| Author | Title | Citation | Summary | Year |
| Tracy L. Bach |
GENDER STEREOTYPING IN EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION: FINDING A BALANCE OF EVIDENCE AND CAUSATION UNDER TITLE VII |
77 Minnesota Law Review 1251 (May, 1993) |
During a job interview, the potential employer asks the female applicant whether her husband approves of her seeking the job, when she will have her next child, and how she has arranged her child care. Although she is qualified for the position, the employer does not hire her. On learning that the company hired a man, she sues for employment... |
1993 |
| Reginald C. Govan |
HONORABLE COMPROMISES AND THE MORAL HIGH GROUND: THE CONFLICT BETWEEN THE RHETORIC AND THE CONTENT OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1991 |
46 Rutgers Law Review 1 (Fall, 1993) |
I. Introduction II. Political History of Federal Civil Rights Legislation During the 1980s A. Strengthening Enforcement Mechanisms and Restoration of Original Intent B. Reticence to Address Equal Employment Issues C. Nomination Battles III. Civil Rights Decisions During the 1988-89 Term of the Supreme Court A. The June 1989 Decisions B.... |
1993 |
| Maria M. Carrillo |
HOSTILE ENVIRONMENT SEXUAL HARASSMENT BY A SUPERVISOR UNDER TITLE VII: REASSESSMENT OF EMPLOYER LIABILITY IN LIGHT OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1991 |
24 Columbia Human Rights Law Review 41 (Winter, 1992/1993) |
The Civil Rights Act of 1991 put teeth into Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by allowing victims of discrimination in the workplace to recover compensatory and punitive damages. Before this expansion of Title VII, victims of discrimination were eligible only for equitable remedies such as injunctions, backpay, and reinstatement. Cases... |
1993 |
| Evan J. Spelfogel |
LEGAL AND PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS OF ADR AND ARBITRATION IN EMPLOYMENT DISPUTES |
11 Hofstra Labor Law Journal 247 (Fall, 1993) |
A gross miscalculation by management, labor and employment lawyers thirty years ago has revealed itself in today's judicial backlog. During the debates leading up to enactment of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII), it was proposed that discrimination on account of race, sex, national origin and religion be added as unfair labor... |
1993 |
| Nancy E. Dowd |
LIBERTY vs. EQUALITY: IN DEFENSE OF PRIVILEGED WHITE MALES |
34 William and Mary Law Review 429 (Winter, 1993) |
This book is disturbing in more ways than I can count. Grounded in libertarianism and law-and-economics, its thesis is that the principles of choice and freedom of association outweigh equality and justice, justifying the abolition of private employment discrimination law and the imposition of severe limitations on public employment discrimination... |
1993 |
| William S. Waldo , Rosemary A. Mahar, Paul, Hastings, Janofsky & Walker, Los Angeles, California, Paul, Hastings, Janofsky & Walker, Los Angeles, California |
LOST CAUSE AND FOUND DEFENSE: USING EVIDENCE DISCOVERED AFTER AN EMPLOYEE'S DISCHARGE TO BAR DISCRIMINATION CLAIMS |
9 Labor Lawyer 31 (Winter, 1993) |
Every defense lawyer's dream is to be handed a discrimination lawsuit where the employer knows it has a rock-solid reason to fire the employee, possesses documentary and other evidence to support that reason, and confronts the employee with its evidence before the discharge. The dream does not often play out in real life. No termination is perfect.... |
1993 |
| Jason M. Weinstein |
NO HARM, NO FOUL?: THE USE OF AFTER-ACQUIRED EVIDENCE IN TITLE VII EMPLOYMENT-DISCRIMINATION CASES |
62 George Washington Law Review 280 (January, 1993) |
Barbara Johnson, an African-American woman, is fired from a job with the New City National Bank after two years of service marked by consistently positive evaluations of her work. She files suit under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII), claiming disparate treatment on the basis of gender and race. During a deposition in... |
1993 |
| Patricia A. Moore |
PARTING IS SUCH SWEET SORROW: THE APPLICATION OF TITLE VII TO POST-EMPLOYMENT RETALIATION |
62 Fordham Law Review 205 (October, 1993) |
