AuthorTitleCitationSummaryYearKey Terms in Title or Summary
  AIR QUALITY 2009 ABA Environment, Energy, and Resources Law: The Year in Review 7 (2009) In Ariz. Pub. Serv. Co. v. Envtl. Protection Agency (EPA), environmental and industry petitioners challenged a source-specific federal implementation plan for a coal-fired power facility on the Navajo Reservation in northwest New Mexico. Environmental petitioners argued that EPA's federal plan, which was enacted under the Tribal Authority Rule... 2009  
  ALIENATION OF HAWAIIAN LAND 123 Harvard Law Review 302 (November, 2009) In recent years, the United States has apologized for some of the unfortunate aspects of its history. Since 1988, Congress has passed resolutions apologizing for the internment of Japanese-Americans, for the U.S. role in overthrowing the Kingdom of Hawaii, and for slavery and racial segregation. A proposed congressional apology to Native Americans... 2009  
Mary Beth West ARCTIC WARMING: ENVIRONMENTAL, HUMAN, AND SECURITY IMPLICATIONS 42 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 1081 (October, 2009) Arctic warming has myriad implications for the Arctic environment, residents, and nations. Although definitive predictions are difficult, without question the scope and rapidity of change will test the adaptive capacities of the Arctic environment as well as its residents. Warming is affecting marine ecosystems and marine life, terrestrial... 2009  
Sonja Schiller AVOIDING THE PROBLEM OF THE COMMONS IN A COMMUNIST SOCIETY: THE ROLE OF WATER RIGHTS IN THE ENFORCEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW IN CHINA 29 Washington University Journal of Law and Policy 349 (2009) Since the initiation of Deng Xiaoping's policy of reform and opening (gaige kaifang) over twenty years ago, extraordinary rates of urbanization and industrialization have dramatically impacted China's gross domestic product (GDP) and demographics. Between 1978 and 2005, China's GDP grew an average of 9.4% annually, boosting the economy from the... 2009  
Gia Schneider, William L. Thomas, Benjamin Vitale BANKING ON THE ENVIRONMENT: PROFITING FROM INVESTMENT IN REDD 24-SUM Natural Resources & Environment 14 (Summer, 2009) The combined threats associated with climate change and biodiversity loss call for a deeper commitment of resources and investment from both public and private-sector sources. They call for thoughtful use of incentives and other policy instruments that harness market forces, including meaningful measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from... 2009  
Matthew Murphy BETTING THE RANCHERIA: ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONS AS BARGAINING CHIPS UNDER THE INDIAN GAMING REGULATORY ACT 36 Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review 171 (2009) Abstract: In 2005, the State of California and the Big Lagoon Rancheria American Indian Tribe reached an agreement whereby the tribe agreed to forego development plans for a casino on environmentally sensitive lands in exchange for the right to build a casino in Barstow, California. In January 2008, the Department of the Interior denied the... 2009  
Mary E. Footer BITS AND PIECES: SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN THE REGULATION OF FOREIGN INVESTMENT 18 Michigan State Journal of International Law 33 (2009) I. Introduction. 33 II. Investor Protection Versus Social and Environmental Protection. 36 A. Trends in First and Second Generation Investment Instruments. 37 B. Towards Social and Environmental Protection Through Investment Arbitration. 39 C. Modeling Social and Environmental Protection Clauses in Third Generation Investment Instruments. 42 III.... 2009  
Andrew P. Morriss , Roger E. Meiners BORDERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT 39 Environmental Law 141 (Winter 2009) Despite regular acknowledgement of the interconnectedness of global ecosystems, government policies at the national level focus on environmental problems within their borders. As a result, the level of public and private resources expended on environmental protection in rich and poor countries is dramatically different on both a per capita and an... 2009  
