AuthorTitleCitationSummaryYearKey Terms in Title or Summary
Lawson B. Hamilton PARENT, CHILD, AND STATE: REGULATION IN A NEW ERA OF HOMESCHOOLING 51 Journal of Law and Education 45 (Fall, 2022) With the explosive growth of homeschooling in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic and cultural debates over school curriculum, greater public scrutiny of the practice is coming. What it will reveal is a fundamental divide not only over the law and efficacy of homeschooling but also the nature of parental rights. The academic debate over... 2022  
Solangel Maldonado PARENTAL SOCIAL CAPITAL AND EDUCATIONAL INEQUALITY 90 Fordham Law Review 2599 (May, 2022) Introduction. 2599 I. Educational Segregation and Its Harms. 2603 A. The Achievement Gap. 2607 B. Educational and Social Capital. 2611 II. Supporting Parents. 2616 Conclusion. 2619 2022  
Ceci Lopez, JD, LLM , Dolores Calderón, JD, PhD PEDAGOGIES OF REFUSAL AS RACIAL REALIST PRAXIS 20 Seattle Journal for Social Justice 1019 (Summer, 2022) As educators in an undergraduate legal program with a social justice mission, we understand our pedagogical practice and responsibility as one that reflects Derrick Bell's Racial Realism. In our classrooms, we acknowledge the inherently racist, sexist, gendered, and colonialist formations of law. We do not teach the study of law as a neutral... 2022  
Russell M. Gold POWER OVER PROCEDURE 57 Wake Forest Law Review 51 (2022) American law should better protect people's bodies from being caged than it should protect people's money. And yet in so many ways it does the opposite. Instead of calibrating protections for defendants to the importance of the interest at stake, disparities between pretrial protections in federal civil and criminal procedure instead track... 2022  
María Mercedes Pabón PRESUMED INCOMPETENT II: RACE, CLASS, POWER, AND RESISTANCE OF WOMEN IN ACADEMIA BY YOLANDA FLORES NIEMANN, GABRIELLA GUTIERREZ Y MUHS AND CARMEN G. GONZALEZ, UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS (2020) 37 Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law & Justice 267 (2022) Eight years ago, I published a book review for Presumed Incompetent, in which my coauthor and I--both law deans at the time--very favorably assessed the volume and recommended that [w]e collectively must strive to avoid allowing the turbulent times in modern academia to drown out the voices of women faculty members of color and ultimately distract... 2022  
Katherine K. Carey PREVENTING TAM'S "PROUDEST BOAST" FROM PROTECTING THE PROUD BOYS: A RESPONSE TO FREE SPEECH ABSOLUTISM IN TRADEMARK LAW 71 Emory Law Journal 609 (2022) Recent events, including the infamous Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville in 2017 and the attack on the U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021, have brought the First Amendment, hate speech, and the resurgence of white nationalist rhetoric into the public eye. Throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, while much of the Western World and... 2022  
Adam A. Davidson PROCEDURAL LOSSES AND THE PYRRHIC VICTORY OF ABOLISHING QUALIFIED IMMUNITY 99 Washington University Law Review 1459 (2022) Who decides? Failing to consider this simple question could turn attempts to abolish qualified immunity into a Pyrrhic victory. That is because removing qualified immunity does not change the answer to this question; the federal courts will always decide. For an outcome-neutral critic of qualified immunity who cares only about its doctrinal... 2022  
Leah Goodridge PROFESSIONALISM AS A RACIAL CONSTRUCT 69 UCLA Law Review Discourse 38 (2022) This Essay examines professionalism as a tool to subjugate people of color in the legal field. Professionalism is a standard with a set of beliefs about how one should operate in the workplace. While professionalism seemingly applies to everyone, it is used to widely police and regulate people of color in various ways including hair, tone, and food... 2022  
