AuthorTitleCitationSummaryYearRelevancy
Marietta Auer BARGAINING WITH GIANTS AND IMMORTALS: BARGAINING POWER AS THE CORE OF THEORIZING INEQUALITY 86 Law and Contemporary Problems 53 (2024) The time seems ripe for a new radical movement in legal academia. The nexus between private law, the institutions of capitalism, and the rise of global inequality has once again become the object of critical inquiry by a body of scholarship which consciously identifies itself as Law and Political Economy. This comes after decades of relative... 2024 Most Relevant
J. Benton Heath FETCH THE BOLT CUTTERS: REFLECTIONS ON RACIAL CAPITALISM AND THE NAFTA/USMCA 49 Brooklyn Journal of International Law 449 (2024) Thank you for this opportunity to speak on the subject of race and trade in the US--Mexico--Canada Agreement (USMCA). I mean for this presentation to be an introduction to many of the issues that are on my mind as a scholar of investment and trade. It is also an introduction to the work of many others who have thought deeply about the relationships... 2024 Most Relevant
James Thuo Gathii FINANCING CLIMATE CHANGE THROUGH A RACIAL CAPITALISM LENS 41 Wisconsin International Law Journal 521 (Summer, 2024) In this Essay, I argue that the climate crisis has provided the global finance industry an opportunity to make exorbitant profits from majority Black and Brown countries in the Global South. I show how the global finance industry is leveraging its muscle over climate-vulnerable and heavily indebted countries in the Global South through complex... 2024 Most Relevant
Edward W. De Barbieri LAWMAKERS AND ECONOMIC OTHERING 76 Oklahoma Law Review 575 (Spring, 2024) In 2017, Congress adopted the Opportunity Zone tax incentive to drive investment to poor places. Capital invested in qualified opportunity funds may reduce and, in some cases, eliminate capital gains tax liability. Limiting tax on capital gains is a boon to those with capital gains, namely the very wealthy. It would be unsurprising, therefore, that... 2024 Most Relevant
Jeremy Bearer-Friend PAYING FOR REPARATIONS 67 Howard Law Journal 1 (2023-2024) This Article proposes a novel approach to capitalizing a reparations fund worth trillions of dollars. Under the proposal, publicly traded firms on U.S. exchanges would be required to remit shares of corporate equity to a reparations trust fund in lieu of cash tax payments. Under the terms of this proposal, our federal government could successfully... 2024 Most Relevant
Lisa Benjamin RACIAL CAPITALISM AND CLIMATE CHANGE: COLONIALISM AND CLIMATE LAW AND POLICY IN THE COMMONWEALTH 41 Wisconsin International Law Journal 577 (Summer, 2024) This Article provides a snapshot of current climate policy and litigation experiences in a select group of Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, India, Pakistan, Kiribati, and The Bahamas. It traces current domestic climate policies and litigation experiences back to the colonial histories of these countries. These Commonwealth... 2024 Most Relevant
Carmen G. Gonzalez RACIAL CAPITALISM, CLIMATE CHANGE, AND ECOCIDE 41 Wisconsin International Law Journal 479 (Summer, 2024) Lawyers, scholars, and activists have long sought to incorporate ecocide into the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court to address corporate and governmental impunity for massive and severe ecological damage, including the harms caused by climate change. This Article uses the framework of racial capitalism to examine and critique the... 2024 Most Relevant
Asma T. Uddin RELIGION AND IDENTITY CAPITALISM 70 Wayne Law Review 309 (Summer, 2024) I. Introduction. 310 II. Identity Capitalism. 317 A. Identity Capitalists. 318 B. Identity Entrepreneurs. 321 C. Harms of Identity Capitalism and Identity Entrepreneurship. 323 D. Leong's Solutions. 324 III. Religion and Identity Capitalism. 325 A. Religious Outgroup Identity. 325 B. Mega-Identity Capitalism. 331 1. Muslims as Traits of the Liberal... 2024 Most Relevant