Suppose that an employee charges her employer with racial discrimination. If the employer subsequently discharges that employee for making the charge, the employee has a remedy under the anti-retaliation provision of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. But suppose instead that an employee leaves her job and charges her former employer with... |
1993 |
| Martin H. Malin , Robert F. Ladenson |
PRIVATIZING JUSTICE: A JURISPRUDENTIAL PERSPECTIVE ON LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT ARBITRATION FROM THE STEELWORKERS TRILOGY TO GILMER |
44 Hastings Law Journal 1187 (August, 1993) |
Labor arbitration has been hailed as one of the most successful innovations to result from collective bargaining. Arbitrating claims arising under a collective bargaining agreement is cheaper, faster, and less formal than litigating them in court. Furthermore, the parties control the arbitration procedure and can tailor it to meet their needs. The... |
1993 |
| Richard Hiers |
PUBLIC EMPLOYEES' FREE SPEECH: AN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF FIRST AMENDMENT RIGHTS IN SUPREME COURT AND ELEVENTH CIRCUIT JURISPRUDENCE |
5 University of Florida Journal of Law and Public Policy 169 (Spring, 1993) |
I. INTRODUCTION. 171 II. BACKGROUND AND PRECEDENT: SUPREME COURT AND FIFTH AND ELEVENTH CIRCUIT DECISIONS PRIOR TO CONNICK. 173 A. Early Supreme Court Decisions: Keyishian, Pickering, and Perry. 174 1. Keyishian. 175 2. Pickering. 177 3. Perry v. Sanderman: Before and After in the Fifth Circuit. 183 B. Mt. Healthy, Givhan, and Fifth Circuit... |
1993 |
| George Rutherglen |
RECONSIDERING BURDENS OF PROOF: IDEOLOGY, EVIDENCE, AND INTENT IN INDIVIDUAL CLAIMS OF EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION |
1 Virginia Journal of Social Policy and the Law 43 (Spring, 1993) |
In McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, the Supreme Court devised a test for individual claims of employment discrimination which has since become ubiquitous. The application of this test has become ever broader, as claims for employment discrimination have expanded to discrimination on the basis of age and disabilities, as jury trial has become more... |
1993 |
| Eileen M. Mullen |
ROTATING JAPANESE MANAGERS IN AMERICAN SUBSIDIARIES OF JAPANESE FIRMS: A CHALLENGE FOR AMERICAN EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION LAW |
45 Stanford Law Review 725 (February, 1993) |
I. Introduction. 726 II. Allegations of Discrimination in Favor of Japanese Managers. 731 A. Americans Excluded from Decisionmaking. 731 1. Japanese-only meetings. 731 2. Meetings conducted in Japanese. 732 3. Information isolation. 733 4. Business conducted during Japanese-only socializing. 734 B. Titles Without Authority. 734 C. Separate Career... |
1993 |
| Cheryl Krause Zemelman |
THE AFTER-ACQUIRED EVIDENCE DEFENSE TO EMPLOYMENT OF TITLE VII AND THE CONTOURS OF SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY |
46 Stanford Law Review 175 (November, 1993) |
The recently developed after-acquired evidence defense allows employers to escape liability or mitigate damages in Title VII claims by introducing evidence of an employee's wrongdoing that the employer discovered after its employment decision. Cheryl Krause Zemelman analyzes this controversial defense by placing its development within a larger... |
1993 |
| Howard Eglit |
THE AGE DISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT ACT, TITLE VII, AND THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1991: THREE ACTS AND A DOG THAT DIDN'T BARK |
39 Wayne Law Review 1093 (Spring, 1993) |
I. Introduction. 1096 II. CRA Provisions that Expressly or Impliedly Modify the ADEA. 1106 A. Express Changes Made to the ADEA. 1106 1. The Statute of Limitations for Private Litigation. 1106 2. The Statute of Limitations for EEOC Suits. 1110 B. Changes Expressly Linked to, but not Expressly Modifying, the ADEA. 1114 1. The Government Employee... |
1993 |
| Mark B. Schaffer |
THE IMPLICATIONS OF JAPANESE CULTURE ON EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION LAWS IN THE UNITED STATES |
16 Houston Journal of International Law 375 (Winter, 1993) |
C1-3TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION. 375 II. STATE OF THE LAW. 378 A. The FCN Treaty and Title VII. 378 B. Lower Court Authority. 380 1. The Second Circuit. 380 2. The Fifth Circuit. 382 C. U.S. Supreme Court Authority. 383 III. JAPANESE CULTURE. 384 A. Foundation for Distrust: In-Group v. Out-Group. 384 B. Japanese Business Practices. 387 C.... |