Meera E. Deo, JD, PhD PROGRESS AND BACKLASH IN OUR UNEQUAL PROFESSION 51 Southwestern Law Review 310 (2022) L1-2Table of Contents I. Progress. 312 A. Increased Scholarship on DEI in Legal Academia. 312 B. Academic Conferences Resisting Faculty Inequities.. 315 C. Institutional Efforts Toward Antiracism. 319 1. New Hiring Processes.. 320 2. Transparency for Tenure and Promotion. 321 3. Formal Mentorship. 322 4. Effective Student Evaluations.. 323 II.... 2022  
Chalana M. Scales-Ferguson, Esq. PUT SOME 'RESPEK' ON HER NAME: HOW RBG'S LEGACY CREATES SPACE FOR BLACK WOMEN IN THE PURSUIT OF EQUAL JUSTICE 43 Women's Rights Law Reporter 34 (Spring/Summer, 2022) With 2020 in our rearview mirrors, it is impossible to reflect on that year without remembering the many ways grief was experienced in American society, whether or not you felt the grief yourself. Just as we entered the second quarter of a year of presumed optimism, when many professed they would find clarity through 20/20 vision and find... 2022  
Marc Spindelman QUEER BLACK TRANS POLITICS AND CONSTITUTIONAL ORIGINALISM 13 ConLawNOW 93 (2022) Oh friends, my friends--bloom how you must, wild until we are free. --Cameron Awkward-Rich, Cento Between the Ending and the End LGBTQIA+ communities are still learning how and why to center Black trans lives in their individual and collective politics. These communities are coming to understand the power of saying--as the Black Queer &... 2022  
Catherine Hancock RACE AND DISORDER: THE CHICAGO EIGHT TRIAL JUDGE AND PROSECUTORS MEET THE CONSTITUTION AND BOBBY SEALE 96 Tulane Law Review 819 (May, 2022) The expectation that justice is available is indispensable to society's spiritual well-being, and the judiciary is the institutional guarantee that this expectation is being met. I. Introduction: Trial Versus Appeal and the Trial Within a Trial. 820 II. When Race Is Unseen and Only Disorder Is Seen. 829 A. Who Was Blamed for the Courtroom... 2022  
Dylan C. Penningroth RACE IN CONTRACT LAW 170 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 1199 (May, 2022) Modern contract law is rife with ideas about race and slavery and cases involving African Americans, but that presence is very hard to see. This Article recovers a hidden history of race in contract law, from its formative era in the 1870s, through the Realist critiques of the early 1900s to the diverse intellectual movements of the 1970s and 80s.... 2022  
Cyra Akila Choudhury RACECRAFT AND IDENTITY IN THE EMERGENCE OF ISLAM AS A RACE 91 University of Cincinnati Law Review 1 (2022) Introduction. 3 I: The Myth of Race and Reality of Fluid Racial Identities. 6 The Myth of Race. 6 Fluid Identities and Multiple Subordinations. 10 Muslim/Islamicized Identities as Cosynthetic Identities. 15 II. A Genealogy of Islam-as-Race. 18 Thread 1: Connecting Black Islam from Slavery to Anti-Islam Immigration Laws and the Civil Rights... 2022  
Dan L. Burk RACIAL BIAS IN ALGORITHMIC IP 106 Minnesota Law Review Headnotes 270 (Spring, 2022) Justice? Hawkmoon called after him as he left the room. Is there such a thing? It can be manufactured in small quantities, Fank told him. But we have to work hard, fight well and use great wisdom to produce just a tiny amount. Intellectual property law currently stands at the intersection of two dramatic social trends. Machine learning... 2022  
E. Tendayi Achiume RACIAL BORDERS 110 Georgetown Law Journal 445 (March, 2022) This Article explores the treatment of race and racial justice in dominant liberal democratic legal discourse and theory concerned with international borders. It advances two analytical claims. The first is that contemporary national borders of the international order--an order that remains structured by imperial inequity--are inherently racial.... 2022  
Tonya L. Brito , Kathryn A. Sabbeth , Jessica K. Steinberg , Lauren Sudeall RACIAL CAPITALISM IN THE CIVIL COURTS 122 Columbia Law Review 1243 (June, 2022) This Essay explores how civil courts function as sites of racial capitalism. The racial capitalism conceptual framework posits that capitalism requires racial inequality and relies on racialized systems of expropriation to produce capital. While often associated with traditional economic systems, racial capitalism applies equally to nonmarket... 2022  