Thalia González , Paige Joki REPRODUCING INEQUALITY: RACIAL CAPITALISM AND THE COST OF PUBLIC EDUCATION 65 Boston College Law Review 317 (February, 2024) Introduction. 319 I. Education and Racial Capitalism. 334 II. Fines and Fees as a Modality of Racial Capitalism. 346 A. Methods. 347 B. Dispossession and Inequitable Access to Educational Opportunities. 349 C. Resource Extraction and Debt Creation. 352 D. Punishment. 355 III. Protecting Black Students and Families. 359 A. Every Student Succeeds... 2024 Most Relevant
Gregory A. Mark THE NEW CAPITALISM, THE OLD CAPITALISM, AND THE ADMINISTRATIVE STATE 91 University of Chicago Law Review 2013 (November, 2024) This Essay concerns the evolving relationship between the economy, specifically the economy of the British North America that became the United States, and the methods society deployed to legitimate, control, and channel economic behavior, especially religion and law. Using the recently published work of three eminent academics--Benjamin Friedman,... 2024 Most Relevant
Jackie Dugard XOLOBENI'S STRUGGLE AGAINST PATRIRACIAL-COLONOCAPITALIST MINING IN SOUTH AFRICA: A COUNTERPOINT TO CLIMATE CATASTROPHE? 41 Wisconsin International Law Journal 551 (Summer, 2024) Mining is central to the history of repression in South Africa. Mining made Sandton to be Sandton and the Bantustans of the Eastern Cape to be the desolate places that they still are. Mining in South Africa also made the elites in England rich by exploiting workers in South Africa. You cannot understand why the rural Eastern Cape is poor without... 2024 Most Relevant
Darlène Dubuisson , Patricia Campos-Medina , Shannon Gleeson , Kati L. Griffith CENTERING RACE IN STUDIES OF LOW-WAGE IMMIGRANT LABOR 19 Annual Review of Law and Social Science 109 (2023) race, racism, immigration, work, justice, rights This review examines the historical and contemporary factors driving immigrant worker precarity and the central role of race in achieving worker justice. We build from the framework of racial capitalism and historicize the legacies of African enslavement and Indigenous dispossession, which have... 2023 Most Relevant
Amna A. Akbar NON-REFORMIST REFORMS AND STRUGGLES OVER LIFE, DEATH, AND DEMOCRACY 132 Yale Law Journal 2497 (June, 2023) Today's left social movements are challenging formal law and politics for their capitulation to a regime of racial capitalism. In this Feature, I argue that we must reconceive our relationship to reform and the popular struggles in which they are embedded. I examine the turn of left social movements to non-reformist reforms as a framework for... 2023 Most Relevant
Hardeep Dhillon , American Bar Foundation, Chicago, IL, USA, Email: hdhillon@abfn.org THE MAKING OF MODERN US CITIZENSHIP AND ALIENAGE: THE HISTORY OF ASIAN IMMIGRATION, RACIAL CAPITAL, AND US LAW 41 Law and History Review 1 (February, 2023) This article unravels an important historical conjuncture in the making of modern US citizenship and alienage by drawing on the state's regulation of naturalization as it relates to Asian immigration in the early twentieth century. My primary concern is to examine the socio-legal formations that constructed the thick distinctions between the modern... 2023 Most Relevant
Leticia M. Saucedo CRITICAL RACE THEORY AND THE LOW-WAGE WORKPLACE: THE STORY OF JANITORIAL SERVICES IN CALIFORNIA 66 Saint Louis University Law Journal 739 (Summer, 2022) Critical race and racial capitalism theories posit that systems and structures in the workplace reinforce each other to create oppressive conditions for groups of workers based on race, national origin, and/or sex. Some of these structures are reproduced from other areas of work and have roots in exploitative labor conditions. Civil rights lawyers... 2022 Most Relevant
Sherally Munshi DISPOSSESSION: AN AMERICAN PROPERTY LAW TRADITION 110 Georgetown Law Journal 1021 (May, 2022) Universities and law schools have begun to purge the symbols of conquest and slavery from their crests and campuses, but they have yet to come to terms with their role in reproducing the material and ideological conditions of settler colonialism and racial capitalism. This Article considers the role the property law tradition has played in shaping... 2022 Most Relevant
