AuthorTitleCitationSummaryYearKey Terms in Title or Summary
Ferrell L. Littlejohn CORPORATE ESG FALLS SHORT: SYSTEMIC ANTI-BLACK RACISM AND INEQUALITY SHOULD BE ADDRESSED THROUGH A CUMULATIVE INTEGRATED APPROACH 29 Fordham Journal of Corporate and Financial Law 695 (2024) In the 1896 case Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court endorsed the separate but equal doctrine, essentially codifying racial segregation. This decision guaranteed that systemic racism would permeate every fabric of society despite the abolition of slavery. Recently, many corporate institutions have pledged to actively support the fight against... 2024  
Margaret Hu CRITICAL DATA THEORY 65 William and Mary Law Review 839 (March, 2024) Critical Data Theory examines the role of AI and algorithmic decisionmaking at its intersection with the law. This theory aims to deconstruct the impact of AI in law and policy contexts. The tools of AI and automated systems allow for legal, scientific, socioeconomic, and political hierarchies of power that can profitably be interrogated with... 2024  
Anastasia M. Boles , Demetria D. Frank , Darrell D. Jackson , Jamila E. Jefferson CULTURALLY PROFICIENT LAWYERING: A FRAMEWORK AND RUBRIC SUPPORTING LEARNING OUTCOMES AND OBJECTIVES 86 University of Pittsburgh Law Review 1 (Fall, 2024) Culturally Proficient Lawyering is an important guide for legal educators who are employing cultural proficiency course objectives in accordance with new American Bar Association (ABA) accreditation Standard 303(c). The recently adopted Standard 303(c) requires that law schools educate students about bias, cross-cultural competency, and racism.... 2024  
Deirdre Pfeiffer , Xiaoqian Hu DECONSTRUCTING RACIAL CODE WORDS 58 Law and Society Review 294 (June, 2024) Racism has become more covert in post-civil rights America. Yet, measures to combat it are hindered by inadequate general knowledge on what colorblind race talk says and does and what makes it effective. We deepen understanding of covert racism by investigating one type of discourse--racial code words, which are (1) indirect signifiers of racial... 2024  
Francisco Valdes DEFEAT FASCISM, TRANSFORM DEMOCRACY: MAPPING ACADEMIC RESOURCES, REFRAMING THE FUNDAMENTALS, AND ORGANIZING FOR COLLECTIVE ACTIONS 47 Seattle University Law Review 1057 (Spring, 2024) [T]he truth will set you free. --Jesus What happens when truth doesn't matter anymore? --Barack Obama A vote for Donald Trump is a vote for a fascist government. --Cassidy Hutchinson Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it. --Jorge Santayana Introduction & Context. 1059 I. The Critical (Legal) Collective: Learning and Acting... 2024  
Sheldon Bernard Lyke DEFENSE AGAINST THE DARK ARTS: THE DIVERSITY RATIONALE AND THE FAILED AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE OF AFFIRMATIVE ACTION 80 Washington and Lee Law Review 1873 (2024) Over the past forty years, affirmative action advocates have participated in a defensive campaign where they have admitted that affirmative action is a form of justified discrimination. This Article finds this a dangerous strategy because it allows for the practice of misguided beliefs about race and remedies for racism. When schools fail to fight... 2024  
Andrew F. Popper DEMOCRACY ON THE BRINK, DOWN BUT NOT DEFEATED 10 University of Pennsylvania Journal of Law & Public Affairs 1 (November, 2024) This essay assesses the current state of governance and is premised on the notion that distrust, anger, and discontent in our legal system represent a threat to the whole of the regulatory state and voting, the preeminent engines of democracy. The decline in trust in government is attributable in meaningful part to the prevalence of lies and false... 2024  
Janel A. George DENY, DEFUND, AND DIVERT: THE LAW AND AMERICAN MISEDUCATION 112 Georgetown Law Journal 509 (March, 2024) Racial inequality in public education is not inevitable, it is constructed. The law has been elemental in crafting racial inequality in public education. In this Article, I posit that lawmakers seeking to entrench racial inequality in and through public education do so by enacting laws designed to deny Black children access to education, defund... 2024  