Faith R. Rivers BRIDGING THE BLACK-GREEN-WHITE DIVIDE: THE IMPACT OF DIVERSITY IN ENVIRONMENTAL NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS 33 William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review 449 (Winter, 2009) Nonprofit organizations have been the lifeblood of the environmental movement. While charitable organizations have played an important role in the evolution of American society for centuries, environmental nonprofits are a relatively new development. These organizations, and the governmental policies that support and encourage the charitable sector... 2009  
Adrienne Lyles-Chockley BUILDING LIVABLE PLACES: THE IMPORTANCE OF LANDSCAPE IN URBAN LAND USE, PLANNING, AND DEVELOPMENT 16 Buffalo Environmental Law Journal 95 (2008-2009) C1-2Table of Contents I. A History of Landscape Policy. 97 II. Landscape Architecture is a Necessary Urban Planning Consideration. 100 A. Landscape Architecture and Social Consciousness. 101 B. Reconciliation of environmental considerations and low-income housing development. 103 C. Landscape Architecture for Crime Prevention. 105 III. Landscape as... 2009  
Dr. Konstantia Koutouki , Dr. Natasha Lyons CANADIAN INUIT SPEAK TO CLIMATE CHANGE: INUIT PERCEPTIONS ON THE ADAPTABILITY OF LAND CLAIMS AGREEMENTS TO ACCOMMODATE ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE 27 Wisconsin International Law Journal 516 (Fall 2009) In recent decades, Inuit, Dene, and other Aboriginal peoples have entered into detailed land claims agreements in the Canadian North. These include both specific and comprehensive claims. Specific claims concern specific grievances that Aboriginal groups have against the Canadian state, and usually relate to land and resource management based on... 2009  
Patrick J. McDonald CERQUEIRA V. AMERICAN AIRLINES: WHAT ARE THE APPROPRIATE LIMITS OF AN AIR CARRIER'S PERMISSIVE REFUSAL POWER? 20 George Mason University Civil Rights Law Journal 111 (Fall 2009) Suppose you are a businessman with an unfortunate personality trait: Flying makes you nervous. Although you often travel the country aboard an aircraft, flying never gets any easier. It is next to impossible to hide your anxiety while you await takeoff. You always pay close attention to the safety presentation and make sure to obey each and every... 2009  
Darcey J. Goelz CHINA'S ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS: IS A SPECIALIZED COURT THE SOLUTION? 18 Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal 155 (January, 2009) Abstract: China's economic growth has come at a high price: environmental and natural resource destruction. Presently, China's legal system is not prepared to protect China's environmental resources. China's State Council has expressed an interest in establishing a civil and administrative system to manage environmental matters. Some of the... 2009  
David Evans CLEAN WATER ACT §404 ASSUMPTION: WHAT IS IT, HOW DOES IT WORK, AND WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS? 39 Environmental Law Reporter News & Analysis 10359 (May, 2009) In my capacity as Director of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Wetlands program, I oversee efforts to enhance state and tribal wetlands programs, including state and tribal assumption of the Clean Water Act (CWA) §404 program (§404 Assumption). As such, I feel it is my responsibility to clarify the requirements, oversight, and... 2009  
Daniel A. Farber CLIMATE ADAPTATION AND FEDERALISM: MAPPING THE ISSUES 1 San Diego Journal of Climate & Energy Law 259 (2009) I. A Short Introduction to Climate Adaptation. 261 II. Setting Adaptation Standards: The Analogy to Environmental Regulation. 265 III. Financing Adaptation Efforts. 269 A. State Funding Under the Beneficiary Pays Principle. 269 B. Federal Funding and the Public Pays Principle. 272 IV. Constitutional Federalism and Adaptation. 274 A. Federal... 2009  
Gaim Kibreab CLIMATE CHANGE AND HUMAN MIGRATION: A TENUOUS RELATIONSHIP? 20 Fordham Environmental Law Review 357 (Symposium 2009) The 2007 report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a panel of international experts created to assess the current scientific knowledge on climate, confirmed its earlier predictions that the earth's climate system is warming at an unprecedented level (see also Fig. 1). The panel's conclusions were derived from growing... 2009  
