AuthorTitleCitationSummaryYearKey Terms in Title or Summary
Harvey Gee A REVIEW OF FRANK WU'S RENEGOTIATING AMERICA'S MULTI-COLORED LINES 5 New York City Law Review 203 (Fall 2002) During the mid-1990s, affirmative action and immigration were the most controversial political issues of the day. The fact that both subjects concerned race was perhaps part of the reason for this great fervor. As many Americans reevaluated civil rights policy, especially affirmative action, remarkably, there was virtually no discussion of the... 2002  
John Lawrence Hill A THEORY OF MERIT 1 Georgetown Journal of Law and Public Policy 15 (Winter 2002) L1-3Introduction Part I: The Three Functions of a Concept of Merit. 19 a. moral merit. 20 b. performative merit. 23 c. qualificational merit. 23 Part II: The Possibility of Meritocratic Justification. 25 a. three philosophical problems. 25 1. The Problem of Psychological Egoism. 26 2. Distinguishing Innate From Earned Talents and Capacities. 27 3.... 2002  
Tom Stacy ACTS, OMISSIONS, AND THE NECESSITY OF KILLING INNOCENTS 29 American Journal of Criminal Law 481 (Summer 2002) I. Introduction. 481 II. Lifeboats, Caves, and Conjoined Twins. 484 A. The Lifeboat. 486 B. The Cave. 491 C. The Conjoined Twins. 495 D. Avoiding Evasion. 499 III. Necessity Killing, Moral Theory, and Legal Interpretation. 499 A. Utilitarian Considerations. 501 1. Affirmative Case for Necessity Killing. 501 2. Slippery Slope Objections. 502 a.... 2002  
Gary Blasi ADVOCACY AGAINST THE STEREOTYPE: LESSONS FROM COGNITIVE SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 49 UCLA Law Review 1241 (June, 2002) Recent research in cognitive social psychology and social cognitive neuroscience has powerful implications for lawyers and other advocates in situations where stereotypes are at work. The science suggests that there are, indeed, few advocacy situations where stereotypes are not at work. Legal scholars have attempted to bring some of this science to... 2002  
Mark R. Brown AFFIRMATIVE INACTION: STORIES FROM A SMALL SOUTHERN SCHOOL 75 Temple Law Review 201 (Summer 2002) Fellow citizens, we cannot escape history. - Abraham Lincoln The Fifth Circuit held in Hopwood v. Texas that an applicant's race or ethnicity cannot be used to support student diversity at a public college or university. Whether designed to enhance diversity or to redress past discrimination, affirmative action is, according to the Fifth Circuit,... 2002  
Barbara Stark AFTER/WORD(S): 'VIOLATIONS OF HUMAN DIGNITY' AND POSTMODERN INTERNATIONAL LAW 27 Yale Journal of International Law 315 (Summer 2002) I. Introduction. 316 II. PIL's Assumptions About the Nature of International Law. 323 A. Incredulity Toward Metanarratives. 324 1. The Dark Side of the Enlightenment. 324 2. A Postmodernism of Resistance. 326 3. The Limits of Theory. 328 B. The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. 332 C. Fragmetation. 336 1. Lex Lata--The Law As It Is. 337 III.... 2002  
Ruthann Robson ASSIMILATION, MARRIAGE, AND LESBIAN LIBERATION 75 Temple Law Review 709 (Winter 2002) I. Introduction. 710 II. Assimilation and Legal Culture. 712 A. The Dominant and Idealized Group. 715 B. The Coercive Nature of Assimilation. 717 C. The Constitutional Interests of Equality. 719 D. Both Assimilation and Anti-Assimilation Can Be Repressive. 722 E. Segregation and Separatism. 725 F. The Disagreement Within Communities. 727 III.... 2002  
Jeffery M. Brown BLACK INTERNATIONALISM: EMBRACING AN ECONOMIC PARADIGM 23 Michigan Journal of International Law 807 (Summer 2002) Introduction. 807 I. Black Internationalism and the Challenges of Globalization. 819 A. Defining Internationalism. 821 B. Black Internationalism: A Conceptual Overview. 823 II. Historical Expressions of Black Internationalism. 827 A. Assessing the Free South African Movement. 828 B. Bananas, Trade, and the Limitations of Pan-Africanism. 832 C. The... 2002  