Frank Rudy Cooper DICTA MINES, PRETEXT, AND EXCESSIVE FORCE: TOWARD CRIMINAL PROCEDURE FUTURISM 112 California Law Review 1007 (June, 2024) Scholars have recently criticized Fourth Amendment pretext doctrine for leading to more police contact with Black and Brown people and thus to racially disproportionate uses of excessive force. This Essay reveals the intersection of the Court's pretext and excessive force doctrines by unearthing their shared roots in the 1973 United States v.... 2024  
Cassandra Jones Havard DIGITAL FOOTPRINTS: TECHNOLOGY, RACE, AND JUSTICE 45 Cardozo Law Review 1177 (April, 2024) Data aggregation is ubiquitous. To widen credit access, lenders now use nonconventional sources of personal technological information to measure borrower creditworthiness. Alternative data credit scoring is touted as a useful solution for borrowers with little or no credit history or thin credit files. The supposedly neutral algorithm provides a... 2024  
Sarah H. Lorr DISABLING FAMILIES 76 Stanford Law Review 1255 (June, 2024) Abstract. The family regulation system is increasingly notorious for harming the very families that it ostensibly aims to protect. Under the guise of advancing child welfare, Black, Brown, Native, and poor families are disproportionately surveilled, judged, and separated. Discrimination and ingrained prejudices against disabled parents render their... 2024  
Craig Konnoth DISCRIMINATION DENIALS: ARE SAME-SEX WEDDING SERVICE REFUSALS DISCRIMINATORY? 124 Columbia Law Review 2003 (November, 2024) Are refusals to provide services for same-sex weddings anti-gay discrimination? The answer, the Supreme Court seems to say, is no. Last Term in 303 Creative LLC v. Elenis, the Court held that the Constitution's Free Speech Clause granted a web designer the right to refuse same-sex wedding services. In so doing, the Court also appeared to opine... 2024  
Mary Marston DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION TRAININGS AS A PUBLIC RELATIONS IMPERATIVE: ADDRESSING THE FARAGHER-ELLERTH TEST VIA INTEREST-CONVERGENCE AND TARGETED UNIVERSALISM 32 American University Journal of Gender, Social Policy and the Law 317 (2024) I. Introduction 318 II. Background 321 A. The Importance of Title VII in Workplace Discrimination and Harassment 321 B. The #MeToo Movement and Interest Convergence 325 C. What Comprises a Sexual Harassment or a Diversity and Inclusion Training? 326 III. Applying Interest Convergence and Targeted Universalism to Court's Understanding of Mutable... 2024  
Michael O'Donnell DO STUDENTS LEAVE THEIR CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS AT THE (CHARTER) SCHOOLHOUSE GATES?: CHARTER SCHOOLS' COLLISION COURSE WITH A RESTRICTIVE STATE ACTION DOCTRINE 74 Case Western Reserve Law Review 1141 (Summer, 2024) C1-2Contents Introduction. 1142 I. The State Action Doctrine. 1145 A. Determining Whether the Nominally Private Actor Is in Fact a Government Actor. 1149 B. Determining Whether the Conduct of Truly Private Actors Is State Action. 1151 1. The Public Function Analysis and the Related Delegation of Constitutional Duty Analysis. 1151 2. The Close Nexus... 2024  
Chaz Arnett DYSTOPIAN DREAMS, UTOPIAN NIGHTMARES: AI AND THE PERMANENCE OF RACISM 112 Georgetown Law Journal 1299 (June, 2024) This Essay draws connections between Octavia Butler's Parable series (Parable of the Sower and Parable of the Talents), HBO's Westworld, and Derrick Bell's Faces at the Bottom of the Well: The Permanence of Racism to highlight how the reconfiguration and transmutation of race through technological change is facilitated by corresponding shifts in... 2024  
Paula C. Johnson EDUCATION ACCESS & OPPORTUNITY: AN INTRODUCTION 74 Syracuse Law Review 885 (2024) Introduction. 886 I. Overview of Panels. 888 II. Synopsis of Issues Raised by the Symposium. 890 A. Students for Fair Admissions and Related Cases. 891 B. K-12 Racial Content Restrictions. 894 C. Student Debt Relief Under Biden v. Nebraska. 896 III. Overview of the Articles in this Issue. 899 A. Jonathan D. Glater, Doctrinal Siege: Higher Education... 2024  