1993 |
| Mark A. Schuman |
THE POLITICS OF PRESUMPTION:ST. MARY'S HONOR CENTER V. HICKS AND THE BURDENS OF PROOF IN EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION CASES |
9 Saint John's Journal of Legal Commentary 67 (Fall 1993) |
The Supreme Court's decision in St. Mary's Honor Center v. Hicks was one of the most controversial decisions the Court handed down in a largely low-key 1992-93 term. The decision determined the relative burdens of proof the plaintiff and defendant carry in a suit charging intentional employment discrimination (also know as disparate treatment)... |
1993 |
| Rebecca Hanner White , Robert D. Brussack |
THE PROPER ROLE OF AFTER-ACQUIRED EVIDENCE IN EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION LITIGATION |
35 Boston College Law Review 49 (December, 1993) |
A new defense to employment discrimination claims has gained acceptance in the lower courts. Employers who allegedly have discriminated against their employees because of race, sex or age are winning judgments on the basis of after-acquired evidence of employee misconduct. The evidence is after-acquired in the sense that the misconduct was... |
1993 |
| Joshua B. Levy |
THE SHIFTING BURDENS OF PROOF IN EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION LAWS |
66-DEC Wisconsin Lawyer 16 (December, 1993) |
On June 25, 1993, the U.S. Supreme Court issued its decision in St. Mary's Honor Center v. Hicks. The five-to-four Supreme Court decision delivered by Justice Scalia addressed the issue of whether, in an employment discrimination lawsuit alleging disparate treatment brought under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the trier of fact's... |
1993 |
| Robert J. Gregory , Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Washington, D.C. |
THE USE OF AFTER-ACQUIRED EVIDENCE IN EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION CASES: SHOULD THE GUILTY EMPLOYER GO FREE? |
9 Labor Lawyer 43 (Winter, 1993) |
An employee is fired from his job. The employee brings suit under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, alleging race discrimination. In the course of defending against the action, the employer discovers that the employee had engaged in misconduct on the job prior to his discharge. The employer was not aware of the misconduct at the time it... |
1993 |
| Dawn Bennett-Alexander |
THE USE OF DISPARATE IMPACT ANALYSIS IN SUBJECTIVE CRITERIA EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION CASES: ALL THAT GLITTERS ISN'T GOLD? |
12 National Black Law Journal 189 (Winter, 1993) |
Employers can't use poorly conceived, basically lousy, thoughtless evaluation procedures to determine who they will hire. This is how one attorney characterized the holding in the U.S. Supreme Court's recent decision of Watson v. Fort Worth Bank and Trust. In a victory for employees, the Court held 8-0 that Title VII discrimination claims... |
1993 |
| Michael W. Roskiewicz |
TITLE VII REMEDIES: LIFTING THE STATUTORY CAPS FROM THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1991 TO ACHIEVE EQUAL REMEDIES FOR EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION |
43 Washington University Journal of Urban and Contemporary Law 391 (Spring, 1993) |
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 represents a landmark in employment discrimination legislation. Title VII protects against discrimination based on race, color, sex, or national origin in virtually every aspect of the employment relationship. The 1964 Act gave courts the authority to use equitable remedies to eradicate discrimination from... |
1993 |
| Alex Young K. Oh |
USING EMPLOYMENT TESTERS TO DETECT DISCRIMINATION: AN ETHICAL AND LEGAL ANALYSIS |
7 Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics 473 (Fall, 1993) |
I. Introduction A. Historical Background B. EEOC Policy Guide and the Fair Employment Council Litigation II. Ethical Considerations A. Challenges on Ethical Grounds 1. Misrepresentation 2. Manufacturing Litigation B. ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct 1. Rules Against Misrepresentation 2. Rules Against Solicitation C. A More Flexible Approach... |
1993 |
| David D. Kadue, William J. Dritsas |
WHEN WHAT YOU DIDN'T KNOW CAN HELP YOU-EMPLOYERS' USE OF AFTER-ACQUIRED EVIDENCE OF EMPLOYEE MISCONDUCT TO DEFEND WRONGFUL DISCHARGE CLAIMS |