Kari L. Karsjens BOU TIQUE EGG DONATIONS: A NEW FORM OF RACISM AND PATRIARCHY 5 DePaul Journal of Health Care Law 57 (Summer 2002) Megan is a 25-year-old female in generally good health. She is a second year law student at Stanford. She is the first woman in her family who has not married and had children by age 25. She does not know if she wants children in the future, but she does know she has a long and successful legal career ahead of her. She has a clerkship position, but... 2002  
Spencer Overton BUT SOME ARE MORE EQUAL: RACE, EXCLUSION, AND CAMPAIGN FINANCE 80 Texas Law Review 987 (April, 2002) Legal academics who call for campaign finance reform--let us call them Reformers--have overlooked the significance of race, and as a result their critiques of constitutional jurisprudence and reform proposals remain woefully incomplete. Studies reveal that people of color comprise approx-imately thirty percent of the nation's population, but... 2002  
Mary Becker CARE AND FEMINISTS 17 Wisconsin Women's Law Journal 57 (Spring 2002) I. Introduction. 58 II. Franke's Postmodern Objections to Care. 64 A. Linking Reproduction to Dependency and Sex to Danger. 65 B. The Repronormativity of Motherhood. 67 C. The Maternalization of Women's Identity. 71 D. Commodification Anxiety. 71 E. Child Raising as The Creation of a Public Good. 73 F. Unfairness to Taxpayers Who Are Not... 2002  
Jeremy Paul CHANGING THE SUBJECT: COGNITIVE THEORY AND THE TEACHING OF LAW 67 Brooklyn Law Review 987 (Summer 2002) For those of us teaching legal theory to American law students at the beginning of the twenty-first century, Steven Winter's book, A Clearing in the Forest, Law, Life, and Mind, has arrived just in time. It offers a path (to use one of Professor Winter's journey metaphors) out of our oldest and least fruitful debates. Consider the following... 2002  
Jane E. Larson CLASS, ECONOMICS, AND SOCIAL RIGHTS 54 Rutgers Law Review 831 (Summer 2002) This cluster explores the themes of LatCrit through the lens of class broadly conceived. Class as these authors invoke the concept, connotes both material inequality and deprivation of individuals, and societal systems of economic domination. With one exception, the essays examine the ways class constitutes the social world, ranging from the... 2002  
Phoebe A. Haddon COALESCING WITH SALT: A TASTE FOR INCLUSION 11 Southern California Review of Law and Women's Studies 321 (Spring 2002) Most of the time you feel threatened to the core and if you don't, you're not really doing no coalescing. Bernice Johnson Reagon During the late nineties, the Society of American Law Teachers, known to legal educators as SALT, undertook to build a governing board and membership whose composition reflected its commitment to diversity and... 2002  
Antony Anghie COLONIALISM AND THE BIRTH OF INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS: SOVEREIGNTY, ECONOMY, AND THE MANDATE SYSTEM OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS 34 New York University Journal of International Law & Politics 513 (Spring 2002) All sovereign states are equal. Colonies, by definition, lack sovereignty. But the transformation of colonial territories into sovereign, independent states enabled these territories, which previously had been excluded from the realm of international law, to enter the international system with all the powers and attributes of sovereignty and as... 2002  
Marion Crain COLORBLIND UNIONISM 49 UCLA Law Review 1313 (June, 2002) Labor unions have historically been one of the most significant political forces urging progressive wealth redistribution. The AFL-CIO has conceived of income inequality in colorblind terms, as a social injustice around which racially and ethnically diverse workers can be organized. Professor Crain argues that the AFL-CIO's unionism has been... 2002  
Anthony V. Alfieri COMMUNITY PROSECUTORS 90 California Law Review 1465 (October, 2002) This Essay addresses the ethic of community in criminal prosecution. Long echoed in the rhetoric of criminal justice, the ethic continues to gain greater resonance through the expanding advocacy practice of community prosecution. Engrafted from the community-policing and community-court movements of the last decade, and invigorated by... 2002  