Jay Hedges FOREWORD: RACIAL CAPITALISM AS LEGAL ANALYSIS 35 Journal of Civil Rights & Economic Development 173 (Spring, 2022) In 2010, the Journal of Legal Commentary was renamed the Journal of Civil Rights & Economic Development (JCRED) to reflect its status as the official journal of the Ron Brown Center for Civil Rights here at St. John's University School of Law. From then on, the Journal has been dedicated to exploring issues of social, racial, and economic justice... 2022 Most Relevant
Charisa Smith FROM EMPATHY GAP TO REPARATIONS: AN ANALYSIS OF CAREGIVING, CRIMINALIZATION, AND FAMILY EMPOWERMENT 90 Fordham Law Review 2621 (May, 2022) America's legacy of violent settler colonialism and racial capitalism reveals a misunderstood and neglected civil rights concern: the forced separation of families of color and unwarranted state intrusion upon caregiving through criminalization and surveillance. The War on Drugs, the Opioid Crisis, and the COVID-19 pandemic are a few examples... 2022 Most Relevant
Chaumtoli Huq INTEGRATING A RACIAL CAPITALISM FRAMEWORK INTO FIRST-YEAR CONTRACTS: A PATHWAY TO ANTI-CAPITALIST LAWYERING 35 Journal of Civil Rights & Economic Development 181 (Spring, 2022) I came to theory because I was hurting--the pain within me was so intense that I could not go on living. I came to theory desperate, wanting to comprehend--to grasp what was happening around and within me. Most importantly, I wanted to make the hurt go away. I saw in theory then a location for healing. [T]he practice of theory is informed by... 2022 Most Relevant
Tonya L. Brito , Kathryn A. Sabbeth , Jessica K. Steinberg , Lauren Sudeall RACIAL CAPITALISM IN THE CIVIL COURTS 122 Columbia Law Review 1243 (June, 2022) This Essay explores how civil courts function as sites of racial capitalism. The racial capitalism conceptual framework posits that capitalism requires racial inequality and relies on racialized systems of expropriation to produce capital. While often associated with traditional economic systems, racial capitalism applies equally to nonmarket... 2022 Most Relevant
Natè Simmons RACIAL CAPITALISM: COMPLEXITIES WITH ENFORCING CORPORATE COMMITMENTS TO END RACIAL INJUSTICE 55 UIC Law Review 519 (Fall, 2022) I. Introduction. 519 II. Background. 521 A. Corporate Pronouncements Committing to Diversity, Equity and Inclusion. 521 B. Colin Kaepernick's Protest for Racial Equality. 525 C. Corporate Gift Regulation. 528 D. Legislation on Diversifying Corporate Boards of Directors. 529 E. Tax Credits. 530 F. Racial Capitalism. 531 III. Analysis. 532 A.... 2022 Most Relevant
Maurice R. Dyson ALGORITHMS OF INJUSTICE & THE CALLING OF OUR GENERATION: THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF A NEW AI JUSTICE IN THE TECHNOLOGICAL ERA OF GLOBAL PREDATORY RACIAL CAPITALISM 5 Howard Human & Civil Rights Law Review 81 (Spring, 2021) I would like to thank Dean Holley-Walker, Howard University School of Law, Professor Darin Johnson, Kayla Strauss, the staff of the Howard Human & Civil Rights Law Review, and the beloved spirit and legacy of C. Clyde Ferguson Jr., that continually inspires and guides this Annual Symposium. And we are beyond grateful for your thought leadership and... 2021 Most Relevant
Michael McCann , Filiz Kahraman ON THE INTERDEPENDENCE OF LIBERAL AND ILLIBERAL/AUTHORITARIAN LEGAL FORMS IN RACIAL CAPITALIST REGIMES . THE CASE OF THE UNITED STATES 17 Annual Review of Law and Social Science 483 (2021) legal orders, race and inequality, labor, capitalism, authoritarianism, liberalism Scholars conventionally distinguish between liberal and illiberal, or authoritarian, legal orders. Such distinctions are useful but often simplistic and misleading, as many regimes are governed by plural, dual, or hybrid legal institutions, principles, and practices.... 2021 Most Relevant
André Douglas Pond Cummings , Kalvin Graham RACIAL CAPITALISM AND RACE MASSACRES: TULSA'S BLACK WALL STREET AND ELAINE'S SHARECROPPERS 57 Tulsa Law Review 39 (Winter 2021) I. Introduction. 39 II. Racial Capitalism. 40 III. Massacre in Tulsa Oklahoma: Destruction of Black Wall Street. 42 IV. Massacre at Elaine Arkansas: The (Re)Turn to the Delta. 48 V. Racial Capitalism and Race Massacres. 58 VI. Conclusion. 64 2021 Most Relevant