John H. Knox CLIMATE CHANGE AND HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 50 Virginia Journal of International Law 163 (Fall 2009) Introduction. 164 I. The Human Rights Law of Environmental Protection. 168 A. Environmental Duties Arising from Civil and Political Rights. 169 1. Duties to Regulate State and Private Conduct. 170 2. Procedural and Substantive Standards. 173 B. Environmental Duties Arising from Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights. 176 1. Duties to Regulate State... 2009  
Alice Kaswan CLIMATE CHANGE, CONSUMPTION, AND CITIES 36 Fordham Urban Law Journal 253 (February, 2009) Introduction. 254 I. Beyond Symptoms: Addressing Consumption. 255 A. Land Use and Transportation. 258 B. Buildings and Energy Consumption. 266 II. The Limits of Existing Federal Initiatives. 269 A. Proposed Federal Legislation. 269 B. The Limited Role of the Market in Reducing VMT. 271 C. The Limited Role of the Market in Increasing Building... 2009  
Sumudu Atapattu CLIMATE CHANGE, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND FORCED MIGRATION: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERNATIONAL LAW 27 Wisconsin International Law Journal 607 (Fall 2009) Climate change has been identified as the defining human development issue of our generation and possibly the biggest humanitarian and economic challenge that the developing world will have to face in the coming decades. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) recognized unequivocally in its 4 report that global greenhouse gas... 2009  
Rebecca Tsosie CLIMATE CHANGE, SUSTAINABILITY AND GLOBALIZATION: CHARTING THE FUTURE OF INDIGENOUS ENVIRONMENTAL SELF-DETERMINATION 4 Environmental & Energy Law & Policy Journal 188 (Fall 2009) I. Introduction. 189 II. The Politics of Climate Change within International and Domestic Governance Structures. 195 A. The International Regime. 196 B. The Domestic Arena. 199 C. Summary and Recommendations for Action. 202 1. International Human Rights Law. 202 2. Domestic Law. 204 III. The Tribal Arena: Energy Development and Native Nations. 208... 2009  
Neil Craik , Joseph F.C. Dimento CLIMATE LAW AND POLICY IN NORTH AMERICA: PROSPECTS FOR REGIONALISM 1 San Diego Journal of Climate & Energy Law 195 (2009) I. Introduction. 196 II. Context: Multi-level and Multi-track Climate-Change Governance. 197 III. The Existing Governance Landscape: Climate Change Commitments and Policies. 202 A. North American GHG Emissions. 202 B. International Commitments and Programs. 205 C. Domestic Policies. 213 IV. Prospects for North American Regional Cooperation. 218 A.... 2009  
James L. Huffman COMPREHENSIVE RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT: THE LIMITS OF COLLABORATIVE, STAKEHOLDER-BASED, WATER GOVERNANCE 49 Natural Resources Journal 117 (Winter, 2009) The allocation of scarce, freshwater resources is complicated by the transboundary nature of most significant surface water sources. These jurisdictional challenges exist across national borders and within federal nations like the United States. An obvious and long advocated solution is the creation of river basin authorities to bridge... 2009  
Roda Mushkat CONTEXTUALIZING ENVIRONMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS: A RELATIVIST PERSPECTIVE 26 Pace Environmental Law Review 119 (Winter 2009) The global environment continues to deteriorate, a phenomenon which manifests itself in virtually every sphere featuring interaction between man and nature. The full scale of this deterioration may not be fully apparent because of the long time lag between the emergence of environmental problems and their recognition. The extent of damage, actual... 2009  