Dana Page D.C.F.D.: AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER--AS LONG AS YOU ARE NOT PREGNANT. 24 Women's Rights Law Reporter 9 (Fall/Winter 2002) Current interpretation of the Pregnancy Discrimination Act (PDA) is based in formal equality where pregnant women are compared to similarly situated disabled people for employment purposes. Employers are not required to accommodate pregnant women in any way in which they do not accommodate other disabled employees. Employers are required, on the... 2002  
Larry Catá Backer DEFINING, MEASURING, AND JUDGING SCHOLARLY PRODUCTIVITY: WORKING TOWARD A RIGOROUS AND FLEXIBLE APPROACH 52 Journal of Legal Education 317 (September, 2002) The purpose of this essay is to explore, briefly and preliminarily, the possibilities for a realistic working definition of scholarship within a law school. The springboard for that exploration was a series of discussions at my home institution, the law school of Pennsylvania State University. We approached the issue of scholarship in a context in... 2002  
  DUELING FATES: SHOULD THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL REGIME ACCEPT A COLLECTIVE OR INDIVIDUAL PARADIGM TO PROTECT WOMEN'S RIGHTS? 24 Michigan Journal of International Law 347 (Fall 2002) University of Michigan Law School Room 250 Hutchins Hall Saturday, April 6, 2002 STEPHANIE BROWNING: Good morning. My name is Stephanie Browning; I'm the Editor in Chief of the Michigan Journal of International Law. On behalf of the Journal, I am pleased to welcome you to the Dueling Fates Symposium. Our next day and a half together promises to be... 2002  
Marjorie A. Silver EMOTIONAL COMPETENCE, MULTICULTURAL LAWYERING AND RACE 3 Florida Coastal Law Journal 219 (Spring, 2002) This is difficult work, and it is difficult for white people to discuss. It hurts emotionally for us white folks to be personally challenged on issues of race . . . and in this work, one gets challenged a lot - but that hurt cannot be even a fraction of the psychic pain of those who must face racism, sexism, and homophobia on a daily basis. So I... 2002  
Christian Sundquist EQUAL OPPORTUNITY, INDIVIDUAL LIBERTY, AND MERITOCRACY IN EDUCATION: REINFORCING STRUCTURES OF PRIVILEGE AND INEQUALITY 9 Georgetown Journal on Poverty Law and Policy 227 (Winter, 2002) Deep in the South Side of Chicago, in a set of black communities lovingly and infamously referred to as the wild, wild 100s, I spent my childhood never fully understanding how being poor and black would affect future opportunities and success. Though accustomed to receiving my allowance in food stamps, wearing secondhand clothes a few sizes too... 2002  
Anthony V. Alfieri ETHICS, RACE, AND REFORM 54 Stanford Law Review 1389 (June, 2002) Deborah Rhode is a highly acclaimed scholar and a distinguished public servant. Prolific in both academic scholarship and popular commentary, she is the author of numerous books, articles, and essays on the law and the legal profession. In an important convergence of her roles as a scholar and a public intellectual, Rhode recently returned to the... 2002  
Richard Delgado EXPLAINING THE RISE AND FALL OF AFRICAN AMERICAN FORTUNES-INTEREST CONVERGENCE AND CIVIL RIGHTS GAINS 37 Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 369 (Summer, 2002) In 1958, an Alabama court sentenced Jimmy Wilson, a black handyman, to death for the crime of stealing less than two dollars in change. When the world press trumpeted the story, an embarrassed Secretary of State John Foster Dulles intervened and helped overturn Wilson's sentence. A new book by University of Southern California Law Center legal... 2002  
Catherine Albiston , Tonya Brito , Jane E. Larson FEMINISM IN RELATION 17 Wisconsin Women's Law Journal 1 (Spring 2002) Why does a gender hierarchy persist in the face of declarations of gender equality before the law? This is the question with which the Interdisciplinary Feminism Project began in organizing Feminist Theories of Relation in the Shadow of the Law: An Interdisciplinary Critical Dialogue on Theory. The day-long event brought together feminist scholars... 2002  
