AuthorTitleCitationSummaryYearKey Terms in Title or Summary
John G. Osborn LEGAL PHILOSOPHY AND JUDICIAL REVIEW OF AGENCY STATUTORY INTERPRETATION 36 Harvard Journal on Legislation 115 (Winter, 1999) In response to the increasing complexity of our federal government, Congress has shifted much of its authority for policy development and implementation to administrative agencies. In 1984, the Supreme Court defined the constraints surrounding the power of these agencies to interpret and implement statutes when it handed down its decision in... 1999  
John B. Mitchell NARRATIVE AND CLIENT-CENTERED REPRESENTATION: WHAT IS A TRUE BELIEVER TO DO WHEN HIS TWO FAVORITE THEORIES COLLIDE? 6 Clinical Law Review 85 (Fall 1999) By nature I am a somewhat skeptical person. I do not trust much of what is in the papers, except perhaps the box scores contained in the sports section. Nor am I tempted to send away $19.95 plus shipping and handling for some cream which, when rubbed over the surface of my faded and rust-pitted car, is promised to magically restore the paint to its... 1999  
Peggy Cooper Davis NEGLECTED STORIES AND PROGRESSIVE CONSTITUTIONALISM 4 Widener Law Symposium Journal 101 (Spring, 1999) This symposium was convened to consider whether the Constitution of the United States was, is, or will be a progressive constitution. Although the meaning of progressivism has been held open for our exploration, we have been asked to take as a starting point the thought that progressivism entails commitment to three endeavors: 1) using law and... 1999  
Donald Braman OF RACE AND IMMUTABILITY 46 UCLA Law Review 1375 (June, 1999) In this Article, Donald Braman reviews the diversity of scientific and political opinion in debates about the nature of race and the consequences that these disagreements have had for constitutional law. He finds that the varied scientific and legislative classifications, presented in the briefs and oral arguments of a number of cases from Plessy... 1999  
Craig Hemmens , Katherine Bennett OUT IN THE STREET: JUVENILE CRIME, JUVENILE CURFEWS, AND THE CONSTITUTION 34 Gonzaga Law Review 267 (1998-1999) I would there were no age between ten and three-and-twenty, or that youth would sleep out the rest; for there is nothing in the between but getting wenches with child, wronging the ancientry, stealing, fighting. The awful precocity of youth and the criminal irresponsibility of parents, both alarmingly more glaring year by year . . . Once, kids were... 1999  
Pamela J. Smith ; PART II--ROMANTIC PATERNALISM--THE TIES THAT BIND: HIERARCHIES OF ECONOMIC OPPRESSION THAT REVEAL JUDICIAL DISAFFINITY FOR BLACK WOMEN AND MEN 3 Journal of Gender, Race and Justice 181 (Fall 1999) Preface I. Introduction II. Black Women and Economic Exploitation: No Romance and No Paternalistic Protection A. Economic Exploitation of Black Women's Labor B. Expanded Economic Exploitation 1. Exploitation Shown Through Type of Work Availability 2. Exploitation Shown Through Wage Disparities C. Black Women's Quasi-Protection Under Sex Plus D.... 1999  
Pamela J. Smith PART I--ROMANTIC PATERNALISM--THE TIES THAT BIND ALSO FREE: REVEALING THE CONTOURS OF JUDICIAL AFFINITY FOR WHITE WOMEN 3 Journal of Gender, Race and Justice 107 (Fall 1999) Preface I. Introduction II. Romantic Paternalism of Old: Law as a Cage A. Civic Disenfranchisement Under Romantic Paternalism B. Political Disenfranchisement Under Romantic Paternalism C. Educational Disenfranchisement Under Romantic Paternalism D. Economic Disenfranchisement Under Romantic Paternalism III. Broadening of Romantic Paternalism A.... 1999  
Tayyab Mahmud POSTCOLONIAL IMAGINARIES: ALTERNATIVE DEVELOPMENT OR ALTERNATIVES TO DEVELOPMENT? 9 Transnational Law & Contemporary Problems 25 (Spring, 1999) I. The Development Project. 27 II. Imprisoned Critiques. 28 III. Response to the Other Papers. 30 IV. Alternatives to Development. 32 1999  
Anthony V. Alfieri PROSECUTING RACE 48 Duke Law Journal 1157 (April, 1999) Theoreticians and practitioners in the American criminal justice system increasingly debate the role of racial identity, racialized narratives, and race-neutral representation in law, lawyering, and ethics. This debate holds special bearing on the growing prosecution and defense of acts of racially motivated violence. In this continuing... 1999  