Andrea Laura Mackielo CORE RULES OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 16 ILSA Journal of International and Comparative Law 257 (Fall, 2009) I. L2-4,T4Introduction 257 II. L2-4,T4Different Regimes of Responsibility: Their Application in Light of the Specific Nature 258 III. L2-4,T4The Specific Content of the Substantive Environmental Law Obligations: The Obligation Not to Cause Damage to the Environment 262 A. L3-4,T4The Teachings of Most Prominent Scholars 262. B. L3-4,T4The Obligation... 2009  
Li-Wen Lin CORPORATE SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL DISCLOSURE IN EMERGING SECURITIES MARKETS 35 North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation 1 (Fall 2009) I. Introduction. 1 II. Socially Responsible Investing and CSE Disclosure. 5 III. The Current Condition of CSE Disclosure Practices in Emerging Securities Markets. 12 IV. The Regulatory Development of CSE Disclosure in Emerging Securities Markets. 15 A. South Africa. 15 B. Malaysia. 17 C. China. 18 D. Taiwan. 22 E. Thailand. 23 F. Summary. 23 V.... 2009  
David C. Peet DEED OF MISTRUST?: THE USE OF LAND TRANSFERS TO EVADE THE ESTABLISHMENT CLAUSE 59 American University Law Review 129 (October, 2009) Introduction. 130 I. Background. 132 A. Religious Displays Under the Establishment Clause. 133 B. Unconstitutional Responses to Desegregation and the Fourth Amendment's Exclusionary Rule. 136 1. Faulty desegregation plans and the evasion of deliberate speed . 136 2. Fourth Amendment protections and the silver platter doctrine . 138 C. The... 2009  
Andrew P. Morriss , Benjamin D. Cramer DISESTABLISHING ENVIRONMENTALISM 39 Environmental Law 309 (Spring 2009) The debate over environmental policy is increasingly conducted in language with strong religious overtones. Both proponents and opponents of various environmental policies appeal to religious doctrine to support their positions: Those who question human-caused global warming are labeled heretics, while appeals for environmental stewardship echo... 2009  
Lauren Sanchez-Murphy ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS: TIPPING THE BALANCE IN VENEZUELA 7 Loyola University Chicago International Law Review 73 (Winter 2009) We are an oil producing country and that obligates us to take even more care of the environment--on an extreme level--and to avoid contamination, and to reduce contamination in all areas: earth, water and air. The balance between developing an economic market and protecting human and environmental rights is a crucial issue that has received... 2009  
Lin Feng, Jason Buhi EMISSIONS TRADING ACROSS CHINA: INCORPORATING HONG KONG AND MACAU INTO AN URGENTLY NEEDED AIR POLLUTION CONTROL REGIME UNDER "ONE COUNTRY, TWO SYSTEMS" 19 Journal of Transnational Law & Policy 123 (Fall, 2009) China's status as the world's largest sulfur dioxide emitter carries with it serious hazards to human and ecosystem health. The National People's Congress began to address this in 2000, when it promulgated national SO2 emissions caps. By 2010, SO2 emissions across the Mainland were supposed to stabilize at pre-set baselines. Rather than decreasing,... 2009  
Meghan Theresa McCauley EMPOWERING CHANGE: BUILDING THE CASE FOR INTERNATIONAL INDIGENOUS LAND RIGHTS IN THE UNITED STATES 41 Arizona State Law Journal 1167 (Winter 2009) International law is part of [United States] law, and must be ascertained and administered by the courts of justice of appropriate jurisdiction as often as question of right depending upon it are duly presented for their determination. Old wounds of marginalization and exploitation continue for Indigenous Peoples (Indigenous Peoples), such as... 2009  
Michael Burger EMPOWERING LOCAL AUTONOMY AND ENCOURAGING EXPERIMENTATION IN CLIMATE CHANGE GOVERNANCE: THE CASE FOR A LAYERED REGIME 39 Environmental Law Reporter News & Analysis 11161 (December, 2009) In the decades-long absence of federal action, local governments--along with the states--have positioned themselves at the forefront of climate change and sustainability planning. These efforts, however, confront preemption problems imposed by federal ceilings, or uniform national standards, under both existing environmental law and pending... 2009  