Harold A. Mcdougall FOR CRITICAL RACE PRACTITIONERS: RACE, RACISM AND AMERICAN LAW (4TH ED.) BY DERRICK A. BELL, JR. 46 Howard Law Journal 1 (Fall 2002) Blacks need to acknowledge the permanence of their subordinate status [permitting them to avoid] unrealistic strategies [and adopt more promising ones] that can bring personal fulfillment and, on occasion, even triumph.-- Derrick Bell Reflecting on what I read in Chapters One and Two [of Race, Racism and American Law] stirs an intense dislike for... 2002  
J. Angelo Corlett , Robert Francescotti FOUNDATIONS OF A THEORY OF HATE SPEECH 48 Wayne Law Review 1071 (Fall, 2002) Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or of the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the... 2002  
Douglas E. Litowitz FRANZ KAFKA'S OUTSIDER JURISPRUDENCE 27 Law and Social Inquiry 103 (Winter 2002) Kafka was the rage, proclaimed literary critic Anatole Broyard (1993) in his memoir of Greenwich Village during the 1950s. But perhaps Broyard was mistaken to speak in the past tense, considering that Kafka is more popular than ever. Over the last decade, an international collection of scholars has produced new translations of Kafka's writings... 2002  
Michael Selmi GETTING BEYOND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION: THINKING ABOUT RACIAL INEQUALITY IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY 55 Stanford Law Review 1013 (December, 2002) The Miner's Canary: Enlisting Race, Resisting Power, Transforming Democracy. By Lani Guinier & Gerald Torres. Harvard University Press 2002. 302 pp. The Anatomy of Racial Inequality. By Glenn C. Loury. Harvard University Press 2001. 169 pp. Introduction. 1013 I. Glenn Loury on Stereotpying and Stigma. 1016 II. Guinier and Torres: Political Race and... 2002  
William C. Kidder , Jay Rosner HOW THE SAT CREATES "BUILT-IN HEADWINDS": AN EDUCATIONAL AND LEGAL ANALYSIS OF DISPARATE IMPACT 43 Santa Clara Law Review 131 (2002) With the end of affirmative action, it is more apparent than ever that the old-time preferences for folks who are privileged by race and class have never died. -- Charles R. Lawrence III I. Introduction. 133 A. The SAT and Affirmative Action. 135 B. Does the SAT Accentuate or Reflect Racial and Ethnic Differences?. 141 II. Methodology and Result.... 2002  
Francisco Valdes IDENTITY MANEUVERS IN LAW AND SOCIETY: VIGNETTES OF A EURO-AMERICAN HETEROPATRIARCHY 71 UMKC Law Review 377 (Winter 2002) With this incisive article on subordination and symbiosis, Professor Nancy Ehrenreich expands the intellectual and political arsenal of conceptual tools to combat multidimensional forms and systems of subordination. Focusing on the interconnection of and among forms of subordination, Professor Ehrenreich urges at the outset that, (r)ecognition... 2002  
Nancy Levit INTRODUCTION: THEORIZING THE CONNECTIONS AMONG SYSTEMS OF SUBORDINATION 71 UMKC Law Review 227 (Winter 2002) Identity theory is a relative newcomer to jurisprudence. In part as a theoretical legacy of the civil rights movement--and in part as a reaction to its retrenchment --early critical legal theorists focused on facets of personal identity, such as race, gender, sexual orientation, and class. The first anti-subordination writings simply tried to... 2002  
Guadalupe T. Luna LATCRIT VI, AMERICA LATINA AND JURISPRUDENTIAL ASSOCIATIONS 54 Rutgers Law Review 803 (Summer 2002) During the past few years, a group of innovative thinkers and scholarly investigations have sought to introduce a more precise legal engagement into the realm of race relations. The LatCrit journey, an important example of intellectual inquiry, surfaced in formalized settings only five years prior. As an offset, LatCrit theorists not only advance,... 2002  
Ediberto Román LATCRIT VI, OUTSIDER JURISPRUDENCE AND LOOKING BEYOND IMAGINED BORDERS 54 Rutgers Law Review 1155 (Summer 2002) The white man . . . desires the world and wants it for himself alone. He considers himself predestined to rule the world. He has made it useful to himself. But there are values which do not submit to his rule. -Frantz Fanon If God were black my friend, everything would change, it would be our race, my friend, which would have the power. The... 2002  
