AuthorTitleCitationSummaryYearKey Terms in Title or Summary
Sylvia R. Lazos Vargas INTRODUCTION 33 U.C. Davis Law Review 1429 (Summer, 2000) The fifth and final cluster of this LatCrit IV Symposium, International Linkages and Domestic Engagement, includes five important contributions to LatCrit IV's focus on global issues by Professors Timothy Canova, Gil Gott, Tayyab Mahmud, Ediberto Roman, and Chantal Thomas. Since the inception of the LatCrit movement, LatCrit scholars have been... 2000  
Francisco Valdes INTRODUCTION 33 U.C. Davis Law Review 897 (Summer, 2000) The wonderful quartet of essays that follows this Introduction is emblematic of LatCrit efforts to practice some of the guideposts made explicit or suggested in early LatCrit works. In the following essays' critiques of religion, class, gender, and race as complex webs of power that mark and oftentimes threaten Latinas/os and other people of... 2000  
Rev. Robert John Araujo, S.J. JUSTICE AS RIGHT RELATIONSHIP: A PHILOSOPHICAL AND THEOLOGICAL REFLECTION ON AFFIRMATIVE ACTION 27 Pepperdine Law Review 377 (April, 2000) Justice, and only justice, you shall pursue. [C]ease to do evil, learn to do good; seek justice .. For justice, we must go to Don Corleone. Justice. Lawyers, judges, law students, and many members of the public often use the term. Its meaning is generally understood throughout the legal profession, the bench, and the lay communityor so it... 2000  
Ioannis S. Papadopoulos & Mark Tushnet LEGAL HERMENEUTICS AT A CROSSROADS: GIUSEPPE ZACCARIA'S QUESTIONI DI INTERPRETAZIONE (1996) 8 Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law 261 (Summer 2000) Fourteen years ago Giuseppe Zaccaria published two volumes that proved to be quite influential in European legal philosophy. Zaccaria is a continental legal philosopher with a background in the Padova school of jurisprudence and is a student of the prominent German legal philosopher and proceduralist Josef Esser. Zaccaria introduced to the Italian... 2000  
Pedro A. Malavet LITERATURE AND THE ARTS AS ANTISUBORDINATION PRAXIS: LATCRIT THEORY AND CULTURAL PRODUCTION: THE CONFESSIONS OF AN ACCIDENTAL CRIT 33 U.C. Davis Law Review 1293 (Summer, 2000) Nuestra pobre America, que comenzo a rezar cuando ya eran prehistoria los viejos testamentos . cuando la historia estaba llena de guerreros, el alma llena de misticos, el pensamiento lleno de filosofos, la belleza llena de artistas, y la ciencia llena de sabios .. Todo lo que cruzaba el mar era mejor y, cuando no teniamos salvacion, aparecio lo... 2000  
Larry Catá Backer MEASURING THE PENETRATION OF OUTSIDER SCHOLARSHIP INTO THE COURTS: INDIFFERENCE, HOSTILITY, ENGAGEMENT 33 U.C. Davis Law Review 1173 (Summer, 2000) Many people have complained lately about the increasing irrelevance of legal scholarship. More often than not, emerging schools of legal scholarship are the specific targets of these complaints. [P]ostmodern jurisprudence is characterized by an enormous disjunction between theory and practice, between the legal academy and the judiciary. But... 2000  
Elizabeth E. Joh NARRATING PAIN: THE PROBLEM WITH VICTIM IMPACT STATEMENTS 10 Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal 17 (Fall 2000) [Not being allowed to make a victim impact statement] was the most crushing feeling in the world. It was feeling like a secondhand citizen, like a piece of evidence. -- Roberta Roper, mother of a murder victim Q: Could you tell the Court, Mrs. Johnson, how the loss of Daralyn Johnson has affected you personally? A: I would say probably... 2000  
Leland Ware PEOPLE OF COLOR IN THE ACADEMY: PATTERNS OF DISCRIMINATION IN FACULTY HIRING AND RETENTION 20 Boston College Third World Law Journal 55 (Winter, 2000) On March 25-28, 1999, a group of more than one hundred minority law professors met at John Marshall Law School in Chicago, Illinois. Regional conferences of this sort have been held annually since 1990, but the Chicago event was the first time that the various conferences gathered at a single meeting. The First National Meeting of the Regional... 2000  
Pedro A. Malavet PUERTO RICO:CULTURAL NATION, AMERICAN COLONY 6 Michigan Journal of Race and Law 1 (Fall 2000) INTRODUCTION. 2 I. Historical Development of the Legal Relationship between Puerto Rico and the Estados Unidos de Norteamérica (U.S.A.). 11 A. Historical Antecedents: The First Colony. 12 B. The Second Colony: Development of the United States-Puerto Rico Legal Regime. 21 1. Booty of the Spanish-American War. 21 2. Legal Consequences of the New... 2000  