Veena B. Dubal, Professor of Law, University of California, Hastings College of Law, San Francisco, CA, USA UNION BY LAW: FILIPINO AMERICAN LABOR ACTIVISTS, RIGHTS RADICALISM, AND RACIAL CAPITALISM. BY MICHAEL MCCANN AND GEORGE I. LOVELL. CHICAGO: UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, 2020. 504 PP. $35.00 PAPERBACK 55 Law and Society Review 521 (September, 2021) Union by Law is a pioneering work of sociolegal scholarship that tells an interpretative history of nearly one century of struggles by Filipino American labor activists in the Pacific Northwest. Like Michael McCann's first book, Rights at Work: Pay Equity Reform and the Politics of Legal Mobilization, this one, written with George Lovell, sits in... 2021 Most Relevant
Naomi Murakawa RACIAL INNOCENCE: LAW, SOCIAL SCIENCE, AND THE UNKNOWING OF RACISM IN THE US CARCERAL STATE 15 Annual Review of Law and Social Science 473 (2019) racism, antidiscrimination law, colorblindness, criminal justice reform, racial liberalism, abolition Racial innocence is the practice of securing blamelessness for the death-dealing realities of racial capitalism. This article reviews the legal, social scientific, and reformist mechanisms that maintain the racial innocence of one particular site:... 2019 Most Relevant
Lundy Braun THEORIZING RACE AND RACISM: PRELIMINARY REFLECTIONS ON THE MEDICAL CURRICULUM 43 American Journal of Law & Medicine 239 (2017) The current political economic crisis in the United States places in sharp relief the tensions and contradictions of racial capitalism as it manifests materially in health care and in knowledge-producing practices. Despite nearly two decades of investment in research on racial inequality in disease, inequality persists. While the reasons for... 2017 Most Relevant
Nancy Leong IDENTITY ENTREPRENEURS 104 California Law Review 1333 (December, 2016) In my previous article, Racial Capitalism, I examined the ways in which white individuals and predominantly white institutions derive value from nonwhite racial identity. This process of deriving value from identity results from intense social and legal preoccupation with diversity. And it results in the commodification of nonwhite racial identity,... 2016 Most Relevant
Nancy Leong DISSENTING IN AND DISSENTING OUT 89 Chicago-Kent Law Review 723 (2014) Introduction. 724 I. Valuing Identities. 725 A. Racial Capitalism. 725 B. Identity Capitalism. 729 II. Outgroup Participation in Identity Capitalism. 732 A. Outgroup Participation and Theories of Capital. 733 B. Outgroup Participation as Identity Entrepreneurship. 734 C. Identity Entrepreneurship in Action. 737 III. Dissenters as Entrepreneurs. 739... 2014 Most Relevant
Richard Thompson Ford CAPITALIZE ON RACE AND INVEST IN JUSTICE 126 Harvard Law Review Forum 252 (June, 2013) Professor Nancy Leong laments a phenomenon she dubs racial capitalism, a process of deriving social or economic value from the racial identity of another person (p. 2153) which results in the commodification of identity (p. 2152). As examples, Leong points to university affirmative action programs that turn diversity into a mark of elite... 2013 Most Relevant
Nancy Leong RACIAL CAPITALISM 126 Harvard Law Review 2151 (June, 2013) Introduction. 2153 I. Valuing Race. 2158 A. Whiteness as Property. 2158 B. Diversity as Revaluation. 2161 C. The Worth of Nonwhiteness. 2169 II. A Theory of Racial Capitalism. 2172 A. Race as Social Capital. 2175 B. Race as Marxian Capital. 2183 C. Racial Capitalism. 2190 III. Critiquing Racial Capitalism. 2198 A. Commodification. 2199 B. Harm to... 2013 Most Relevant
Nancy Leong REFLECTIONS ON RACIAL CAPITALISM 127 Harvard Law Review Forum 32 (November, 2013) In my article Racial Capitalism, I expressed concern about the ongoing process of racial exploitation in which white people and predominantly white institutions derive value from the racial identity of people of color. I see this process as troubling and undesirable. Rendering racial identity a commodity harms people of color in many ways: by... 2013 Most Relevant
Stacy L. Hawkins SELLING DIVERSITY SHORT 40 Rutgers Law Record 68 (2012-2013) An Essay Responding to Nancy Leong's Racial Capitalism, 126 Harv. L. Rev. _ (2013) Nancy Leong's forthcoming article in the Harvard Law Review, Racial Capitalism, has received much attention even in advance of its publication. The article was posted to the popular site for academic and scholarly work, the Social Science Research Network (SSRN),... 2013 Most Relevant