GianCarlo Canaparo , Jameson Payne EQUAL PROTECTION AND RACIAL CATEGORIES 34 George Mason University Civil Rights Law Journal 225 (Spring, 2024) A touchstone of justice is the principle that like things must be treated alike, and different things differently. A thread of universal agreement on this point runs from Aristotle to the jurists, moralists and philosophers of our own day. This principle is enshrined in the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause (as interpreted ), which... 2024  
Kamilah Mims FAMILIAL ASSOCIATION UNDER SIEGE: THE IMPLICATIONS OF UNITED STATES v. MAGDALENO ON THE BLACK COMMUNITY 71 UCLA Law Review 992 (September, 2024) This Comment delves into the fundamental right to familial association and integrity in the United States, tracing its historical significance and its erosion in the criminal legal system. Focusing on the Ninth Circuit's case, United States v. Magdaleno, it scrutinizes a supervised release condition that restricts interactions with siblings,... 2024  
J. Benton Heath FETCH THE BOLT CUTTERS: REFLECTIONS ON RACIAL CAPITALISM AND THE NAFTA/USMCA 49 Brooklyn Journal of International Law 449 (2024) Thank you for this opportunity to speak on the subject of race and trade in the US--Mexico--Canada Agreement (USMCA). I mean for this presentation to be an introduction to many of the issues that are on my mind as a scholar of investment and trade. It is also an introduction to the work of many others who have thought deeply about the relationships... 2024  
Steven W. Bender FOREWORD 47 Seattle University Law Review 1003 (Spring, 2024) C1-2Contents Introduction. 1003 I. Situating EPOCH 2023 in Academic Activism Affirming Real Equality. 1008 II. EPOCH Symposium Overview. 1011 III. EPOCH Takeaways: Tensions and Opportunities. 1024 Conclusion. 1026 2024  
Emily Gold Waldman FROM GARCETTI TO KENNEDY: TEACHERS, COACHES, AND FREE SPEECH AT PUBLIC SCHOOLS 11 Belmont Law Review 239 (Spring, 2024) Introduction. 239 I. The State of the Law Before Kennedy. 242 A. The Pre-Garcetti Period: A Circuit Split Over the Framework for Teacher Speech. 242 B. Enter Garcetti v. Ceballos. 245 C. The Post-Garcetti Rough Consensus. 246 1. The Teachers Generally Lose. 246 2. Parallels with the Government Speech Doctrine. 248 II. Calling an Audible:... 2024  
Katherine Steefel FROM WHITEBOARD TO STATEMENT OF PRINCIPLES: THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN COLLECTIVE ON RACE, PLACE & LAW'S PRINCIPLES 101 Denver Law Review 455 (Spring, 2024) Several weeks into my first fall semester as a faculty member at the University of Denver Sturm College of Law (Sturm), I received an email from Professor Rashmi Goel. The email, addressed to new faculty members, introduced the Rocky Mountain Collective on Race, Place & Law (RPL) and invited us to participate in the group. The barrier to entry was... 2024  
Mark Jia HIGH THEORY IN CHINESE LAW 103 Texas Law Review 381 (December, 2024) The most contested question in the study of Chinese law is also its most enduring one: How should we characterize China's legal system? In recent years, scholars have advanced numerous theories to explain Chinese law. Some have emphasized legality; others have stressed order; still others have described the system as dual or multi-faceted. This... 2024  
Terrell Carter, Rachel López IF LIVED EXPERIENCE COULD SPEAK: A METHOD FOR REPAIRING EPISTEMIC VIOLENCE IN LAW AND THE LEGAL ACADEMY 109 Minnesota Law Review 1 (November, 2024) Terrell Carter grew up only a stone's throw from Drexel University, the institution of higher learning where the other coauthor of this Article, Rachel López, would find her academic home years later. Even as a child, Terrell remembers feeling like other institutions that were miles away, like State Correctional Institution Graterford where he... 2024  
S. James Anaya , Adrien K. Wing INTRODUCTION TO THE SYMPOSIUM ON RABIAT AKANDE, "AN IMPERIAL HISTORY OF RACE-RELIGION IN INTERNATIONAL LAW" 118 AJIL Unbound 103 (2024) Global efforts are underway to formulate a protocol to the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) that would extend its protections to religious discrimination. With momentum coming from national and international levels, the effort seeks an intersectional approach to address what Rabiat Akande... 2024  