27 Beverly Hills Bar Association Journal 117 (Summer, 1993) |
After the dismissal of an employee, facts sometimes emerge to suggest that the employee should have been fired even sooner, or never hired at all. Increasingly, employers cite after-acquired evidence of an employee's misconduct to defend lawsuits for breach of employment contract and for employment discrimination. Some cases relying upon this... |
1993 |
| Rosalio Castro , Lucia Corral |
WOMEN OF COLOR AND EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION: RACE AND GENDER COMBINED IN TITLE VII CLAIMS |
6 La Raza Law Journal 159 (1993) |
The American labor system has been shaped by historical White male domination that continues to subordinate people of color and women. The authors agree with theorists and scholars who argue that working women of color are more vulnerable to racist and sexist employment practices than either working White women or working men of color. This is true... |
1993 |
| Ruth C. Vance |
WORKERS' COMPENSATION AND SEXUAL HARASSMENT IN THE WORKPLACE: A REMEDY FOR EMPLOYEES, OR A SHIELD FOR EMPLOYERS? |
11 Hofstra Labor Law Journal 141 (Fall, 1993) |
Because of the Anita Hill-Clarence Thomas hearings, the Tailhook incident, and the attention that the media devoted to them, the public is now familiar with the term sexual harassment. Despite familiarity with the term, many people remain uncertain about what sexual harassment is. Actually, this offensive workplace activity had no label until the... |
1993 |
| Lois L. Krieger |
"MISS SAIGON" AND MISSED OPPORTUNITY: ARTISTIC FREEDOM, EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION, AND CASTING FOR CULTURAL IDENTITY IN THE THEATER |
43 Syracuse Law Review 839 (1992) |
In August 1990, Actors Equity Association, a union representing stage actors, barred a white British actor from repeating his performance of a Eurasian character in the Broadway production of the hit London musical Miss Saigon because Asian actors had not been given a chance to audition for the role. The same year, Native American actors protested... |
1992 |
| George Rutherglen |
ABOLITION IN A DIFFERENT VOICE |
78 Virginia Law Review 1463 (September, 1992) |
Forbidden Grounds, by Professor Richard Epstein, is the latest and perhaps the most controversial of his many works expounding a comprehensive libertarian critique of American law. Epstein has argued tirelessly, and often brilliantly, for a libertarian approach to an ever-expanding range of legal issues, from tort law to takings to legal theory. In... |
1992 |
| John J. Donohue III |
ADVOCACY VERSUS ANALYSIS IN ASSESSING EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION LAW |
44 Stanford Law Review 1583 (July, 1992) |
Prior to the passage of Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, individuals of substance argued with great force that an essential element of freedom included the right of private employers to discriminate against blacks. Over the succeeding quarter century, these voices have lapsed into silence as the principle of equal opportunity in employment... |
1992 |
| Stephen A. Plass |
BEDROCK PRINCIPLES, ELUSIVE CONSTRUCTION, AND THE FUTURE OF EQUAL EMPLOYMENT LAWS |
21 Hofstra Law Review 313 (Winter, 1992) |
Introduction. 314 I. Title VIIOriginal Legislation and Construction. 318 A. Legislative Limitations of Title VII. 318 B. Recent Court-Imposed Limitations. 320 1. The Causation and Same Decision Test. 320 2. Facially Neutral Policies and the Statute of LimitationsThe Clairvoyant Employee Problem. 323 3. Tougher Disparate Impact Burdens. 326 4.... |
1992 |
| Patricia A. Sexton |
CIVIL RIGHTS LAW: THE PDA AND EMPLOYMENT LEAVES ARISING FROM PREGNANCY AND PREGNANCY-RELATED CONDITIONS-EMPLOYERS ENGAGING IN DISPARATE TREATMENT OF PREGNANT EMPLOYEES SUBJECT TO TITLE VII ATTACK [EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION v. ACKERMAN, HOOD |
32 Washburn Law Journal 133 (Fall, 1992) |
In Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Ackerman, Hood & McQueen, Inc., the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit reiterates the comparison a court must make when determining whether employer actions discriminate against pregnant women under Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. The Tenth Circuit rejects the argument that a... |
1992 |