Lenese C. Herbert (CON)SCRIPTED: "CAUCASIAN RICH BRAIN" 73 DePaul Law Review 847 (Spring, 2024) [E]ntertainment is not innocent.--James Baldwin They called them brilliant. Respecters of the sharp edges and reliable bubbler[s] of memorable language. Their writing, roundly regarded as a bracing and refreshing font of quips and barbs and total twists of the heart, was likened to the precision of an architect's plans. They crafted... 2024  
Jessica Wolpaw Reyes , René Reyes ABOLITION ECONOMICS 29 Michigan Journal of Race and Law 69 (Spring, 2024) Over the past several decades, Law & Economics has established itself as one of the most well-known branches of interdisciplinary legal scholarship. The tools of L&E have been applied to a wide range of legal issues and have even been brought to bear on Critical Race Theory in an attempt to address some of CRT's perceived shortcomings. This Article... 2024  
Gregory Day ANTITRUST FOR IMMIGRANTS 109 Cornell Law Review 911 (May, 2024) Immigrants and undocumented people have often encountered discrimination because they compete against native businesses and workers, resulting in protests, boycotts, and even violence intended to exclude immigrants from markets. Key to this story is government's ability to discriminate as well: it is indeed common for state and federal actors to... 2024  
Ifeoma Ajunwa ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, AFROFUTURISM, AND ECONOMIC JUSTICE 112 Georgetown Law Journal 1267 (June, 2024) Artificial intelligence (AI) work technologies have been lauded for their efficiency, cost savings, and ability to democratize access to work. Indeed, AI work technologies make a planetary labor market possible. But what does this mean for the future of work for Black workers both in the Diaspora and on the African continent? Building on the... 2024  
Ferrell L. Littlejohn CORPORATE ESG FALLS SHORT: SYSTEMIC ANTI-BLACK RACISM AND INEQUALITY SHOULD BE ADDRESSED THROUGH A CUMULATIVE INTEGRATED APPROACH 29 Fordham Journal of Corporate and Financial Law 695 (2024) In the 1896 case Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court endorsed the separate but equal doctrine, essentially codifying racial segregation. This decision guaranteed that systemic racism would permeate every fabric of society despite the abolition of slavery. Recently, many corporate institutions have pledged to actively support the fight against... 2024  
Margaret Hu CRITICAL DATA THEORY 65 William and Mary Law Review 839 (March, 2024) Critical Data Theory examines the role of AI and algorithmic decisionmaking at its intersection with the law. This theory aims to deconstruct the impact of AI in law and policy contexts. The tools of AI and automated systems allow for legal, scientific, socioeconomic, and political hierarchies of power that can profitably be interrogated with... 2024  
Melodi H. Dinçer DATA JUSTICE READINESS: AN ABOLITIONIST FRAMEWORK FOR TECH CLINIC INTAKE 31 Clinical Law Review 153 (Fall, 2024) Within two decades, the tech industry has turned most of modern life into a real-time data stream, reducing human beings into trackable datasets. Gaps in government services--including benefits administration, education, transportation, and public health--have created new market opportunities for tech companies to profit off product solutions that... 2024  
Kate Sablosky Elengold DEBT, RACE, AND PHYSICAL MOBILITY 112 California Law Review 833 (June, 2024) Residents in every state in the United States can lose their driver's license or car registration because they owe debt to the state. At least eleven million people across the United States suffer these debt-based driving restrictions at any given time. Because Americans overwhelmingly rely on personal automobiles for transportation, states, by... 2024  
Francisco Valdes DEFEAT FASCISM, TRANSFORM DEMOCRACY: MAPPING ACADEMIC RESOURCES, REFRAMING THE FUNDAMENTALS, AND ORGANIZING FOR COLLECTIVE ACTIONS 47 Seattle University Law Review 1057 (Spring, 2024) [T]he truth will set you free. --Jesus What happens when truth doesn't matter anymore? --Barack Obama A vote for Donald Trump is a vote for a fascist government. --Cassidy Hutchinson Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it. --Jorge Santayana Introduction & Context. 1059 I. The Critical (Legal) Collective: Learning and Acting... 2024  
