AuthorTitleCitationSummaryYearKey Terms in Title or Summary
Collin O'Connor Udell STALKING THE WILD LACUNA: COMMUNICATION, COGNITION AND CONTINGENCY 16 Law & Inequality: A Journal of Theory and Practice 493 (Summer 1998) There is a moment, a lacuna, that hangs in space and time. Faced with it, an individual records sensations and events, organizes and categorizes phenomena, assigns meaning. In that moment, abhorring a vacuum, we rush to fill the void, to shape and to take control of our world. If we are naive, we reify that which we construct. In this Article, we... 1998  
W.H. Knight, Jr. STANDING ON THE CORNER--TRYING TO FIND OUR WAY 1 Journal of Gender, Race and Justice 419 (Spring 1998) Corners are, of course, the places of intersection where two or more streets meet. When you get to a street corner, you must choose a path. But what happens when you find yourself in the middle of that intersection? How do you, or can you even choose a path? Socially and culturally, we Americans are at such an intersection. What do we do? Which way... 1998  
Lawrence Zelenak TAKING CRITICAL TAX THEORY SERIOUSLY 76 North Carolina Law Review 1521 (June, 1998) Among the most interesting and important developments in tax scholarship in recent years has been the growth of feminist tax policy analysis. The basic insight of this analysis--that the tax treatment of work, family, and children has a significant effect on the lives of women--traces back a quarter century to Grace Blumberg's 1971 article... 1998  
Steve R. Johnson TARGETS MISSED AND TARGETS HIT: CRITICAL TAX STUDIES AND EFFECTIVE TAX REFORM 76 North Carolina Law Review 1771 (June, 1998) Medieval alchemy is popularly associated with attempts to become rich by transmuting base elements into gold. Such attempts were less than universally successful. Yet, alchemy yielded great benefits in other areas. For instance, alchemy was one of the sources of modern sciences such as pharmacology and metallurgy. Also, the rich and profound... 1998  
Martha Chamallas THE ARCHITECTURE OF BIAS: DEEP STRUCTURES IN TORT LAW 146 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 463 (January, 1998) Gender and race have disappeared from the face of tort law. The old doctrines that explicitly limited recovery exclusively to one gender have been either abolished or extended on a gender-neutral basis. Women as well as men may now recover for such claims as loss of spousal consortium and loss of a child's services. The disabilities that prevented... 1998  
Juan F. Perea THE BLACK/WHITE BINARY PARADIGM OF RACE: THE "NORMAL SCIENCE" OF AMERICAN RACIAL THOUGHT 10 La Raza Law Journal 127 (Spring 1998) The Black/White Binary Paradigm of race has become the subject of increasing interest and scrutiny among some scholars of color. This Article uses Thomas Kuhn's notions of paradigm and the properties of paradigms to explore several leading works on race. The works the author explores demonstrate the Black/White paradigm of race and some of its... 1998  
J.M. Balkin, Sanford Levinson THE CANONS OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 111 Harvard Law Review 963 (February, 1998) C1-3TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction. 964 II. The Different Meanings of Canonicity. 970 A. Pedagogy, Cultural Literacy, and Academic Theory. 970 B. Audience and Function. 970 C. Canons Legal and Literary. 981 D. Deep Canonicity. 984 1. Canonical Arguments. 985 2. Canonical Problems and Approaches. 985 3. Canonical Narratives. 987 4. Canonical... 1998  
Carlos J. Cuevas THE CONSUMER CREDIT INDUSTRY, THE CONSUMER BANKRUPTCY SYSTEM, BANKRUPTCY CODE SECTION 707(B), AND JUSTICE: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CONSUMER BANKRUPTCY SYSTEM 103 Commercial Law Journal 359 (Winter, 1998) The vast majority of bankruptcy cases that are filed are consumer bankruptcy cases. Indeed, the filing of consumer bankruptcy cases are at an all-time high. In the last two decades, personal bankruptcy cases have increased by more than 700 percent. One would think that honest people of color, honest working class, and honest poor people would have... 1998  
