABILITY 69 Saint John's Law Review 217 (Winter-Spring 1995) This article will focus on the increased recognition of human rights violations in the last decade, particularly in the realm of women's issues. The role of the United States government in the promotion and protection of the human rights of women, both domestically and internationally, has changed in many ways. The most significant change has been... 1995  
John Shattuck , Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor WORKS IN PROGRESS: HUMAN RIGHTS AND DOMESTIC LAW AFTER THE COLD WAR 9 Emory International Law Review 377 (Fall, 1995) I am very pleased to be here and to participate in what I think is an historic event in a number of dimensions. Not only are we joining together today domestic and international human rights non-governmental organizations (NGOs), but I think that this may be the first time that the Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights and the Assistant... 1995  
Edward F. Sherman, Jr. THE U.S. DEATH PENALTY RESERVATION TO THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS: EXPOSING THE LIMITATIONS OF THE FLEXIBLE SYSTEM GOVERNING TREATY FORMATION 29 Texas International Law Journal 69 (Winter, 1994) C1-3SUMMARY I. INTRODUCTION. 70 II. INTERNATIONAL SCRUTINY OF UNITED STATES DEATH PENALTY PRACTICE REGARDING INDIVIDUALS UNDER THE AGE OF EIGHTEEN PRIOR TO UNITED STATES RATIFICATION OF THE ICCPR. 72 III. THE COMPATIBILITY PRINCIPLE AND THE UNITED STATES DEATH PENALTY RESERVATION. 75 A. Article 19(c) of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties:... 1994 Yes
Scott J. Catlin A PROPOSAL FOR REGULATING HATE SPEECH IN THE UNITED STATES: BALANCING RIGHTS UNDER THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS 69 Notre Dame Law Review 771 (1994) This Note seeks a better approach to regulating hate speech in the United Statesan approach comporting with our notions of freedom of speech under the First Amendment, but also drawing inspiration from the international approach, which protects the rights and needs of the listener in free speech controversies. By comparing the United States... 1994  
Berta Esperanza Hernandez Truyol BUILDING BRIDGES-LATINAS AND LATINOS AT THE CROSSROADS: REALITIES, RHETORIC AND REPLACEMENT 25 Columbia Human Rights Law Review 369 (Spring, 1994) (Character not displayable on Westlaw)No me pongan en lo oscuro a morir como un traidor yo soy bueno, y como bueno moriré de cara al SOL! Las costumbres, raices y herencias que me hacen quien soy, Son colores de un arcoiris, acordes de un mismo son . Forgemos nuevos caminos, en la unión hay un gran poder Orgullosos de ser Latin[as/]os no importa de... 1994  
Marian Nash (Leich) CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE OF THE UNITED STATES RELATING TO INTERNATIONAL LAW 88 American Journal of International Law 719 (October, 1994) Protocols of Amendment to Charter On June 20, 1994, Ambassador Harriet C. Babbit, the U.S. Permanent Representative to the Organization of American States, deposited on behalf of the U.S. Government the instrument of ratification of the Protocol of Washington, adopted on December 14, 1992, by the Sixteenth Special Session of the General Assembly... 1994  
Barry Friedman FEDERALISM'S FUTURE IN THE GLOBAL VILLAGE 47 Vanderbilt Law Review 1441 (October, 1994) I. L2-3,T3Introduction 1441 II. L2-3,T3Globalization 1443 III. L2-3,T3The Impact of Globalization on the States 1447 A. Co-Regulation of Business and Industry. 1448 B. The Impact of the GATT: The Future is Now. 1453 C. The NAFTA. 1459 D. Special Prerogatives of the States. 1461 E. Human Rights and the States. 1464 IV. L2-3,T3Foreign Affairs and the... 1994  
Marc-Olivier Herman FIGHTING HOMELESSNESS: CAN INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW MAKE A DIFFERENCE? 2 Georgetown Journal on Fighting Poverty 59 (Fall, 1994) Concluding her analysis of a decade of homelessness crisis and advocacy in the United States, Mary Ellen Hombs, a noted advocate for the homeless, addressed the question of What comes next? with the following words: We must envision the future as including a right to housing, [and] also a living wage and the substantive education and training to... 1994  