Yuvraj Joshi RACIAL JUSTICE AND PEACE 110 Georgetown Law Journal 1325 (June, 2022) The United States recently saw the largest racial justice protests in its history. An estimated 15 to 26 million people took to the streets over the police killings of Breonna Taylor, Tony McDade, George Floyd, and countless other Black people. This Article explores how these protests and their chants of No Justice! No Peace! should lead us to... 2022  
Darrell D. Jackson, JD, PhD RACING FOR EQUALITY: UNEQUAL PROFESSION AND PROFESSOR MEERA E. DEO'S LEG OF THE RACE 51 Southwestern Law Review 301 (2022) The deadline for submitting our essays to the Unequal Profession paper symposium was mid-August 2021, almost immediately after the conclusion of the delayed Summer 2020 Olympics hosted by Japan. While hosting the Olympics is always controversial and often raises a wide array of arguments, noteworthy this year is the intersection of issues... 2022  
Rose Cuison-Villazor REJECTING CITIZENSHIP 120 Michigan Law Review 1033 (April, 2022) Pursuing Citizenship in the Enforcement Era. By Ming Hsu Chen. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 2020. Pp. xi, 215. $28. Citizenship for undocumented immigrants is once again on the horizon. Just a few weeks after President Donald Trump left the White House, and several years since the last time Congress failed to pass comprehensive immigration... 2022  
Kendall Lawrenz REMEDYING THE HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF STRUCTURAL RACISM THROUGH REPARATIONS 90 George Washington Law Review 1018 (August, 2022) From the early introduction of slavery to the United States, not only did the economic prosperity of slavery depend on extracting reproductive labor from Black birthing people, but so did the field of medicine. Enslaved Black people were experimented on and forced to undergo inhumane procedures in the name of science, yet as the medical profession... 2022  
Peter H. Huang RESISTANCE IS NOT FUTILE: CHALLENGING AAPI HATE 28 William and Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice 261 (Winter, 2022) This Article analyzes how to challenge AAPI (Asian American Pacific Islander) hate--defined as explicit negative bias in racial beliefs towards AAPIs. In economics, beliefs are subjective probabilities over possible outcomes. Traditional neoclassical economics view beliefs as inputs to making decisions with more accurate beliefs having indirect,... 2022  
Jamelia Morgan RESPONDING TO ABOLITION ANXIETIES: A ROADMAP FOR LEGAL ANALYSIS 120 Michigan Law Review 1199 (April, 2022) We Do This Til We Free Us. By Mariame Kaba. Edited by Tamara K. Nopper. Chicago: Haymarket Books. 2021. Pp. xxviii, 197. $16.95. During the uprisings that followed the police killings of George Floyd and Breonna Taylor, abolitionist organizers and groups across the country seized the moment and set forth public demands to end the systems of... 2022  
Natasha Varyani RESPONSE TO NANCY LEONG'S IDENTITY CAPITALISTS: IMPLICATIONS FOR PROPERTY, ACADEMIA, AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION 56 New England Law Review 175 (Spring, 2022) Professor Leong's work is extraordinary in its effortless combination of data, legal theory, and personal narrative. As someone who strives to incorporate those very different lenses into my own teaching and scholarship, Professor Leong's ease and skill in weaving these various approaches to illustrate a concept and craft a framework has left me in... 2022  
Michael Haggerty , Gregory P. Downs ROGER TANEY: INTERSECTIONAL RACIST IN AN AGE OF RACIST DIFFERENTIATION 24 University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law 729 (June, 2022) In his article Dred Scott and Asian Americans, Gabriel J. Chin creatively and persuasively reads the well-known, much-reviled opinion by Chief Justice Roger Taney in Dred Scott v. Sandford through Taney's little-known opinion in United States v. Dow to argue that Dred Scott should be regarded as pertinent to all people of color, not only African... 2022  