Reginald Leamon Robinson RACE CONSCIOUSNESS: A MERE MEANS OF PREVENTING ESCAPES FROM THE CONTROL OF HER WHITE MASTERS? 15 Touro Law Review 401 (Winter, 1999) Ye are gods; and all of you are children of the most High. the Black Code , in the times [of] slavery forb[ade proprietors] to receive persons of the African race, because it might assist slaves to escape from the control of their masters. to classify is to disturb to build emphases, to create stresses, which obscure some of the data... 1999  
Harvey Gee RACE, RIGHTS, AND THE ASIAN AMERICAN EXPERIENCE: A REVIEW ESSAY 13 Georgetown Immigration Law Journal 635 (Summer, 1999) As a movement for social change, Asian American activism must confront institutional forces that maintain the status quo. Asian American movements face additional burdens that stem from society's refusal to acknowledge the oppression, humanity, and the very existence of Asian Americans. Ancheta's book represents one of the most comprehensive and... 1999  
Dorothy A. Brown RACIAL EQUALITY IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY: WHAT'S TAX POLICY GOT TO DO WITH IT? 21 University of Arkansas at Little Rock Law Review 759 (Summer, 1999) [T]ax . . . statutes . . . may be more burdensome to the poor and to the average black than to the more affluent white. In 1976, Supreme Court Justice Byron White recognized that tax statutes may have a disparate impact based upon race. Yet, it has taken the legal academy until the 1990's to begin to address those issues, and given the recent... 1999  
John O. Calmore RANDOM NOTES OF AN INTEGRATION WARRIOR-- PART 2: A CRITICAL RESPONSE TO THE HEGEMONIC "TRUTH" OF DANIEL FARBER AND SUZANNA SHERRY 83 Minnesota Law Review 1589 (June, 1999) It is apparent on closer study that, while the official discourse of anti-racism is one of universalism, there are various important subtexts or counter-themes which are used as part of common sense without stock of their implications for the general model.--Cathie Lloyd Hegemony contributes to or constitutes a form of social cohesion not through... 1999  
by Ediberto Roman RECONSTRUCTING SELF-DETERMINATION: THE ROLE OF CRITICAL THEORY IN THE POSITIVIST INTERNATIONAL LAW PARADIGM 53 University of Miami Law Review 943 (July, 1999) Welcome to the third annual LatCrit conference's panel on Race, Nation, and Identity: Indigenous Peoples and LatCrit Theory. As moderator of this panel, I will undertake two tasks. First, I will introduce the panelists and provide a few words concerning a common theme that this illustrious group will address. This theme revolves around the role... 1999  
Victoria Ortiz & Jennifer Elrod REFLECTIONS OF LATCRIT III: FINDING "FAMILY" 53 University of Miami Law Review 1257 (July, 1999) We arrived in Miami on May 7, 1998, feeling emotionally exhausted from the events of the past several months that had reinforced for the two of us the centrality and primacy of family, kinship, and belonging. We were curious about what awaited us at our first LatCrit Conference (LatCrit III). We were excited at the prospect of seeing old friends... 1999  
Peter Margulies RE-FRAMING EMPATHY IN CLINICAL LEGAL EDUCATION 5 Clinical Law Review 605 (Spring, 1999) There are two important things to remember about empathy--it is necessary, and it is impossible. Without some degree of empathy, which I define here as imagining the mutuality and difference reflected in someone else's standpoint, people could not live together. Even conservatives, who generally disdain government obligations to assist people... 1999  
Tracy E. Higgins REGARDING RIGHTS: AN ESSAY HONORING THE FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS 30 Columbia Human Rights Law Review 225 (Spring, 1999) The half-century since the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights has been famously heralded as the Age of Rights and the concept of human rights described as the only political-moral idea that has gained universal acceptance. During the same period, however, both terms defining the subjecthuman and rightshave become... 1999  