Dan Friedman , Barnett Harris IS FEDERAL CONGRESSIONAL REDISTRICTING IN MARYLAND GOVERNED BY ARTICLE III, SECTION 4 OF THE STATE CONSTITUTION? AN ANALYSIS OF THE TRIAL COURT DECISION IN SZELIGA v. LAMONE 83 Maryland Law Review 1261 (2024) In Szeliga v. Lamone, a state trial court determined for the first time that Article III, Section 4 of the Maryland Constitution applies to restrict the Maryland General Assembly's power to adopt a plan of congressional redistricting. Using theories of constitutional interpretation including textualism, originalism, comparative constitutional law,... 2024  
J.P. Riley IS THERE ROOM IN THE CLASSROOM FOR THE FIRST AMENDMENT? DEFINING THE DOCTRINE FOR TEACHERS' CLASSROOM SPEECH 61 San Diego Law Review 185 (February-March, 2024) C1-2Table of Contents Abstract. 186 I. Introduction. 187 II. Restricting Instruction Amidst Judicial Uncertainty. 192 A. State Legislation Regarding Controversial Issues in Public School. 193 1. Summary of Enacted and Active Legislation. 194 B. Teachers' Classroom Speech: Two Analytical Frameworks. 198 1. Government-Employee Speech Analysis. 198 a.... 2024  
James Huffman LEGAL EDUCATION AND THE RULE OF LAW 60 California Western Law Review 571 (Spring, 2024) C1-3Table of Contents L1-2Introduction . L3571 I. Curriculum. 586 II. Skills Training. 589 III. Absence of philosophical diversity. 593 IV. Law School Missions. 596 L1-2Conclusion . L3604 2024  
Emmanuel Mauleón LEGAL ENDEARMENT: AN UNMARKED BARRIER TO TRANSFORMING POLICING, PUBLIC SAFETY, AND SECURITY 112 California Law Review 755 (June, 2024) The problems of racialized policing have come into renewed focus over the past decade. The advent of viral bystander videos has not only forced a popular confrontation with moments of both routine and extraordinary policing violence but also sparked protests, uprisings, and grassroots movements to challenge current practices in policing and... 2024  
Jay M. Feinman LESSONS OF LEGAL REASONING 21 Legal Communication & Rhetoric: JALWD 1 (Fall, 2024) Legal reasoning--thinking like a lawyer--is the fundamental skill taught and learned in law school, particularly in the first year of law school. For lawyers, legal reasoning is essential to predicting legal outcomes and to advocacy in litigation. In this article, I argue that the lessons of legal reasoning--those taught by professors, learned by... 2024  
Sarah Ryan LIBERTY AND EQUALITY UNDER THE FIRST AMENDMENT: SCRUTINIZING BOOK BANS THROUGH AN EQUAL PROTECTION FRAMEWORK 90 Brooklyn Law Review 299 (Fall, 2024) The dissemination of ideas can accomplish nothing if otherwise willing addressees are not free to receive and consider them. It would be a barren marketplace of ideas that had only sellers and no buyers. In May of 2022, Vicki Baggett, a language arts teacher, submitted a Request for the Reconsideration of Educational Media, objecting to the use... 2024  
John P. Anderson , Jeremy Kidd MARKET FAILURE AND CENSORSHIP IN THE MARKETPLACE OF IDEAS 76 Oklahoma Law Review 269 (Winter, 2024) The familiar metaphor of the exchange of ideas as a marketplace has permeate [d] the Supreme Court's first amendment jurisprudence. Founded on the presumption that competition in markets leads to efficient outcomes, the analogy of a marketplace of ideas suggests that competition among ideas will reliably arrive at truth, or at least the most... 2024  
Margaret E. Montoya MEMORIES OF AN AFFIRMATIVE ACTION ACTIVIST 47 Seattle University Law Review 1029 (Spring, 2024) C1-2Contents I. Autobiography as Historic Frame & Rationale for Educational Access Through an Expansive Affirmative Action. 1031 II. SALT and Affirmative Action Activism in Law Schools. 1039 III. The Slim But Cruel Vestige of Affirmative Action That Survives: The Military Exception in SFFA. 1047 IV. Affirmative Action in Medicine, Rebutting Justice... 2024  