Lincoln Davies , Karrigan Börk , Sarah Krakoff ROUNDTABLE TWO ENVIRONMENTAL LAW EDUCATION: NEW TECHNIQUES IN THE CLASSROOM AND BEYOND 46 Vermont Law Review 575 (Summer, 2022) First, I want to briefly explain our curriculum, as it exists, to help with the context for my answer. At Colorado, we have what I think of as a developmental curriculum. We have a foundations class that is the gateway to the rest of the substantive classes. And then we have pollution law, water law, public lands, climate change--a full suite of... 2022  
Leah C. Rachow SCAPEGOATING AND STEREOTYPING: THE EXECUTIVE'S POWER OVER FEDERAL CONTRACTORS 47 Journal of Corporation Law 529 (Winter, 2022) I. Introduction. 529 II. The Executive's Authority over Federal Contractor Agreements. 531 A. The Lead Up to EO 13,950. 531 B. The President's Authority under FPASA. 532 C. History of Executive Orders Impacting Federal Contractors. 532 D. The Bounds of Executive Authority over Federal Contract Agreements. 533 E. A Boundless Power over Federal... 2022  
Jill C. Engle SEXUAL VIOLENCE, INTANGIBLE HARM, AND THE PROMISE OF TRANSFORMATIVE REMEDIES 79 Washington and Lee Law Review 1045 (Summer, 2022) This Article describes alternative remedies that survivors of sexual violence can access inside and outside the legal system. It describes the leading restorative justice approaches and recommends one of the newest and most innovative of those--transformative justice--to heal the intangible harms of sexual violence. The Article also discusses the... 2022  
Scott Franks SOME REFLECTIONS OF A MÉTIS LAW STUDENT AND ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ON INDIGENOUS LEGAL EDUCATION IN CANADA 48 Mitchell Hamline Law Review 744 (May, 2022) This Article is a reflection on some of my experiences as a Métis law student and assistant professor on the subject of Indigenous legal education in Canada. I introduce myself and what brought me to law school and describe some of my experiences as a law student, as a co-president of an Indigenous Students Association, and as a student organizer... 2022  
Angelique EagleWoman, Wambdi A. Was'teWinyan, Dominic J. Terry, Lani Petrulo., Dr. Gavin Clarkson, Angela Levasseur, Leah R. Sixkiller, Jack Rice STORYTELLING AND TRUTH-TELLING: PERSONAL REFLECTIONS ON THE NATIVE AMERICAN EXPERIENCE IN LAW SCHOOLS 48 Mitchell Hamline Law Review 704 (May, 2022) I. Introduction. 705 II. Becoming a Native Lawyer. 710 A. Ya'at'eeh!. 710 B. Don't Be A Victim of Your Environment. 710 C. Work Hard, and Never Give Up. 711 D. The Scenic Route. 711 E. So Close, Yet So Far. 712 F. The Bar Exam Does Not Define You!. 713 G. Ya'at'eeh, My Name is Dominic Terry. 713 III. Barred: A Personal Reflection on the Native... 2022  
Devon W. Carbado STRICT SCRUTINY & THE BLACK BODY 69 UCLA Law Review 2 (March, 2022) When people in law think about strict scrutiny, often they are also thinking about equal protection law's treatment of race. For more than four decades, scholars have vigorously challenged that legal regime. Yet none of that contestation has interrogated the social manifestation of strict scrutiny. This Article does that work. Its central claim is... 2022  
Abigail E. Lowe, Kelly K. Dineen, Seema Mohapatra STRUCTURAL DISCRIMINATION IN PANDEMIC POLICY: ESSENTIAL PROTECTIONS FOR ESSENTIAL WORKERS 50 Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 67 (Spring, 2022) Keywords: Essential Workers, Emergency Preparedness, Health and Safety, Infection Prevention and Control, Anti-Racism Abstract: An inordinate number of low wage workers in essential industries are Black, Hispanic, or Latino, immigrants or refugees--groups beset by centuries of discrimination and burdened with disproportionate but preventable harms... 2022  
Isaiah Strong SURVEILLANCE OF BLACK LIVES AS INJURY-IN-FACT 122 Columbia Law Review 1019 (May, 2022) Black communities have been surveilled by governmental institutions and law enforcement agencies throughout the history of the United States. Most recently, law enforcement has turned to monitoring social media, devoting an increasing number of resources and time to surveilling various social media platforms. Yet this rapid increase in law... 2022  
S. Lisa Washington SURVIVED & COERCED: EPISTEMIC INJUSTICE IN THE FAMILY REGULATION SYSTEM 122 Columbia Law Review 1097 (May, 2022) Recent calls to defund the police were quickly followed by calls to fund social service agencies, including the family regulation apparatus. These demands fail to consider the shared carceral logic of the criminal legal and family regulation system. This Essay utilizes the term family regulation system to more accurately describe the surveillance... 2022  