Pamela J. Smith RELIANCE ON THE KINDNESS OF STRANGERS: THE MYTH OF TRANSRACIAL AFFINITY VERSUS THE REALITIES OF TRANSRACIAL EDUCATIONAL PEDISM 52 Rutgers Law Review 1 (Fall, 1999) In this Article, Professor Smith presents the second in a series of articles discussing the educational obstacles facing children generally and, in particular, Black children. Professor Smith begins by exploring and challenging the myth that, since we all care for children, there is no need to be concerned about negative legislative action and... 1999  
David Dante Troutt SCREWS, KOON, AND ROUTINE ABERRATIONS: THE USE OF FICTIONAL NARRATIVES IN FEDERAL POLICE BRUTALITY PROSECUTIONS 74 New York University Law Review 18 (April 1, 1999) Depite periodic outcries in response to particular outrages, it remains notoriously difficult to prosecute police brutality. In this form-shattering Article, Professor Troutt attributes much of this difficulty to the overwhelming power of the stories mainstream American culture tells about the encounters leading to police violence. In this piece.... 1999  
David E. Bernstein SEX DISCRIMINATION LAWS VERSUS CIVIL LIBERTIES 1999 University of Chicago Legal Forum 133 (1999) Many Americans believe in two ultimately conflicting principles: first, that civil liberties such as freedom of speech, freedom of association, and freedom of religion, must be protected from infringement by the government; and, second, that a broad antidiscrimination principle requires government to intervene in civil society in order to eliminate... 1999  
Sharon Elizabeth Rush SHARING SPACE: WHY RACIAL GOODWILL ISN'T ENOUGH 32 Connecticut Law Review 1 (Fall, 1999) On your mark. Get Set. GO! yelled the coach, as he let go of the two young girls' shoulders, freeing them to run as fast as they could to the finish line. Tie, said the assistant coach as each girl slapped his outstretched hands. Mary and Annie (not their real names) smiled at each other, obviously pleased with their performances and their... 1999  
Athena D. Mutua SHIFTING BOTTOMS AND ROTATING CENTERS: REFLECTIONS ON LATCRIT III AND THE BLACK/WHITE PARADIGM 53 University of Miami Law Review 1177 (July, 1999) This essay chronicles my participation at the LatCrit III Conference and examines some of the issues raised. It touches on battles that rage within our efforts to build coalitions across boundaries of race and ethnicity, and it poses questions of centers, bottoms and models. Specifically, it asks: What group should be at the center of a given... 1999  
Laura M. Padilla SOCIAL AND LEGAL REPERCUSSIONS OF LATINOS' COLONIZED MENTALITY 53 University of Miami Law Review 769 (July, 1999) Internalized oppression is the turning upon ourselves, our families and our people the distressed patterns of behavior that result from the racism and oppression of the minority society. Internalized racism is directed more specifically at one's racial or ethnic group. Internalized oppression and racism are insidious forces that cause marginalized... 1999  
Timothy E. Lin SOCIAL NORMS AND JUDICIAL DECISIONMAKING: EXAMINING THE ROLE OF NARRATIVES IN SAME-SEX ADOPTION CASES 99 Columbia Law Review 739 (April, 1999) The landmark decision of the Hawaii Supreme Court in Baehr v. Lewin focused the nation's attention on the topic of same-sex marriage. But same-sex marriage is only one aspect of a greater trend in the gay rights movement challenging the traditional definition of family. Lesbians and gays are increasingly seeking to form families through the... 1999  
Kathryn Abrams SOME REALISM ABOUT ELECTORALISM: RETHINKING JUDICIAL CAMPAIGN FINANCE 72 Southern California Law Review 505 (January/March, 1999) In his landmark article on judicial campaign finance, Roy Schotland bemoaned the scant attention given to elected judges in the law school curriculum. He might have said the same thing about the treatment of elected judges in legal scholarship. With a few notable exceptions, the existing works which discuss elected judges consist of short articles... 1999  
Gerald B. Wetlaufer SYSTEMS OF BELIEF IN MODERN AMERICAN LAW: A VIEW FROM CENTURY'S END 49 American University Law Review 1 (October, 1999) Introduction. 2 I. The Range of Theoretical Perspectives. 8 A. Liberalism: The Master Paradigm. 9 B. Turn-of-the-Century Formalism. 10 C. Legal Realism. 16 D. The Legal Process School. 21 E. Law and Economics. 34 F. The Legal Positivist/Analytic Tradition. 43 G. Contemporary Critical Theory. 48 II. Dimensions of Difference. 59 A. The Fairness and... 1999  