Michael D. McClintock THE DECLINING USE OF LEGAL SCHOLARSHIP BY COURTS: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY 51 Oklahoma Law Review 659 (Winter, 1998) In 1931, Judge Cardozo, in describing what he viewed as the prejudice held by judges and practitioners toward law reviews, stated the following: The law-review essay has felt beyond the common lot the repressive cruelty of prejudice. There has been prejudice against it on two grounds - prejudice because it was not bound, and prejudice because its... 1998  
Deborah C. Malamud THE JEW TABOO: JEWISH DIFFERENCE AND THE AFFIRMATIVE ACTION DEBATE 59 Ohio State Law Journal 915 (1998) One of the most important questions for a serious debate on affirmative action is why certain minority groups need affirmative action while others have succeeded without it. The question is rarely asked, however, because the comparison that most frequently comes to mind-i.e., blacks and Jews-is seen by many as taboo. Daniel A. Farber and Suzanna... 1998  
Yxta Maya Murray THE LATINO-AMERICAN CRISIS OF CITIZENSHIP 31 U.C. Davis Law Review 503 (Winter 1998) C1-3Table of Contents Introduction. 505 I. Latinos as a Legal Category and as a Felt Identity. 507 A. Latino-Americans as a Legal Category. 508 B. Latino as a Felt Identity. 511 C. The Intersection of Legal Categories and Latino-American Identity. 514 II. The Stigmatization of Latino-American People and Language. 516 A. Immigration Policy. 516 1.... 1998  
Mary Beth Beazley , Linda H. Edwards THE PROCESS AND THE PRODUCT: A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SCHOLARSHIP ABOUT LEGAL SCHOLARSHIP 49 Mercer Law Review 741 (Spring 1998) This bibliography of scholarship about legal scholarship was originally prepared for the 1997 Conference of the Association of Legal Writing Directors. The Conference explored the rapidly developing area of scholarship by legal writing professors and the ways in which this important scholarship can be encouraged. Characteristically, when writing... 1998  
Marjorie E. Kornhauser THROUGH THE LOOKING GLASS WITH ALICE AND LARRY: THE NATURE OF SCHOLARSHIP 76 North Carolina Law Review 1609 (June, 1998) Oliver Wendell Holmes once said that taxes are the price of civilization; they are also the story of civilization, or rather the stories of civilization. For example, taxes trace the history of wars, and even explain some of our physical surroundings by their effects on architecture. Taxes also tell us more generally about our society since what we... 1998  
Tam B. Tran TITLE VII HOSTILE WORK ENVIRONMENT: A DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE 9 Journal of Contemporary Legal Issues 357 (Spring 1998) In the wake of the dismissal of the Paula Jones's sexual harassment lawsuit against President Bill Clinton, many are left to wonder what is the status of the law of sexual harassment? If an allegation that the President lowered his pants to expose an erect penis and told Jones to kiss it does not fall under sexually harassing behavior, then what... 1998  
Theresa Raffaele Jefferson TOWARD A BLACK LESBIAN JURISPRUDENCE 18 Boston College Third World Law Journal 263 (Spring, 1998) Black lesbians are everywhere and nowhere all at once. Throughout history we have been made invisible. This invisibility serves as a constant reminder that our culture, and indeed our very lives are considered at best illegitimate. At the same time, our identity as Black lesbians has been made hyper-visible when we have tried to remain in the... 1998  
Thomas D. Barton TROUBLESOME CONNECTIONS: THE LAW AND POST-ENLIGHTENMENT CULTURE 47 Emory Law Journal 163 (Winter 1998) Much in our personal and social lives may be analyzed through the constantly shifting opposition of connection and separation. That same movement of relationship and disengagement may also help to understand two emerging dilemmas for the American legal system. For roughly the past three hundred years, from the Enlightenment forward, Western culture... 1998  
Larry Catá Backer TWEAKING FACTS, SPEAKING JUDGMENT: JUDICIAL TRANSMOGRIFICATION OF CASE NARRATIVE AS JURISPRUDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES AND BRITAIN 6 Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal 611 (Spring 1998) Judging is a process of narrative transmogrification: Courts hear the stories of litigants and transform them into something digestible. Courts accomplish this transformation by retelling stories to express conformity with what our society believes and what society knows. In this sense, the stories themselves embody the rules by which we come to... 1998  