Richard Kirk Page , Kay Hartwell Hunnicutt FREEDOM FOR THE THOUGHT THAT WE HATE: A POLICY ANALYSIS OF STUDENT SPEECH REGULATION AT AMERICA'S TWENTY LARGEST PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES 21 Journal of College and University Law 1 (Summer, 1994) The presence of hostile and harassing speech on college and university campuses in the United States is well documented. The decades from the 1960s through the 1990s have seen a dramatic increase in the ratio of minority to majority students, bringing with it not only greater cultural diversity, but also an increase in racial and ethnic unrest. The... 1994  
Donna M. Gitter FRENCH CRIMINALIZATION OF RACIAL EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION COMPARED TO THE IMPOSITION OF CIVIL PENALTIES IN THE UNITED STATES 15 Comparative Labor Law Journal 488 (Summer, 1994) Le dæesir du privilege et le goCut de l'æegalitæe sont les deux passions dominantes des Fran(cais. -- Charles de Gaulle The desire for privilege and the taste for equality are the two dominant passions among the French. -- Charles de Gaulle The notion of equality amongst all individuals undergirds political and legal theory in both France and the... 1994  
Eric Neisser HATE SPEECH IN THE NEW SOUTH AFRICA: CONSTITUTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR A LAND RECOVERING FROM DECADES OF RACIAL REPRESSION AND VIOLENCE 5 Seton Hall Constitutional Law Journal 103 (Fall, 1994) This Article touches on a most difficult and sensitive topic racially-biased invective or hate speech. The subject is controversial in any setting because of the perceived conflict between two fundamental, democratic values achieving racial equality and preserving freedom of expression. My own effort is complicated by the fact that I am a white... 1994  
Robert K. Hitchcock INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS, THE ENVIRONMENT, AND INDIGENOUS PEOPLES 5 Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy 1 (Winter, 1994) The General Assembly of the United Nations, (UN), declared in December 1991 that the year beginning October 1, 1992, would be The International Year for the World's Indigenous People. The goal of the International Year designation was to strengthen efforts to increase coordination, cooperation, and technical assistance for the solution of... 1994  
Michelle Fastiggi INTERNATIONAL LAW--THE DOCTRINE OF SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY--A JURISDICTIONAL SHIELD FOR FOREIGN NATIONS AND THEIR ACCOUNTABILITY FOR HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS, SAUDI ARABIA v. NELSON, 113 S. CT. 1471 (1993). 12 Dickinson Journal of International Law 387 (Winter, 1994) The crack of the whip, the clamp of the thumb screw, the crush of the iron maiden, and in these more efficient modern times, the shock of the electric cattle prod are forms of torture that the international order will not tolerate. To subject a person to such horrors is to commit one of the most egregious violations of the personal security and... 1994  
Connie de la Vega THE RIGHT TO EQUAL EDUCATION: MERELY A GUIDING PRINCIPLE OR CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LEGAL RIGHT? 11 Harvard BlackLetter Law Journal 37 (Spring, 1994) Twenty years ago, in San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez, the United States Supreme Court held that wealth discrimination was not illegal discrimination and that the right to be educated was not a fundamental constitutional right. Since that decision, litigants asserting a right of equal opportunity to education have turned to... 1994  
Stephen J. Schnably THE SANTIAGO COMMITMENT AS A CALL TO DEMOCRACY IN THE UNITED STATES: EVALUATING THE OAS ROLE IN HAITI, PERU, AND GUATEMALA 25 University of Miami Inter-American Law Review 393 (Spring/Summer, 1994) I. Introduction. 395 II. The Problems of Effectiveness and Perspective. 412 III. Testing the Santiago Commitment. 418 A. Haiti. 418 1. The Coup and the Initial Reaction. 418 2. The First Attempts to Negotiate a Settlement. 422 3. The Governors Island Agreement. 430 4. Settlement Efforts and U.S. Intervention After the Collapse of the Governors... 1994  
Michael A. G. Korengold LESSONS IN CONFRONTING RACIST SPEECH: GOOD INTENTIONS, BAD RESULTS, AND ARTICLE 4(A) OF THE CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION 77 Minnesota Law Review 719 (February, 1993) Dese boys be sayin' that we be comin' here to Dartmut an' not takin' the classics. You know, Homa. The Dartmouth Review For the white man to ask the black man if he hates him is just like the rapist asking the raped, or the wolf asking the sheep, Do you hate me? Our enemy is the white man! Oh, yes, that devil is our enemy. Malcolm X Racist... 1993 Yes
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