Laurie Rose Kepros QUEER THEORY: WEED OR SEED IN THE GARDEN OF LEGAL THEORY? 9 Law and Sexuality: A Review of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Legal Issues 279 (1999-2000) I. Introduction: We're Here, We're Queer . . . Now What?. 279 II. What Is Queer Theory?. 280 A. On the Q.T.: A Definition?. 280 B. Hystory. 284 C. No Mo' Po-Mo Homo! Queer Theory & Identity Politics. 289 III. Queer Theory as a Legal Theory. 293 A. Strike a Pose: Strategies for Queer Legal Theory. 293 B. Queer Theory in the Legal Academy: If Paris... 2000  
George A. Martínez RACE AND IMMIGRATION LAW: A PARADIGM SHIFT? 2000 University of Illinois Law Review 517 (2000) For many years, controversies impacting many areas of legal scholarship have left the field of immigration law virtually untouched. Thus, although other areas of law have felt the critique advanced by critical scholars, immigration law has proceeded as a virtually self-contained unit. In doing so, immigration law has developed a paradigm for legal... 2000  
Reginald Leamon Robinson RACE CONSCIOUSNESS: CAN THICK, LEGAL CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS ASSIST POOR, LOW-STATUS WORKERS OVERCOME DISCRIMINATORY HURDLES IN THE FAST FOOD INDUSTRY? A REPLY TO REGINA AUSTIN 34 John Marshall Law Review 245 (Fall 2000) Racists are people who are afraid. [T]he general effect of the dominance-subjection relation is to destroy both parties, each by the other, and each in a specific manner. Though the corrosive suffering of the victim is wholly incommensurate with and overshadows the psychic deformation of the victimizer, one nevertheless does not transform oneself... 2000  
Kevin R. Johnson RACE MATTERS: IMMIGRATION LAW AND POLICY SCHOLARSHIP, LAW IN THE IVORY TOWER, AND THE LEGAL INDIFFERENCE OF THE RACE CRITIQUE 2000 University of Illinois Law Review 525 (2000) After the elimination of the discriminatory national origins quota system in 1965, the United States experienced a dramatic change in the demographics of immigration. Many more immigrants of color from developing nations have come to this country since the revolutionary reform. Over the decades following the elimination of the quota system, public... 2000  
Francisco Valdes RACE, ETHNICITY, AND HISPANISMO IN A TRIANGULAR PERSPECTIVE: THE "ESSENTIAL LATINA/O" AND LATCRIT THEORY 48 UCLA Law Review 305 (December, 2000) The central theme of this Article is the questionable character and consequences of Hispanismo, a racial and ethnic ideology that prevails among Latina/o communities worldwide and that is promoted directly by Spain despite its problematic nature. Hispanismo is problematic for at least two reasons: first, because it perpetuates colonial-era... 2000  
Joan Fitzpatrick RACE, IMMIGRATION, AND LEGAL SCHOLARSHIP: A RESPONSE TO KEVIN JOHNSON 2000 University of Illinois Law Review 603 (2000) The harshest measures of contemporary American immigration law disproportionately affect persons of color. At the same time, persons of color have become the primary subjects of migration to the United States and are thus the main beneficiaries of the substantial benefits the U.S. immigration system offers. The extent to which racism, conscious or... 2000  
Sherrilyn A. Ifill RACIAL DIVERSITY ON THE BENCH: BEYOND ROLE MODELS AND PUBLIC CONFIDENCE 57 Washington and Lee Law Review 405 (Spring, 2000) The lack of racial diversity on our nation's courts threatens both the quality and legitimacy of judicial decision-making. Traditional arguments emphasizing the role model value of black judges and the need for black judges to help promote public confidence in the justice system have turned our attention away from the most important... 2000  
Linda R. Crane REFLECTIONS FROM THE CHAIR--THE ROAD TAKEN: HONORING THE DECADE OF SCHOLARSHIP BY LAW PROFESSORS OF COLOR IN U.S. LAW SCHOOLS AND THE PEOPLE OF COLOR MOVEMENT (1989-1999) 20 Boston College Third World Law Journal 13 (Winter, 2000) The first national meeting of the six regional People of Color (POC) Legal Scholarship Conferences was the result of a planning process that began in March, 1997, during the eighth annual meeting of the Midwestern People of Color Legal Scholarship Conference (Midwestern Region) at The John Marshall Law School in Chicago, Illinois. The Midwestern... 2000  