Kellye Y. Testy LINKING PROGRESSIVE CORPORATE LAW WITH PROGRESSIVE SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 76 Tulane Law Review 1227 (June, 2002) In Linking Progressive Corporate Law with Progressive Social Movements, Professor Testy critically assesses what has been termed a new corporate social responsibility project. After noting the hegemony of shareholder primacy in corporate law, she critiques four major counter-hegemonic discourses: team production theory, corporate social... 2002  
Leroy D. Clark MOVEMENTS IN CRISIS: EMPLOYEE-OWNED BUSINESSES--A STRATEGY FOR COALITION BETWEEN UNIONS AND CIVIL RIGHTS ORGANIZATIONS 46 Howard Law Journal 49 (Fall 2002) Our country has seen two great movements for justice: one led by labor unions to protect workers, and the other led by civil rights organizations to end racial segregation and discrimination. The two movements have had much in common in terms of the tasks that they confronted and the tactics used. Both built organizations based on a growing... 2002  
Tanya Katerí Hernández MULTIRACIAL MATRIX: THE ROLE OF RACE IDEOLOGY IN THE ENFORCEMENT OF ANTIDISCRIMINATION LAWS, A UNITED STATES-LATIN AMERICA COMPARISON 87 Cornell Law Review 1093 (July, 2002) This Article examines the role of race ideology in the enforcement of antidiscrimination laws. Professor Hernández demonstrates the ways in which the U.S. race ideology is slowly starting to resemble the race ideology of much of Latin America. The evolving U.S. race ideology is a multiracial matrix made up of four precepts: (1) racial mixture and... 2002  
Benjamin Fleury-Steiner NARRATIVES OF THE DEATH SENTENCE: TOWARD A THEORY OF LEGAL NARRATIVITY 36 Law and Society Review 549 (2002) This article investigates how the consciousness of ordinary citizens enlisted as jurors in death penalty trials is racialized. The study draws on post-trial interviews with some 66 white and black jurors who served on 24 capital trials in which either a white or black defendant received the death sentence. Findings among white jurors reveal a... 2002  
Ruben J. Garcia NEW VOICES AT WORK: RACE AND GENDER IDENTITY CAUCUSES IN THE U.S. LABOR MOVEMENT 54 Hastings Law Journal 79 (November, 2002) Introduction. 81 I. A Brief History of Minority Voice in the Labor Movement--The Historical and Contextual Need for Identity Caucuses in Unions. 92 A. Racism, Sexism, and Anti-Immigrant Sentiment in the Labor Movement. 92 B. Black Caucuses, 1964-1975. 94 C. Rank-and-File Protest Outside the Auto Industry. 97 D. Chicano/Chicana Insurgency. 100 E.... 2002  
Suzanne B. Goldberg ON MAKING ANTI-ESSENTIALIST AND SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONIST ARGUMENTS IN COURT 81 Oregon Law Review 629 (Fall 2002) One of my most intense disagreements with another lawyer during nearly a decade of lesbian and gay rights litigation concerned social constructionism. The lawyer (a law professor, if truth be told) wanted to argue in an amicus brief to the United States Supreme Court that sexual orientation, like race, was a social constructed category. He reasoned... 2002  
Khiara M. Bridges ON THE COMMODIFICATION OF THE BLACK FEMALE BODY: THE CRITICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE ALIENABILITY OF FETAL TISSUE 102 Columbia Law Review 123 (January, 2002) Recent scientific experimentation has revealed that fetal tissue yielded from abortions has remarkable therapeutic value. This Note posits that the demand for fetal tissue likely will expand to the point where the current supply no longer satisfies it. Therefore, in order to obtain tissue from women who would not otherwise donate their abortuses,... 2002  
Berta Esperanza Hernández-Truyol OUT OF THE SHADOWS: TRAVERSING THE IMAGINARY OF SAMENESS, DIFFERENCE, AND RELATIONALISM - A HUMAN RIGHTS PROPOSAL 17 Wisconsin Women's Law Journal 111 (Spring 2002) Throughout history different visions of men and women have evolved; from Aristotle to Aquinas, they have been deemed to exist in separate spheres. These different images are deeply embedded in our psychology. They define our expectations about appropriate behavior of and locations for men and women in law and civil society. One author captures... 2002  