Michael L. Smith MORAL PANIC AND THE FIRST AMENDMENT 72 Buffalo Law Review 455 (April, 2024) Debates over free speech in the United States frequently see advocates of strong, broad protections at odds with those who argue that unfettered free speech tends to harm society's most vulnerable. Free speech advocates invoke the marketplace of ideas and argue that the antidote to false or harmful speech is more speech. In response, critics... 2024  
Joseph Hummel MUSIC OF THE LAW: A WIGMORIAN PLAYLIST FOR A MODERN ERA 59 Tulsa Law Review 301 (Spring, 2024) I. Introduction. 302 II. The Evolution of law and Literature and Music's Place (or Lack Thereof) Within It. 303 III. Music and its Relation to the Law. 312 A. Music and the Law. 312 B. But after all, what is served by such a list?. 314 i. The Law Governing Music, and the Music Governing Law. 314 ii. Justifications and Professional Goals:... 2024  
Nino C. Monea NEXT ON THE CHOPPING BLOCK: THE LITIGATION CAMPAIGN AGAINST RACE-CONSCIOUS POLICIES BEYOND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION IN UNIVERSITY ADMISSIONS 33 Boston University Public Interest Law Journal 1 (Winter, 2024) Abstract. 4 Introduction. 4 I. The Legal Landscape. 6 A. University Admissions Precedent. 6 B. Other Affirmative Action Precedent. 8 C. Major Anti-Discrimination Laws. 8 D. The Plaintiffs. 10 II. Common Contested Issues in Affirmative Action Litigation. 14 A. Standing. 14 1. Injury. 14 2. Redressability. 16 3. Ripeness. 17 4. Mootness. 18 B.... 2024  
Emily M.S. Houh OHIO: A CASE STUDY IN SUBNATIONAL AUTHORITARIANISM 16 Drexel Law Review 713 (2024) Since 2021, legislators and school board members in Ohio have continuously introduced, proposed, or adopted a barrage of measures aimed at restricting what can be taught in K-12 and higher education institutions. This article contextualizes the attacks in Ohio on higher education specifically in a national and global context; closely analyzes the... 2024  
Jessica M. Eaglin ON "COLOR-BLIND" AND THE ALGORITHM 112 Georgetown Law Journal 1385 (June, 2024) Earthling? I jump and bump my head on the underside of a bookshelf. It is a quiet Monday in late summer, right before the start of the school year. I am unpacking boxes of books. To suggest that I am distracted would be an understatement. Yet, when I hear that airy call behind me, I know who it is. AJ, hello, I call out as I turn to open yet... 2024  
Mark C. Grafenreed OPEN HUNTING SEASON: BLACK BODIES AS A THREATENED SPECIES 30 Cardozo Journal of Equal Rights & Social Justice 341 (Winter, 2024) . about one white person in two believes police provide very good protection . for Negroes, the figure is one in five. Tracing the Endangered Species Act of 1973 provides striking parallels with the historical, legal, and cultural aspects of bondage mapped upon Black bodies. The United States Congress promulgated the Endangered Species Act to... 2024  
Cecilia Giles PARENTAL RIGHTS OR POLITICAL PLOYS? UNRAVELING THE DECEPTIVE THREADS OF MODERN "PARENTAL RIGHTS" LEGISLATION 92 University of Cincinnati Law Review 1171 (2024) The Supreme Court has long recognized the right of parents to be involved in their children's education. In 2000, Justice O'Connor stated in Troxel v. Granville that the interest of parents in the care, custody, and control of their children--is perhaps the oldest of the fundamental liberty interests recognized by this Court. However, despite the... 2024  
Clare Huntington PARENTAL RIGHTS: RHETORIC versus DOCTRINE 91 University of Chicago Law Review 503 (March, 2024) Professor Josh Gupta-Kagan observes that the Restatement of Children and the Law does not transform the law of child abuse and neglect. As he contends, this is neither a feature nor a bug. It is simply the reality of a restatement, which can only nudge, not reform, the law. I agree with Gupta-Kagan that only political will, not the American Law... 2024  
Lili Levi POLITICIZING ANTISEMITISM AMIDST TODAY'S EDUCATIONAL CULTURE WARS 27 Lewis & Clark Law Review 1185 (2024) The traditional narrative of American Jewry emphasizes American exceptionalism with respect to antisemitism. But there have been clear signs of a resurgence of public antisemitism in the United States even before the massive rise in antisemitic expression and incidents associated with the Israel-Hamas war of fall 2023. One of the notable aspects of... 2024  