Richard S. Markovits TAKING LEGAL ARGUMENT SERIOUSLY: AN INTRODUCTION 74 Chicago-Kent Law Review 317 (1999) The phrase taking legal argument seriously can be used in a number of different senses. The two that are most relevant for the purposes of this Introduction might be called the conviction sense and the pragmatic-craftsmanship sense. An individual takes a given culture's legal argument seriously in the conviction sense if he believes in the... 1999  
Pamela J. Smith TEACHING THE RETRENCHMENT GENERATION: WHEN SAPPHIRE MEETS SOCRATES AT THE INTERSECTION OF RACE, GENDER, AND AUTHORITY 6 William & Mary Journal of Women and the Law 53 (Fall, 1999) The story of black women law professors in the legal academy has yet to be [fully] told. This [Article continues] . . . the process of creating a record of our experiences as teachers, scholars, administrators, and participants in the law school culture. This Article is about perceptions and the negative sociological factors that feed these... 1999  
David L. Shapiro THE CASE OF THE SPELUNCEAN EXPLORERS: A FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY SYMPOSIUM FOREWORD: A CAVE DRAWING FOR THE AGES 112 Harvard Law Review 1834 (June, 1999) When I was a student in law school, my two favorite law review articles were Henry Hart's famous dialogue and Lon Fuller's presentation of the case of the speluncean explorers. They still are. Why is that so? Perhaps one never quite gets over the joy of discovering a fine work of art or literature when one is young. (I still revere War and Peace,... 1999  
Melissa Cole THE COLOR-BLIND CONSTITUTION, CIVIL RIGHTS-TALK, AND A MULTICULTURAL DISCOURSE FOR A POST-REPARATIONS WORLD 25 New York University Review of Law and Social Change 127 (1999) People keep telling me that this is historic. I guess it is historic in that we're starting this new age of post-affirmative action. But I don't think it's nearly as much an act compared to the people before me who broke the color barriers the first time. Eric Brooks, Boalt Hall, Class of 2000 On November 5, 1996, California voters approved... 1999  
Paulette M. Caldwell THE CONTENT OF OUR CHARACTERIZATIONS 5 Michigan Journal of Race and Law 53 (Fall 1999) INTRODUCTION. 53 I. Reconstructing the Dominant Paradigm of Race. 62 A. Inside Black and White. 62 1. Separate-but-Equal Binaries. 65 2. The Rise of Exceptionalist Claims. 68 3. Restorying the Black-White Paradigm. 76 B. Of Race and Ethnicity. 80 1. Race Versus Ethnicity. 80 2. Conservative Ethnicity Theory. 84 II. Movements, Models and the... 1999  
Enrique R. Carrasco , Kristen J. Berg THE E-BOOK ON INTERNATIONAL FINANCE AND DEVELOPMENT HTTP:// WWW.UIOWA.EDU/IFDEBOOK/ 9 Transnational Law & Contemporary Problems I (Spring, 1999) Kristen Berg and I are very pleased to publish the E-Book on International Finance and Development in this issue of Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems. Debuted in the spring of 1998, the E-Book is the main feature of The University of Iowa Center for International Finance & Development (UICIFD), an innovative website that came to life... 1999  
James Gray Pope THE FIRST AMENDMENT, THE THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT, AND THE RIGHT TO ORGANIZE IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY 51 Rutgers Law Review 941 (Symposium, 1999) In labor movement circles, there is increasing interest in the idea of launching a major, long-term campaign to establish the right to organize as a meaningful civil right. Thus far, the Constitution has played little role in the discussion. Instead, strategists have focused on revitalizing section 7 of the National Labor Relations Act. In this... 1999  
Barbara Phillips Sullivan THE GIFT OF HOPWOOD: DIVERSITY AND THE FIFE AND DRUM MARCH BACK TO THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 34 Georgia Law Review 291 (Fall, 1999) The term diversity is a curious word appearing with increasing frequency at a time when popular opinion and the judiciary are signaling a hostility toward equality claims by African-Americans. The term and the debate about its value as an institutional interest play a significant role in federal court decisions that address issues of equality and... 1999  