Thorne Clark PROTECTION FROM PROTECTION: SECTION 1983 AND THE ADA'S IMPLICATIONS FOR DEVISING A RACE-CONSCIOUS POLICE MISCONDUCT STATUTE 150 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 1585 (May, 2002) In the dome the prisoner waited . . . shackled to inertia by a great chain of years. -- Henry Dumas, black-American author slain bya police officer in a case of mistaken identity Henry Dumas was no prophet; he merely illustrated what was and is readily apparent to those inclined or forced to consider the extent and the impact of racism in daily... 2002  
Laura E. Gómez RACE MATTERED: RACIAL FORMATION AND THE POLITICS OF CRIME IN TERRITORIAL NEW MEXICO 49 UCLA Law Review 1395 (June, 2002) In this Article, Professor Gómez elaborates on Michael Omi and Howard Winant's theory of racial formation. First, she provides an empirical application of the theory to a particular legal context: criminal litigation in late-nineteenth-century New Mexico. Second, while Omi and Winant emphasize the theory's fit with mid- and late-twentieth-century... 2002  
Rachel F. Moran RACE, REPRESENTATION, AND REMEMBERING 49 UCLA Law Review 1513 (June, 2002) Both law and history have played important roles in consolidating the identity of the modern nation-state. Although each discipline relies on similar fact-finding techniques, the two fields diverged as historians pursued grand narratives and legal scholars sought a rationalized and perfected system of laws. Today, the intellectual traditions in... 2002  
Cheryl L. Wade RACIAL DISCRIMINATION AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DIRECTORIAL DUTY OF CARE AND CORPORATE DISCLOSURE 63 University of Pittsburgh Law Review 389 (Winter, 2002) Two corporate employers paid settlements of seismic proportions to minority employees alleging race discrimination in recent years. In 1996, Texaco settled a class action alleging race discrimination for $176 million, and in 2000, Coca-Cola settled race discrimination litigation for $192.5 million. The terms of both settlements required the... 2002  
Spencer Overton RACIAL DISPARITIES AND THE POLITICAL FUNCTION OF PROPERTY 49 UCLA Law Review 1553 (June, 2002) Race theorists note that racial discrimination has shaped the existing distribution of economic resources, and use this observation to justify reparations, to defend affirmative action, and to call for other legal changes that would improve the socioeconomic status of people of color. This Article takes the theorists' observation further. Property... 2002  
Robert Westley REPARATIONS AND SYMBIOSIS: RECLAIMING THE REMEDIAL FOCUS 71 UMKC Law Review 419 (Winter 2002) The metaphors that a society uses to describe injustice matter to the extent that they inform remedial responses to the unjust, motivate political resistance, and construct identity narratives for actors caught up in the web of social relations. Racism is a powerful metaphor of injustice that crosses multiple social boundaries. Sexism is another... 2002  
Pedro A. Malavet REPARATIONS THEORY AND POSTCOLONIAL PUERTO RICO: SOME PRELIMINARY THOUGHTS 13 Berkeley La Raza Law Journal 387 (Fall 2002) Introduction: Why Are You Here?. 387 I. Rotating Centers in the Reparations Discourse: The Sensitive Matter of Race. 393 II. Reparations Theory Through a LatCrit Lens. 399 A. The Legislation-Litigation Paradox for Reparations. 399 B. Constructing a LatCritical Meaning for Reparations. 404 C. Re/Creating Citizenship for Oppressed Groups Through... 2002  
Maria Grahn-Farley RESPONSIBLE SELVES: WOMEN IN THE NORDIC LEGAL CULTURES. (KEVÄT NOUSIAINEN, ASA GUNNARSSON, KARIN LUNDSTRÖM, & JOHANNA NIEMI-KIESILÄINEN EDS.). BURLINGTON, VERMONT: ASHGATE DARTMOUTH, 2001. IX + 373. 24 Michigan Journal of International Law 169 (Fall 2002) A ghost is haunting Europe today, the ghost of fascism. The European elections have been haunted by fascist political success. Fascism in Europe is as alive today as it was in the 1930s. Neo-nazi and fascist activities haunt Europe and threaten its future. The recent French presidential election is but one example of the ghost of fascism haunting... 2002  
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