Sheldon Bernard Lyke DEFENSE AGAINST THE DARK ARTS: THE DIVERSITY RATIONALE AND THE FAILED AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE OF AFFIRMATIVE ACTION 80 Washington and Lee Law Review 1873 (2024) Over the past forty years, affirmative action advocates have participated in a defensive campaign where they have admitted that affirmative action is a form of justified discrimination. This Article finds this a dangerous strategy because it allows for the practice of misguided beliefs about race and remedies for racism. When schools fail to fight... 2024  
Thomas W. Simon DOES BLACK LEGAL THEORY MATTER? CRITICAL RACE THEORY AND A REVIVED RADICALISM 18 Southern Journal of Policy and Justice 137 (May, 2024) C1-2Contents A. Introduction. 139 B. Alternative Histories. 141 C. Theory. 156 D. Methods. 160 E. Liberal Diversions. 168 F. Intersectionality. 195 G. Radical CRT. 209 H. Conclusion. 212 2024  
Chaz Arnett DYSTOPIAN DREAMS, UTOPIAN NIGHTMARES: AI AND THE PERMANENCE OF RACISM 112 Georgetown Law Journal 1299 (June, 2024) This Essay draws connections between Octavia Butler's Parable series (Parable of the Sower and Parable of the Talents), HBO's Westworld, and Derrick Bell's Faces at the Bottom of the Well: The Permanence of Racism to highlight how the reconfiguration and transmutation of race through technological change is facilitated by corresponding shifts in... 2024  
Craig Anthony (Tony) Arnold , Resilience Justice Project Researchers ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE, RESILIENCE JUSTICE, AND WATERSHED PLANNING 48 William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review 553 (Spring, 2024) Watershed planning is an increasingly used governance tool for addressing environmental problems at ecosystem scales of watersheds, which are areas of land that drain to a common body of water. In recent years, watershed planning in the United States has been undergoing an equity evolution: watershed planners have begun integrating environmental... 2024  
Larisa G. Bowman EVICTION ABOLITION 55 Loyola University Chicago Law Journal 541 (Spring, 2024) This Article contends that today's eviction crisis in the United States is the civil equivalent of mass incarceration. Eviction, like mass incarceration, is a racialized and gendered system of social control heavily supervised by the state. State court judges order evictions, and law enforcement officers execute them. Eviction's mechanisms of... 2024  
Jens T. Theilen INTERSECTIONALITY'S TRAVELS TO INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 45 Michigan Journal of International Law 233 (2024) Over the last two decades, references to intersectionality have become increasingly common in international human rights law. Many human rights bodies now make use of intersectionality in some form, and scholars propose more widespread and in-depth intersectional analysis as a way to better capture how human rights are realized or violated. Against... 2024  
Emmanuel Mauleón LEGAL ENDEARMENT: AN UNMARKED BARRIER TO TRANSFORMING POLICING, PUBLIC SAFETY, AND SECURITY 112 California Law Review 755 (June, 2024) The problems of racialized policing have come into renewed focus over the past decade. The advent of viral bystander videos has not only forced a popular confrontation with moments of both routine and extraordinary policing violence but also sparked protests, uprisings, and grassroots movements to challenge current practices in policing and... 2024  
Prashasti Bhatnagar MEDICAL-LEGAL PARTNERSHIPS AND LEGAL REGIMES: A HEALTH JUSTICE PERSPECTIVE 52 Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 512 (Summer, 2024) Keywords: Medical-Legal Partnerships, Movement Lawyering, Agricultural Workers, Health Justice, Structural Racism Abstract: Medical-legal partnerships (MLPs) attempt to integrate the social determinants of health into health care delivery to eliminate health inequities. Yet, MLPs have not fully adapted to identify and address structural racism, one... 2024  
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