Clay Calvert TAKING THE FIGHT OUT OF FIGHTING WORDS ON THE DOCTRINE'S EIGHTIETH ANNIVERSARY: WHAT "N" WORD LITIGATION TODAY REVEALS ABOUT ASSUMPTIONS, FLAWS AND GOALS OF A FIRST AMENDMENT PRINCIPLE IN DISARRAY 87 Missouri Law Review 493 (Spring, 2022) Analyzing a trio of recent rulings involving usage of the N word by white people directed at Black individuals, this Article explores problems with the United States Supreme Court's fighting words doctrine on its eightieth anniversary. In the process of examining these cases and the troubles they illuminate, including the doctrine's dubious... 2022  
Phyllis C. Taite , Nicola “Nicky” Boothe TEACHING CULTURAL COMPETENCE IN LAW SCHOOL CURRICULA: AN ESSENTIAL STEP TO FACILITATE DIVERSITY, EQUITY, & INCLUSION IN THE LEGAL PROFESSION 2022 Utah Law Review 813 (2022) A judge made national news when a video was leaked of her and her family using racial slurs. A lawyer's racist rant, where he threatened to call Immigration and Customs Enforcement on New York restaurant workers because they were speaking Spanish, went viral and earned him a public scolding by the court. The defense team for Ahmaud Arbery's... 2022  
Vinay Harpalani TESTING THE LIMITS: ASIAN AMERICANS AND THE DEBATE OVER STANDARDIZED ENTRANCE EXAMS 73 South Carolina Law Review 759 (Spring, 2022) I. Introduction. 759 II. Social, Political, and Historical Context. 762 A. Racial Triangulation. 762 B. Model Minority to Peril of the Mind. 763 C. Negative Action and Affirmative Action. 766 III. Controversies over Standardized Entrance Exams. 770 A. College Entrance Exams and the Test-Blind Movement. 771 B. New York City's Specialized High... 2022  
Daniel E. Walters THE ADMINISTRATIVE AGON: A DEMOCRATIC THEORY FOR A CONFLICTUAL REGULATORY STATE 132 Yale Law Journal 1 (October, 2022) A perennial challenge for the administrative state is to answer the democracy question: how can the bureaucracy be squared with the idea of self-government of, by, and for a sovereign people with few direct means of holding agencies accountable? Scholars have long argued that this challenge can be met by bringing sophisticated thinking about... 2022  
Laura M. Padilla THE BLACK--WHITE PARADIGM'S CONTINUING ERASURE OF LATINAS: SEE WOMEN LAW DEANS OF COLOR 99 Denver Law Review 683 (Summer, 2022) The Black-white paradigm persists with unintended consequences. For example, there have been only six Latina law deans to date with only four presently serving. This Article provides data about women law deans of color, the dearth of Latina law deans, and explanations for the data. It focuses on the enduring Black-white paradigm, as well as other... 2022  
Alexis Hoag THE COLOR OF JUSTICE 120 Michigan Law Review 977 (April, 2022) Free Justice: a History of the Public Defender in Twentieth Century America. By Sara Mayeux. University of North Carolina Press. 2020. Pp. xi, 271. $26.95. Writing about history requires making certain decisions: when to start the account, what to include and exclude, which documents and artifacts to rely upon, and what questions to address. One... 2022  
Tom I. Romero, II THE COLOR OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT: OBSERVATIONS OF A BROWN BUFFALO ON RACIAL IMPACT STATEMENTS IN THE MOVEMENT FOR WATER JUSTICE 25 CUNY Law Review 241 (Summer, 2022) This Article advocates for the adoption of racial impact statements (RIS) in local government decision making, particularly among water utilities. Situated in the larger history of water and climate injustice in Colorado and the arid American West, this Article examines ways that racially minoritized communities engage and contest legal and... 2022  
Tiffany Hilton THE DANGER OF UNFAIR PREJUDICE: RACIAL DISPARITIES IN THE FEDERAL RULES OF EVIDENCE 52 Stetson Law Review 153 (Fall, 2022) The chasm between the principles upon which this Government was founded . and those which are daily practiced under the protection of the flag, yawns so wide and deep. - Mary Church Terrell, 1906 The year 2020 brought about many new challenges in America. The COVID-19 pandemic ushered in a nationwide sense of unease and uncertainty that... 2022  