Francisco Valdes UNDER CONSTRUCTION: LATCRIT CONSCIOUSNESS, COMMUNITY, AND THEORY 10 La Raza Law Journal 1 (Spring 1998) C1-3Table of Contents Introduction. 3 I. Race, Ethnicity & Nationhood: Latina/o Position and Identity in Law and Society. 10 A. The Utility of LatCrit Narratives. 11 B. Beyond the Black/White Paradigm. 17 II. Policy, Politics & Praxis: Latinas/os Under the Rule of Anglo-American Law. 25 A. Equality in Law and Life. 25 B. Immigration, Borders, and... 1998  
Christopher L. Sagers WAITING WITH BROTHER THOMAS 46 UCLA Law Review 461 (December, 1998) In this Essay, Christopher Sagers argues that those schools of thought that could be called doubtful--that is, those predicated on suspicion of belief to some degree--share a range of similarities and, more importantly, are attacked through a set of common criticisms. He argues that the fundamental criticism of these doubtful schools of... 1998  
Elizabeth Mertz, Wamucii Njogu, Susan Gooding WHAT DIFFERENCE DOES DIFFERENCE MAKE? THE CHALLENGE FOR LEGAL EDUCATION 48 Journal of Legal Education 1 (March, 1998) As debates over the role of affirmative action in legal education become more and more heated, the question of how to provide all law students an equal-opportunity learning environment is the subject of much speculation. Despite many years of attention to this issue, culminating in the recent decision of the Fifth Circuit in the Hopwood case, to... 1998  
Enrique R. Carrasco WHO ARE WE? 19 Chicano-Latino Law Review 331 (Spring 1998) I am very pleased that the intellectual energy generated at the LatCrit I conference in La Jolla last year has led to another impressive gathering for LatCrit II. This year's attendance is very encouraging, considering that LatCrit Theory is still in a precarious stage of infancy. After a year of work and reflection, we've come to San Antonio to... 1998  
Ana Sljivic WHY DO YOU THINK IT'S YOURS? AN EXPOSITION OF THE JURISPRUDENCE UNDERLYING THE DEBATE BETWEEN CULTURAL NATIONALISM AND CULTURAL INTERNATIONALISM 31 George Washington Journal of International Law and Economics 393 (1997-1998) The perennial argument over whether Britain should return the Elgin Marbles to Greece is illustrative of the larger debate between cultural nationalism and cultural internationalism. Namely, is cultural property primarily intrinsic to the nation-state of origin, or can an equally compelling claim be made on behalf of the cultural heritage of... 1998  
Adrien Katherine Wing A CRITICAL RACE FEMINIST CONCEPTUALIZATION OF VIOLENCE: SOUTH AFRICAN AND PALESTINIAN WOMEN 60 Albany Law Review 943 (1997) I. Introduction. 944 II. Critical Race Feminism. 946 A. Conceptualizing Violence Using a Critical Race Feminist Approach: Outside/Inside Dichotomy and Spirit Injury. 951 III. Social and Legal Conditions. 954 A. South Africa. 954 1. Violence. 957 B. Palestine. 959 1. Violence. 964 IV. International Law: Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of... 1997 Yes
Kevin L. Hopkins A GOSPEL OF LAW 30 John Marshall Law Review 1039 (Summer 1997) Derrick Bell is no stranger to civil rights activists, the Black community and the legal academy. Over the last three decades his involvement and participation in civil rights litigation and his numerous scholarship in the areas of Race and Constitutional Law have placed him in the forefront of Critical Race Theory. In Gospel Choirs: Psalms of... 1997 Yes
  ABSTRACTS 3 African-American Law and Policy Report 335 (Spring 1997) The abstracts section contains summaries of recent articles, comments, and notes published nationwide in law reviews and journals. Derrick A. Bell, Who's Afraid of Critical Race Theory, 1995 U. Ill. L. Rev. 893. Bell introduces his discussion of critical race theory by illustrating the theory's methodology through the deconstruction of The Bell... 1997 Yes