Hope Lewis REFLECTIONS ON 'BLACKCRIT THEORY': HUMAN RIGHTS 45 Villanova Law Review 1075 (2000) The Colorline Belts the World. -- W.E.B. Du Bois[T]he left-liberal approach to globalization has yet to generate an adequate account of the connections between racial power and political economy in the New World Order. -- Kimberlé Crenshaw, Neil Gotanda, Gary Peller, Kendall Thomas AS the United Nations World Conference Against Racism... 2000  
James Thuo Gathii REJOINDER: TWAILING INTERNATIONAL LAW 98 Michigan Law Review 2066 (May, 2000) Brad Roth's response to my Review of his book seeks to privilege his approach to international law as the most defensible. His response does not engage one of the central claims of my Review--that present within international legal scholarship and praxis is a simultaneous and dialectical coexistence of the dominant conservative/liberal approach... 2000  
Adrien Katherine Wing RENO v. AMERICAN-ARAB ANTI-DISCRIMINATION COMMITTEE: A CRITICAL RACE PERSPECTIVE 31 Columbia Human Rights Law Review 561 (Summer, 2000) On January 26, 1987, life changed forever for Michel Shehadeh, a Palestinian who had immigrated to the United States in 1975. [He] and his 3-year old son, Ibrahim, were sleeping at home in Long Beach, Calif., when Shehadeh heard a loud knock. He opened the front door to a man and woman in grey suits. Shehadeh had just applied for naturalization and... 2000  
Chris K. Iijima SEPARATING SUPPORT FROM BETRAYAL: EXAMINING THE INTERSECTIONS OF RACIALIZED LEGAL PEDAGOGY, ACADEMIC SUPPORT, AND SUBORDINATION 33 Indiana Law Review 737 (2000) If we have learned anything at all, it has to be that power and politics are not separate or different from teaching. They are at the heart of it. When I was a beginning instructor in the New York University School of Law's Lawyering Program, its renowned Director, Professor Anthony Amsterdam, periodically gave teaching workshops to the entire... 2000  
William C. Kidder SITUATING ASIAN PACIFIC AMERICANS IN THE LAW SCHOOL AFFIRMATIVE ACTION DEBATE: EMPIRICAL FACTS ABOUT THERNSTROM'S RHETORICAL ACTS 7 Asian Law Journal 29 (December, 2000) I. L2-3,T3Introduction 30 II. L2-3,T3APAs and the Political Discourse on Affirmative Action 33 A. Historical Background. 33 B. Treatment of APAs by the Political Right and Left. 34 III. L2-3,T3Racial Mascotting: The Real and Imagined Impact of Prop. 209 and SP-1 at University of California Law Schools 36 A. A Review of the Aggregate Data. 38 B.... 2000  
Devon W. Carbado STRAIGHT OUT OF THE CLOSET 15 Berkeley Women's Law Journal 76 (2000) Prologue: Privileged Perpetrators. 77 I. Introduction. 79 II. Male Feminist or Oxymoron?. 84 A. Men are Not Where Women Are: A Starting Point for Male Feminism. 85 B. Gender Identity/Feminist Ideology. 87 III. Black Men and Black Feminism. 88 A. Authenticity and Dominance. 88 B. Identity Authenticity vs. Politics. 90 C. Summary. 92 IV. Rethinking... 2000  
Binny Miller TELLING STORIES ABOUT CASES AND CLIENTS: THE ETHICS OF NARRATIVE 14 Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics 1 (Fall, 2000) In recent years, narrative has achieved great prominence in legal scholarship and in much other academic work, although the concept is not new. The legal realists always have emphasized the importance of stories; as long ago as 1941, Karl Llewellyn published case studies of the Cheyenne and their dispute settlement practices. In step with the... 2000  
David I. Levine THE CHINESE AMERICAN CHALLENGE TO COURT-MANDATED QUOTAS IN SAN FRANCISCO'S PUBLIC SCHOOLS: NOTES FROM A (PARTISAN) PARTICIPANT-OBSERVER 16 Harvard BlackLetter Law Journal 39 (Spring, 2000) Since 1994, I have been involved in a high-profile lawsuit, Ho v. San Francisco Unified School District. This suit challenges the constitutionality of a 1983 consent decree mandating quotas on the assignment of children to all public schools in San Francisco on the basis of their race or ethnicity. As one of the first suits brought by Asian... 2000  