Gil Rothschild-Elyassi THE DATAFICATION OF LAW: HOW TECHNOLOGY ENCODES CARCERAL POWER AND AFFECTS JUDICIAL PRACTICE IN THE UNITED STATES 47 Law and Social Inquiry 55 (February, 2022) This inquiry explores how data analyses about US Federal sentences have transformed sentencing practice beginning in the mid-1980s. I consider this inquiry an early case of the datafication of law, a pervasive process that translates legal practice into data and embeds it in digital networks so it can be tracked and analyzed in real time. To... 2022  
Ngozi Okidegbe THE DEMOCRATIZING POTENTIAL OF ALGORITHMS? 53 Connecticut Law Review 739 (February, 2022) Jurisdictions are increasingly embracing the use of pretrial risk assessment algorithms as a solution to the problem of mass pretrial incarceration. Conversations about the use of pretrial algorithms in legal scholarship have tended to focus on their opacity, determinativeness, reliability, validity, or their (in)ability to reduce high rates of... 2022  
Khiara M. Bridges THE DYSGENIC STATE: ENVIRONMENTAL INJUSTICE AND DISABILITY-SELECTIVE ABORTION BANS 110 California Law Review 297 (April, 2022) Disability-selective abortion bans are laws that prohibit individuals from terminating a pregnancy because the fetus has been diagnosed with a health impairment. Many environmental toxins--to which low-income people and people of color disproportionately are exposed--are known to cause impairments in fetuses. When the fact of environmental... 2022  
Brendan Williams THE EXPENDABLES: HISPANIC WORKERS IN THE U.S. DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC 13 Alabama Civil Rights & Civil Liberties Law Review 119 (2021-2022) I. Essential Work. 121 II. Health Care Inequities. 127 III. White Privilege and Opposition to COVID-19 Safeguards. 136 IV. Conclusion. 141 2022  
Rabia Belt THE FAT PRISONERS' DILEMMA: SLOW VIOLENCE, INTERSECTIONALITY, AND A DISABILITY RIGHTS FRAMEWORK FOR THE FUTURE 110 Georgetown Law Journal 785 (April, 2022) America is having a reckoning on mass incarceration. Events such as George Floyd's killing, COVID behind bars, and Black Lives Matter have punctured our collective consciousness. Advocates and scholars alike are pushing U.S. society to examine the costs--financial, psychic, social--of putting millions of people behind bars. Despite this... 2022  
Wendy Netter Epstein , DePaul University College of Law, 25 E. Jackson Blvd., Chicago, IL 60604, USA THE HEALTH EQUITY MANDATE 9 Journal of Law & the Biosciences 1 (January-June, 2022) People of color and the poor die younger than the White and prosperous. And when they are alive, they are sicker. Health inequity is morally tragic. But it is also economically inefficient, raising the nation's healthcare bill and lowering productivity. The COVID pandemic only, albeit dramatically, highlights these pre-existing inequities. COVID... 2022  
K-Sue Park THE HISTORY WARS AND PROPERTY LAW: CONQUEST AND SLAVERY AS FOUNDATIONAL TO THE FIELD 131 Yale Law Journal 1062 (February, 2022) This Article addresses the stakes of the ongoing fight over competing versions of U.S. history for our understanding of law, with a special focus on property law. Insofar as legal scholarship has examined U.S. law within the historical context in which it arose, it has largely overlooked the role that laws and legal institutions played in... 2022  
Christopher Cruz THE LEARN ACT: A BIPARTISAN LEGISLATIVE PROPOSAL TO ADVANCE EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR IMMIGRANTS AND ENGLISH LEARNERS 59 Harvard Journal on Legislation 223 (Winter, 2022) Immigrants and English learners (ELs) have consistently faced overwhelming odds in attaining a sound, basic education in the United States. Today, both groups are subject to systemic discrimination and face lower than average high school graduation and college matriculation rates. This is despite the fact that nearly fifty years ago, the Equal... 2022  
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