Margaret Chon ACTING UPON IMMIGRANT ACTS: ON ASIAN AMERICAN CULTURAL POLITICS BY LISA LOWE 76 Oregon Law Review 765 (Fall 1997) How might a literature professor converse with a law professor about law? Selecting what I think are some of the more extraordinary excerpts from Professor Lowe's seven densely and finely-crafted essays, I meditate on each from the perspective of critical race theory and other legally grounded paradigms. Rather than narrate a linear critique of... 1997 Yes
D.A. Jeremy Telman BEYOND ALL REASON: THE RADICAL ASSAULT ON TRUTH IN AMERICAN LAW. BY DANIEL A. FARBER AND SUZANNA SHERRY. NEW YORK AND OXFORD: OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1997. PP. 195. 23 New York University Review of Law and Social Change 631 (1997) In Farber and Sherry's short, provocative book, they claim to expose dangerous trends in the legal scholarship associated with what the authors call radical multiculturalism. (p.5). These radicals include critical legal scholars, critical race theorists, and feminist theorists. Although the authors acknowledge that they are not treating a... 1997 Yes
Anthony V. Alfieri BLACK AND WHITE 85 California Law Review 1647 (October, 1997) Critical Race Theory dreams in black and white. No rhapsody of color, only charred history and pale hope. Yet the dreams stamp hard, inspiring a jurisprudential movement of diverse scholars and earning an uneasy place in the postwar scholarship of the American legal academy. Having waged both theoretical and practical battles to gain that place,... 1997 Yes
Adrien Katherine Wing CRITICAL RACE FEMINISM AND THE INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS OF WOMEN IN BOSNIA, PALESTINE, AND SOUTH AFRICA: ISSUES FOR LATCRIT THEORY 28 University of Miami Inter-American Law Review 337 (1997) I. Introduction. 337 L1-2 II. Critical Race Feminism. 339 L1-2 III. Spirit Injury in Bosnia. 343 L1-2 IV. Palestine. 347 L1-2 V. South Africa. 350 L1-2 VI. Palestinian and South African Women: Violence Against Women. 353 L1-2 VII. Conclusion. 360 1997 Yes
Adrien K. Wing , Christine A. Willis CRITICAL RACE FEMINISM: BLACK WOMEN AND GANGS 1 Journal of Gender, Race and Justice 141 (Fall, 1997) A girl was tortured, tied to a manhole cover, and thrown off a bridge to her death. Another girl was attacked on her way home from the grocery store and one of her fingers was chopped off. A young man was beaten so severely he ended up in a coma. Two men were lured to a park and both were shot in the head. All of these brutal crimes have one thing... 1997 Yes
Eric K. Yamamoto CRITICAL RACE PRAXIS: RACE THEORY AND POLITICAL LAWYERING PRACTICE IN POST-CIVIL RIGHTS AMERICA 95 Michigan Law Review 821 (February, 1997) At the end of the twentieth century, the legal status of Chinese Americans in San Francisco's public schools turns on a requested judicial finding that a desegregation order originally designed to dismantle a system subordinating nonwhites now invidiously discriminates against Chinese Americans. Brian Ho, Patrick Wong, and Hilary Chen, plaintiffs... 1997 Yes
Robert John Araujo, S.J. CRITICAL RACE THEORY: CONTRIBUTIONS TO AND PROBLEMS FOR RACE RELATIONS 32 Gonzaga Law Review 537 (1996-1997) I. Prophets in Our Midst: The Contribution of the Critical Race Theory. 539 II. The Virtuous Citizen and Racial Justice. 551 III. Conclusion. 574 Am I not a man and a brother? And the LORD said unto Cain, Where is Abel thy brother? And he said, I know not: Am I my brother's keeper? For the whole law is summed up in a single commandment, You shall... 1997 Yes
José E. Alvarez CRITICAL THEORY AND THE NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT'S CHAPTER ELEVEN 28 University of Miami Inter-American Law Review 303 (1997) The application of critical race insights to issues involving U.S. foreign relations is likely to benefit both international lawyers and traditional race critics, albeit for different reasons. In critical race theory, international lawyers will find liberation from the prevailing state-centric and positivist modes of analysis that now dominate our... 1997 Yes
Daria Roithmayr DECONSTRUCTING THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN BIAS AND MERIT 85 California Law Review 1449 (October, 1997) In this article Professor Roithmayr attempts to develop in the context of law school admissions a theoretical argument from deconstruction to support the radical critique of merit. The radical critique, espoused primarily by Critical Race Theorists and radical feminists, argues that merit standards disproportionately exclude white women and people... 1997 Yes