Ronald J. Krotoszynski, Jr. THE DISSENT OF THE GOVERNED: A MEDITATION ON LAW, RELIGION, AND LOYALTY. BY STEPHEN L. CARTER. CAMBRIDGE: HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS. 1998. PP. XI, 167. CLOTH, $20.50; PAPER, $12.95. 98 Michigan Law Review 1613 (May, 2000) Those who begin coercive elimination of dissent soon find themselves exterminating dissenters. Compulsory unification of opinion achieves only the unanimity of the graveyard. Since the Warren Court's expansive construction of the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment, there has been no shortage of legal scholarship aimed at justifying the... 2000  
Melissa Cole THE MITIGATION EXPECTATION AND THE SUTTON COURT'S CLOSETING OF DISABILITIES 43 Howard Law Journal 499 (Spring 2000) Fox. Socks. Box. Knox. Knox in box. Fox in socks. Not long ago, I saw the children's book Fox in Socks on display in a bookstore and, feeling a soft sense of nostalgia, picked it up and began reading. I was amazed at how quickly the first few pages came back to me, along with an overwhelming sense of the frustration and anger I felt as a... 2000  
Jonathan A. Beyer THE SECOND LINE: RECONSTRUCTING THE JAZZ METAPHOR IN CRITICAL RACE THEORY 88 Georgetown Law Journal 537 (March, 2000) Racism in the law died on a chilly, sun-soaked morning in February. It was not an easy passing. The fallen angel of the legal family lingered on for generations, an unwelcome vestige of a time care forgot. Its opponents in the legal system struggled for its demise, but it survived by masking itself in subtle, discreet, and opaque forms. When death... 2000  
Reginald Leamon Robinson THE SHIFTING RACE-CONSCIOUSNESS MATRIX AND THE MULTIRACIAL CATEGORY MOVEMENT: A CRITICAL REPLY TO PROFESSOR HERNANDEZ 20 Boston College Third World Law Journal 231 (Spring, 2000) In this article, the author posits that race as an idea begins with consciousness that reinforces that race is real and immutable. The Multiracial Category Movement can shift our race consciousness away from traditional ways of thinking, talking, and using race. The Movement moves us beyond binary race thinking, and this new thinking shifts the... 2000  
Robert C. Ellickson TRENDS IN LEGAL SCHOLARSHIP: A STATISTICAL STUDY 29 Journal of Legal Studies 517 (January, 2000) This study tracks the appeal of various intellectual approaches to legal scholars during the period 1982-96. Fifteen different approaches were paired with one or more proxies consisting of a word or phrase. Searches were conducted in a Westlaw database that contains full texts of law review documents to determine trends in the appearance of these... 2000  
W. Burlette Carter TRUE REPARATIONS 68 George Washington Law Review 1021 (July/September, 2000) Not surprisingly, Professor Anthony Cook delivers a provocative piece, one that follows the tradition of his other scholarship illuminating the world of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. He also joins a number of notable African American commentators, including U.S. Representative John Conyers and Randall Robinson, President of TransAfrica, in advocating... 2000  
Makau Mutua WHAT IS TWAIL? 94 American Society of International Law Proceedings 31 (April, 2000) The regime of international law is illegitimate. It is a predatory system that legitimizes, reproduces and sustains the plunder and subordination of the Third World by the West. Neither universality nor its promise of global order and stability make international law a just, equitable, and legitimate code of global governance for the Third World.... 2000  
Clark Freshman WHATEVER HAPPENED TO ANTI-SEMITISM? HOW SOCIAL SCIENCE THEORIES IDENTIFY DISCRIMINATION AND PROMOTE COALITIONS BETWEEN "DIFFERENT" MINORITIES 85 Cornell Law Review 313 (January, 2000) Prologue. 315 I. Introduction. 319 A. Atomized and Generalized Discrimination. 320 B. The Litigant Payoff: The Lily White Organization and Intersectionality's Sibling. 326 C. The Societal Payoff: Coalition Effects, Empathy and Prevention. 329 D. Racism, Prejudice, and the Metaphors of Disease. 330 E. Overview and Roadmap. 332 II. Generalized... 2000  
David Kennedy WHEN RENEWAL REPEATS: THINKING AGAINST THE BOX 32 New York University Journal of International Law & Politics 335 (Winter 2000) I should start by thanking the board of editors for inviting me to contribute an essay to the journal's millennium issue. The editors seek new thinking and ask what international legal issues will consume your legal career and shape the parameters of international law in the new millennium? At forty-five it is flattering to be solicited as a... 2000  