Francisco Valdes, Steven W. Bender, Jennifer J. Hill PREPARING FOR THE RECKONING OF LAW WITH JUSTICE: ORGANIZING LATCRIT HEMISPHERICALLY FOR SYSTEMIC AND MATERIAL POWER 22 Seattle Journal for Social Justice 823 (Spring, 2024) As the 230 registrants of the 2023 biennial LatCrit conference marked the 28 anniversary of LatCrit theory, community, and praxis, we also marked our first hybrid conference in the Global North. This method of convening is designed strategically to take advantage of combining resource-conserving virtual participation with a hub or anchor of... 2024  
Brandon Hasbrouck PRISONS AS LABORATORIES OF ANTIDEMOCRACY 133 Yale Law Journal 1966 (April, 2024) Prisons are woefully ineffective as tools to protect society from violence and exploitation, yet America's prison population exploded in the twentieth century. On the outside, this devastated Black communities, Black opportunities, Black economic power, and Black voting power. Yet a similarly insidious development came from inside prison walls:... 2024  
Vincent M. Southerland PUBLIC DEFENSE AND AN ABOLITIONIST ETHIC 99 New York University Law Review 1635 (November, 2024) The American carceral state has grown exponentially over the last six decades, earning the United States a place of notoriety among the world's leaders in incarceration. That unprecedented growth has been fueled by a cultural addiction to carceral logic and its tools--police, prosecution, jails, prisons, and punishment--as a one-size-fits-all... 2024  
Michael P. Goodyear QUEER TRADEMARKS 2024 University of Illinois Law Review 163 (2024) LGBTQ+ slurs can now be registered as federal trademarks. The U.S. Supreme Court's decisions in Matal v. Tam and Iancu v. Brunetti permitted federal registration of disparaging, immoral, or scandalous trademarks. Appellee Simon Tam cheered, hoping that these decisions would usher in a new era of minority communities reappropriating offensive terms... 2024  
Jeremy Bearer-Friend RACE-BASED TAX WEAPONS 14 UC Irvine Law Review 1067 (October, 2024) In the United States, the term poll tax often refers to a very specific tactic of white supremacy: the use of tax policy to prevent voting by Black citizens. While poll tax is an accurate descriptor of these taxes, poll taxes have a much more expansive history within the twentieth century. Following in the rich tradition of comparative tax... 2024  
Benjamin J. Priester REBOOTING THE SUPREME COURT 59 Tulsa Law Review 253 (Spring, 2024) In 2023, the United States Supreme Court faced its greatest crisis of legitimacy in nearly a century, and one of the most severe in its history. Yet the Roberts Court majority has demonstrated little recognition of the legitimacy crisis or willingness to mitigate or ameliorate it. If the Court continues on its present trajectory, thereby... 2024  
Samuel Moyn RECONSTRUCTING CRITICAL LEGAL STUDIES 134 Yale Law Journal 77 (October, 2024) It is an increasingly propitious moment to build another radical theory of law, after decades of relative quiescence in law schools since the last such opportunity. This Essay offers a reinterpretation of the legacy of critical theories of law, arguing that they afford useful starting points for any radical approach, rather than merely cautionary... 2024  
David A. Green REMINISCENT OF THE LITTLE ROCK NINE AND RUBY BRIDGES: PRESENT DAY RACIALLY OFFENSIVE COMMENTS THAT CREATE A HOSTILE EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT 23 Connecticut Public Interest Law Journal 72 (Fall, 2023-Winter, 2024) Education . means emancipation. It means light and liberty. It means the uplifting of the soul of man into the glorious light of truth, the light by which men can only be made free. - Frederick Douglass Dr. William Anderson is a full professor at Anystate University, within the University's College of Arts & Sciences, Liberal Arts and Humanities... 2024  
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