Gary Goodpaster EQUALITY AND FREE SPEECH: THE CASE AGAINST SUBSTANTIVE EQUALITY 82 Iowa Law Review 645 (January 1, 1997) I. Introduction. 646 II. Substantive Equality Theories. 649 A. Critical Race Theories. 649 B. Feminist Theories. 653 III. Criticizing the Arguments. 656 A. The Asssumption of Domination. 657 B. The Theory of Substantive Equality. 660 IV. What Is Equality?. 662 A. Competing Kinds of Equality: Subjects, Aims, Values, and Methods. 662 B. Subject:... 1997 Yes
Raj Bhala EQUILIBRIUM THEORY, THE FICAS MODEL, AND INTERNATIONAL BANKING LAW 38 Harvard International Law Journal 1 (Winter, 1997) To find a form that accommodates the mess, that is the task of the artist now. --Samuel Beckett Conventional wisdom finds that international banking law is an applied field. In contrast to a traditional field like constitutional law, in which well-developed bodies of literature exist that draw upon feminist legal theory, critical race theory, law... 1997 Yes
Derek P. Jinks ESSAYS IN REFUSAL: PRE-THEORETICAL COMMITMENTS IN POSTMODERN ANTHROPOLOGY AND CRITICAL RACE THEORY 107 Yale Law Journal 499 (November, 1997) The necessity of reform mustn't be allowed to become a form of blackmail serving to limit, reduce or halt the exercise of criticism. Under no circumstances should one pay attention to those who tell one: Don't criticize, since you're not capable of carrying out a reform. That's ministerial cabinet talk. Critique doesn't have to be the premise of... 1997 Yes
Alfred C. Yen FOREWORD: MAKING US POSSIBLE 4 Asian Law Journal 1 (May, 1997) In many ways, I feel supremely unqualified to write the foreword for a symposium honoring Neil Gotanda. I have known Neil well for only the last three or four years of his long and distinguished career. I have never written anything in the Critical Legal Studies or Critical Race Theory fields that Neil has done so much to advance, and I have... 1997 Yes
David Benjamin Oppenheimer FROM LITTLE ACORNS GREAT OAKS GROW--NEIL GOTANDA'S CONTRIBUTION TO THE LAW PERMITTING GENERAL & PUNITIVE DAMAGES IN EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION CASES 4 Asian Law Journal 63 (May, 1997) Although Neil Gotanda's contributions to critical race scholarship are widely recognized, Gotanda's work as a practitioner has also had great impact. In this article, the author tells how Gotanda drafted a controversial set of regulations for the California Fair Employment Housing Commission which ultimately paved the way for the 1991 amendment... 1997 Yes
Stephen Shie-Wei Fan IMMIGRATION LAW AND THE PROMISE OF CRITICAL RACE THEORY: OPENING THE ACADEMY TO THE VOICES OF ALIENS AND IMMIGRANTS 97 Columbia Law Review 1202 (May, 1997) As a movement, critical race theory endeavors to account for the voices of people of color by exploring the systemic and pervasive nature of racism in society, and by scrutinizing the ways in which current rights jurisprudence fails to attend fully to the ubiquity of racialized attitudes both in society at large and within the legal system itself.... 1997 Yes
Indu M. John INTERNATIONAL DIMENSIONS OF CRITICAL RACE THEORY 91 American Society of International Law Proceedings 408 (April 9-12, 1997) The panel was convened at 8:30 a.m., Saturday, April 12, by its Chair, Enrique R. Carrasco, who introduced the panelists: Neil Gotanda, Boston College Law School; Berta Hernández-Truyol, St. John's University School of Law; Tayyab Mahmud, Cleveland State University, Cleveland-Marshall College of Law; Ruth Gordon, Villanova University School of Law;... 1997 Yes
Stephanie M. Wildman INTRODUCTION: DREAMING IN AMERICA: IN HONOR OF PROFESSOR TRINA GRILLO 31 University of San Francisco Law Review 733 (Summer 1997) TRINA GRILLO was a spiritual person. While she was a brilliant rational thinker with a keen legal mind, she also understood that more informs our human wholeness than simply our brains. She recounted with joy the time she spent singing gospel songs at a critical race theory workshop, where all those powerful minds joined in the unity of prayerful... 1997 Yes