Martha R. Mahoney WHITENESS AND REMEDY: UNDER-RULING CIVIL RIGHTS INWALKER V. CITY OF MESQUITE 85 Cornell Law Review 1309 (July, 2000) Teenagers quote rules on how fictional characters survive horror movies: Never have sex. (Virgins always live.) . . . Never say, I'll be right back. Another rule predicts the fate of black characters in action films: The brother always dies first. Unsurprisingly, these movie rules reflect racist and sexist attitudes in American culture.... 2000  
Barbara Stark WOMEN AND GLOBALIZATION: THE FAILURE AND POSTMODERN POSSIBILITIES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 33 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 503 (May, 2000) This Article examines the role of international law, particularly human rights law, as it relates to the process of globalization and its effects on women. Initially, the Article sets the stage by describing the course of globalization and the dramatic impact it has had on the world economy. The Author next examines the multiple and contradictory... 2000  
Devon W. Carbado ; Mitu Gulati WORKING IDENTITY 85 Cornell Law Review 1259 (July, 2000) Introduction. 1260 I. Everyone Works Identity. 1263 A. The Concept. 1263 B. The Negotiation. 1263 II. Outsiders Working Identity. 1267 A. Stereotypes at Work. 1267 B. The Incentive System: The General Idea. 1270 C. The Incentive System in Institutional Context: Law Firms and Law Faculties. 1272 1. The Up-or-Out Structure: The Carrot and the... 2000  
André Douglas Pond Cummings "LIONS AND TIGERS AND BEARS, OH MY" OR "REDSKINS AND BRAVES AND INDIANS, OH WHY": RUMINATIONS ON MCBRIDE V. UTAH STATE TAX COMMISSION, POLITICAL CORRECTNESS, AND THE REASONABLE PERSON 36 California Western Law Review 11 (Fall 1999) It is to be hoped that one day all offensive and derogatory language, speech, and symbols predicated on race will be completely eradicated from our culture. In the meantime, public officials have the obligation to ensure that they are not used with the imprimatur of the State. On January 29, 1999, the Utah Supreme Court handed down an important and... 1999  
John O. Calmore A CALL TO CONTEXT: THE PROFESSIONAL CHALLENGES OF CAUSE LAWYERING AT THE INTERSECTION OF RACE, SPACE, AND POVERTY 67 Fordham Law Review 1927 (April, 1999) If we are to fashion remedies for black poverty, we need to understand the origins and dynamics of inequality in the African-American community. Without disavowing the accomplishments of the civil rights movement, black leaders and policymakers now need to give more attention to remedies that will make a concrete difference in the lives of the... 1999  
Antoinette Sedillo López A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF WOMEN'S ISSUES: TOWARD A CONTEXTUALIZED METHODOLOGY 10 Hastings Women's Law Journal 347 (Summer 1999) [T]he very notion that there exists a prototypical woman who can be described in ways that reflect and have meaning for the lives of the many different women living in very different geographical, economic, political and social settings needs to be challenged. - Ruth Hubbard Women' s Nature: Rationalizations of Inequality (1983) Despite a global... 1999  
Beverly Balos ; & Mary Louise Fellows A MATTER OF PROSTITUTION: BECOMING RESPECTABLE 74 New York University Law Review 1220 (November, 1999) Feminists have achieved significant antiviolence legal reforms in the areas of domestic abuse, sexual harassment, and rape over the past three decades. These reforms, however, have reinforced old borders between the traditional categories of violence and prostitution and have constructed new borders by maintaining the distinction between worthy and... 1999  
Sara Scott A NEW CATEGORY OF "COLOR": ANALYZING ALBINISM UNDER TITLE VII AND THE AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT 2 Journal of Gender, Race and Justice 493 (Spring 1999) I. Introduction II. Medical Implications of Albinism III. Psychosocial Impacts of Albinism IV. Albinism as Color Under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 A. Background of Title VII and Related Statutes B. Analysis of Cases Under Title VII and Other Statutes Prohibiting Discrimination on the Basis of Race or Color V. The Americans with... 1999  