Berta Esperanza Hernández-Truyol THE LATINDIA AND MESTIZAJES : OF CULTURES, CONQUESTS, AND LATCRITICAL FEMINISM 3 Journal of Gender, Race and Justice 63 (Fall 1999) Who is your mother? is an important question. . . . Failure to know your mother, that is, your position and its attendant traditions, history, and place in the scheme of things, is failure to remember your significance, your reality, your right relationship to earth and society. It is the same as being lost . . . . La historia del pueblo cubano,... 1999  
Beverly Horsburgh THE MYTH OF A MODEL MINORITY: THE TRANSFORMATION OF KNOWLEDGE INTO POWER 10 UCLA Women's Law Journal 165 (Winter 1999) Drawing on her own background as a Jewish woman, Professor Horsburgh looks at the harmful effects of the myth in her own community and the ways it impedes the progress of other minorities. Professor Horsburgh finds that as an inspiration of the dominant liberal ideology, the myth disguises patriarchy, encourages cultural imperialism, and... 1999  
Peter Margulies THE NEW CLASS ACTION JURISPRUDENCE AND PUBLIC INTEREST LAW 25 New York University Review of Law and Social Change 487 (1999) Class actions have always contended with imputations of illegitimacy. Conservatives have viewed class actions as promoting unproductive litigation. Some progressives have argued that class actions privilege the lawyer's role, stifling the voices of clients. Along with Calmore and Tremblay, among others, I have sought to develop a contextual... 1999  
RONALD J. KROTOSZYNSKI, JR. THE NEW LEGAL PROCESS: GAMES PEOPLE PLAY AND THE QUEST FOR LEGITIMATE JUDICIAL DECISION MAKING 77 Washington University Law Quarterly 993 (1999) Once upon a time, many in the American legal academy subscribed to a theory of judicial decision making called Legal Process Theory. Scholarly giants like Professor Henry Hart and Professor Herbert Wechsler argued (quite famously) that the particular result in a given case was far less important than the analytical tools used to justify the... 1999  
Deborah Waire Post THE SALIENCE OF RACE 15 Touro Law Review 351 (Winter, 1999) In January of 1998, at the Annual Meeting of the Association of American Law Schools, the organizing committee for the 3 Annual Northeast People of Color Conference got together in the lobby of the Hilton Hotel in downtown San Francisco. Dressed in our We Won't Go Back tee shirts and caps and gowns, we held an impromptu brainstorming session. We... 1999  
Terrance Sandalow THE SHAPE OF THE RIVER: LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES OF CONSIDERING RACE IN COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY ADMISSIONS. BY WILLIAM G. BOWEN AND DEREK BOK. PRINCETON: PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS. PP. XXXVI, 472. $24.95. 97 Michigan Law Review 1874 (May, 1999) During the academic year 1965-66, at the height of the civil rights movement, the University of Michigan Law School faculty looked around and saw not a single African-American student. The absence of any black students was not, it should hardly need saying, attributable to a policy of purposeful exclusion. A black student graduated from the Law... 1999  
Benjamin Baez THE SUPREME COURT AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION: NARRATIVES ABOUT RACE AND JUSTICE 18 Saint Louis University Public Law Review 413 (1999) I start this essay with what may be a simple premise: judges tell stories in order to persuade others that their opinions are the correct ones. I end with a more complicated premise: the affirmative action stories illustrate not only how judges attempt to persuade others but also how language constitutes oppressive social structures. The social... 1999  
Arthur Austin THE TOP TEN POLITICALLY CORRECT LAW REVIEW ARTICLES 27 Florida State University Law Review 233 (Fall, 1999) I. L2-3,T3introduction and Criteria 233. II. L2-3,T3the Top Ten 237. a. number One. 237 b. number Two. 241 c. number Three. 246 d. number Four. 250 e. number Five. 254 f. number Six. 257 g. number Seven. 261 h. number Eight. 265 i. number Nine. 268 j. number Ten. 271 III. L2-3,T3the Implications 276. 1999  