Jonathan R. Macey LAW AND THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 21 Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy 171 (Fall, 1997) There are a large number of law-ands around: law and philosophy, law and history, law and sociology, law and society, law and critical race theory. A partial explanation for the development of these law-ands is that contemplating the law by itself is pretty boring. Just as the International House of Pancakes would probably not long survive in... 1997 Yes
Anthony Bertelli MARKETING RACISM: THE IMPERIALISM OF RATIONALITY, CRITICAL RACE THEORY, AND SOME INTERDISCIPLINARY LESSONS FOR NEOCLASSICAL ECONOMICS AND ANTIDISCRIMINATION LAW 5 Virginia Journal of Social Policy and the Law 97 (Fall 1997) In coining the term, looking to the bottom, Mari Matsuda asserted that [t]he technique of imagining oneself black and poor in some hypothetical world is less effective than studying the actual experience of black poverty and listening to those who have done so. I view this as a metaphorical invitation for social scientists, such as myself, to... 1997 Yes
Douglas E. Litowitz SOME CRITICAL THOUGHTS ON CRITICAL RACE THEORY 72 Notre Dame Law Review 503 (1997) Critical Race Theory (CRT) is perhaps the fastest growing and most controversial movement in recent legal scholarship, stirring up debate in much the same manner Critical Legal Studies (CLS) did fifteen or twenty years ago. Although CRT was inspired in part by the failure of CLS to focus sufficiently on racial issues, it remains indebted in style... 1997 Yes
Dorothy A. Brown SPLIT PERSONALITIES: TAX LAW AND CRITICAL RACE THEORY 19 Western New England Law Review 89 (1997) The following is a mythical conversation: [Fourth White Colleague]: I don't think that there can be a black legal income tax law or a black economics separate from white economics. Should blacks have additional deductions to take account of racism? Or should there be a longer period for blacks to file their returns because many of their ancestors... 1997 Yes
Charles J. Ogletree, Jr. THE CONFERENCE ON CRITICAL RACE THEORY: WHEN THE RAINBOW IS NOT ENOUGH 31 New England Law Review 705 (Spring 1997) The often referenced play by Ntozake Shange, For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide When The Rainbow is Enuf, demonstrates the complex roles of race, gender, and power in our society. It is also a reminder of the importance of the Second Annual Northeastern People of Color Legal Scholarship Conference at New England Law School, Boston,... 1997 Yes
Alex M. Johnson, Jr. THE UNDERREPRESENTATION OF MINORITIES IN THE LEGAL PROFESSION: A CRITICAL RACE THEORIST'S PERSPECTIVE 95 Michigan Law Review 1005 (February, 1997) Over the last four years, I have taught a course in Critical Race Theory at the University of Virginia School of Law three times. Although each course is different, given the interplay between the teacher and the students and the integration of new developments into the course, there has been one constant subject that the students and I address: Of... 1997 Yes
Harry Hutchinson TOWARD A CRITICAL RACE REFORMIST CONCEPTION OF MINIMUM WAGE REGIMES: EXPLODING THE POWER OF MYTH, FANTASY, AND HIERARCHY 34 Harvard Journal on Legislation 93 (Winter, 1997) This Article calls for an intense examination of minimum wage regimes in light of the deplorable situation facing many minority, low-skilled workers. The author provides a searching mode of analysis drawn from Critical Race Theory and classical-liberal civil rights scholarship that ferrets out any evidence of discriminatory intent, whether explicit... 1997 Yes
David Benjamin Oppenheimer TRINA GRILLO--A PERSONAL REMEMBRANCE 31 University of San Francisco Law Review 965 (Summer 1997) TRINA GRILLO WAS well known for her work in the areas of alternative dispute resolution, academic support, and critical race/gender theory. This symposium celebrates the important contributions she made to those fields, as well as her inspirational teaching. This personal remembrance acknowledges an area for which Trina was less well known--her... 1997 Yes
46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63