Darlene C. Goring AFFIRMATIVE ACTION AND THE FIRST AMENDMENT: THE ATTAINMENT OF A DIVERSE STUDENT BODY IS A PERMISSIBLE EXERCISE OF INSTITUTIONAL AUTONOMY 47 University of Kansas Law Review 591 (April, 1999) I suspect that it would be impossible to arrange an affirmative-action program in a racially neutral way and have it successful. To ask that this be so is to demand the impossible. In order to get beyond racism, we must first take account of race. There is no other way. And in order to treat some persons equally, we must treat them differently. We... 1999  
by Phoebe A. Haddon ALL THE DIFFERENCE IN THE WORLD: LISTENING AND HEARING THE VOICES OF WOMEN 8 Temple Political & Civil Rights Law Review 377 (Spring 1999) Even when people say they are listening, it is not clear that they actually hear anything more than what they want to hear. It does not take a symposium on violence for any of us to appreciate that gender inequality persists worldwide: gendered decision-making by the political majority continues to marginalize the interests of women, and domestic... 1999  
Neal Devins BEARING FALSE WITNESS: THE CLINTON IMPEACHMENT AND THE FUTURE OF ACADEMIC FREEDOM 148 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 165 (November 1, 1999) Academic freedom may prove to be one of the casualties of the Clinton impeachment. By signing letters about the constitutional standards governing impeachment, an issue most of them know very little about, many academics placed partisanship and self-interest above all else. The logic of academic freedom, however, cannot be squared with academics... 1999  
Daniel A. Farber ; & Suzanna Sherry BEYOND ALL CRITICISM? 83 Minnesota Law Review 1735 (June, 1999) We knew, of course, that we were treading on dangerous ground in challenging radical multiculturalism. In writing Beyond All Reason we argued that the radicals' postmodern theories conflict deeply with their own laudable goals of racial justice and progressive dialogue. In particular, we tried to show that these theories had anti-Semitic and... 1999  
Peter A. Alces ; and Cynthia V. Ward BEYOND ALL REASON: THE RADICAL ASSAULT ON TRUTH IN AMERICAN LAW. BY DANIEL A. FARBER AND SUZANNA SHERRY. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1997. 195 PAGES. $25.00. 78 Texas Law Review 493 (December, 1999) In the view of many radical legal scholars, liberal legal institutions can never produce social justice because they necessarily rely on a false and corrupt understanding of human beings. Against the standard liberal celebration of human autonomy and its importation into law via individual rights, radical critics urge the irreducibility of... 1999  
Darren Lenard Hutchinson BEYOND THE RHETORIC OF "DIRTY LAUNDRY": EXAMINING THE VALUE OF INTERNAL CRITICISM WITHIN PROGRESSIVE SOCIAL MOVEMENTS AND OPPRESSED COMMUNITIES 5 Michigan Journal of Race and Law 185 (Fall 1999) INTRODUCTION. 185 I. The Resistance to Internal Criticism. 188 II. The Social and Political Context of Resistance to Internal Critiques. 191 A. The Backdrop of Oppressive Ideology. 191 B. Other Reasons for Resistance to Internal Criticism. 195 III. Toward Tolerance of Internal Criticism Within Progressive Social Movements. 196 A. Beyond the Fears... 1999  
AnnJanette Rosga BIAS BEFORE THE LAW: THE REARTICULATION OF HATE CRIMES IN WISCONSIN V. MITCHELL 25 New York University Review of Law and Social Change 29 (1999) The subject of law is also the subject of the nation. Law is primarily a national institution and adherence to its rule symbolizes the imagined community of the nation and expresses the fundamental unity and equality of its citizens. Paul Gilroy The maintenance of a nation's identity as a nation depends crucially upon its particular historical... 1999  
Rachel Haynes BISEXUAL JURISPRUDENCE: A TRIPOLAR APPROACH TO LAW AND SOCIETY 5 Michigan Journal of Gender & Law 229 (1999) Current law and society are based on bipolar categories: black or white; gay or straight; male or female; able or disabled. These bipolar categories force individuals to choose one category and thereby create a seemingly either/or based identity: you are either black or white; gay or straight; male or female; able or disabled. Bipolar categories... 1999  
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