Jon Gould THE TRIUMPH OF HATE SPEECH REGULATION: WHY GENDER WINS BUT RACE LOSES IN AMERICA 6 Michigan Journal of Gender & Law 153 (1999) I. Sexual Harassment Law and Campus Speech Codes 156 II. Disparity in Judicial Treatment 164 A. Sexual Harassment 165 B. Hate Speech Codes 168 III. Traditional Explanations for the Disparity 170 A. Employment vs. Educational Settings 170 B. Special Status of Colleges and Universities 178 C. Universities Overstepping Their Own... 1999  
Jerome McCristal Culp, Jr. TO THE BONE: RACE AND WHITE PRIVILEGE 83 Minnesota Law Review 1637 (June, 1999) Toni Morrison once explained how deeply meaning can be buried in a text. She was asked where in the text of her novel, Beloved, Sethe killed the baby. She answered the questioner by replying confidently that it had happened in a particular chapter, but when she went to look for it there she--the author-- could not find it. Meanings can be difficult... 1999  
Wendy Brown Scott TRANSFORMATIVE DESEGREGATION: LIBERATING HEARTS AND MINDS 2 Journal of Gender, Race and Justice 315 (Spring 1999) Introduction I. Contextualizing the Call to Desegrate Curriculum A. The Origins of Racially Subordinating Curriculum B. The Significance of University Culture Wars II. Liberating Hearts and Minds: Foundation for a Transformative Theory of Desegregation A. The Limits of Liberalism and Critical Theory B. Black Liberation Theology: Norms and Sources... 1999  
J. Richard Broughton UNFORGETTABLE, TOO: THE (JURIS)PRUDENTIAL LEGACY OF THE SECOND JUSTICE HARLAN 10 Seton Hall Constitutional Law Journal 57 (Fall, 1999) In his baseball masterpiece Men at Work, George F. Will relates an occasional comment by former Oakland Athletics owner Charlie Finley, who said [T]he day Custer lost at Little Bighorn the Chicago White Sox beat the Cincinnati Red Legs, 3-2. Both teams wore knickers. And they are still wearing them today. DD While Finley's statement may lack... 1999  
Matthew S. Lerner WHEN DIVERSITY LEADS TO ADVERSITY: THE PRINCIPLES OF PROMOTING DIVERSITY IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS, PREMONITIONS OF THE TAXMAN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION SETTLEMENT 47 Buffalo Law Review 1035 (Spring 1999) B.J. was a 10-year old Black student who had always done his work diligently with average results. At the end of third grade, B.J.'s parents were told that he had done well enough to pass. The following September, without notice to his parents, B.J. was placed in a class for children who were either mentally retarded or had learning disabilities.... 1999  
Steven G. Gey WHY RUBBISH MATTERS: THE NEOCONSERVATIVE UNDERPINNINGS OF SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONIST THEORY 83 Minnesota Law Review 1707 (June, 1999) Anyone who has paid the slightest attention to legal scholarship during the last ten years will already be familiar with the theories patiently addressed by Daniel Farber and Suzanna Sherry in their book Beyond All Reason. This book is already notorious in some circles, although non-academics will be mystified that such a ruckus could be raised by... 1999  
Elvia Rosales Arriola WILDLY DIFFERENT: ANTI-GAY PEER HARASSMENT IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS 1 Georgetown Journal of Gender and the Law 5 (Fall, 1999) The failure of public school officials to address students' homophobic assaults on other students is a significant factor in the psychological stress experienced by teenagers adjusting to the awareness of being lesbian, gay, bisexual, and/or transgender (LGBT). Researchers, advocates, and activists must explore more deeply how the multiplicity of... 1999  
Tanya Katerí Hernández "MULTIRACIAL" DISCOURSE: RACIAL CLASSIFICATIONS IN AN ERA OF COLOR-BLIND JURISPRUDENCE 57 Maryland Law Review 97 (1998) Introduction. 98 I. The Background and Motivation of the Multiracial Category Movement. 106 II. The Adverse Consequences of Multiracial Discourse. 115 A. The Reaffirmation of the Value of Whiteness in Racial Hierarchy. 115 B. The Dissociation of a Racially Subordinated Buffer Class from Equality Efforts. 121 C. The Continuation of the Color-Blind... 1998  
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