Nathaniel D. Shafer, Emily S. Fuller, Allison L. Frumin ENVIRONMENTAL CRIMES 46 American Criminal Law Review 471 (Spring, 2009) I. L2-6,T6Introduction 473 A. L3-6,T6Criminal versus Civil Penalties 474 B. L3-6,T6Enforcement 475 C. L3-6,T6Interaction with Other Criminal Violations 476 II. L2-6,T6General Issues 477 A. L3-6,T6Overview of Elements of Environmental Criminal Violations 477 B. L3-6,T6Liability 477 1. L4-6,T6Corporate Liability 477 2. L4-6,T6Individual Liability 479... 2009  
Victor B. Flatt , Paul M. Collins, Jr. ENVIRONMENTAL ENFORCEMENT IN DIRE STRAITS: THERE IS NO PROTECTION FOR NOTHING AND NO DATA FOR FREE 85 Notre Dame Law Review 55 (November, 2009) Those charged with drafting and enforcing our environmental laws have had to work with little or no information about whether or not these programs are actually working properly. There are a host of reasons for this, many of them having to do with availability of data that can be examined empirically. Using newly available data on state actions in... 2009  
Lawrence J. MacDonnell ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWS IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN WEST: A PROGRESS REPORT 9 Wyoming Law Review 335 (2009) Westerners are mostly pragmatic about water. That's especially true for people whose families have lived in this region for a long time. They know that, to live in a land with limited rain, the water in creeks and rivers and aquifers has to be put to work. They know that means dams, diversions, and pumps, using water to grow crops and sustain... 2009  
Dinah Bear ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE U.S.-MEXICO BORDER WALL 40 ABA Trends 4 (March/April, 2009) The U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and an army of contractors are working feverishly to fortify the border between the United States and Mexico with walls, fences, roads, and law-enforcement personnel. The Washington-driven effort to stop undocumented migrants is proceeding under authorities never before granted by Congress or employed... 2009  
  ENVIRONMENTAL LAW UPDATES 16 Missouri Environmental Law & Policy Review 773 (Summer, 2009) This action arose as a result of the Department of the Interior's decision to expand the leasing areas for offshore oil and gas development along Alaska's outer continental shelf. The Leasing Program, which specifically affects the Beaufort, Bering, and Chukchi Seas off the coast of Alaska, is supposed to run from 2007 until 2012. Incidentally, the... 2009  
Melanie McCammon ENVIRONMENTAL PERSPECTIVES ON SITING WIND FARMS: IS GREATER FEDERAL CONTROL WARRANTED? 17 New York University Environmental Law Journal 1243 (2009) The threats of global climate change are becoming an increasingly important area of concern both domestically and internationally. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has found that [w]arming of the climate system is unequivocal, and is causing widespread increases in temperature, rising sea levels, increases in intense cyclone... 2009  
Chang-fa Lo Environmental Protection through FTAs: Paradigm Shifting from Multilateral to Multi-Bilateral Approach 4 Asian Journal of WTO & International Health Law & Policy 309 (September, 2009) Multilateral fora, including multilateral environmental treaties (MEAs) and multilateral trading systems such as the WTO, are heavily-relied approaches of coping with issues of environmental protection and sustainable development in the international community. Nevertheless, there are still problems with the multilateral approaches such as weak... 2009  
Dinah Shelton ENVIRONMENTAL RIGHTS AND BRAZIL'S OBLIGATIONS IN THE INTER-AMERICAN HUMAN RIGHTS SYSTEM 40 George Washington International Law Review 733 (2009) In the four decades since the United Nations convened its first environmental conference, nearly all global and regional human rights bodies have considered the links between environmental degradation and internationally guaranteed human rights. International human rights petition procedures allow those whose rights have been negatively affected by... 2009  
Claire Riegelman ENVIRONMENTALISM: A SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A SOCIAL MOVEMENT AND U.S. LAW? 16 Missouri Environmental Law & Policy Review 522 (Spring, 2009) Do I dare Disturb the universe? I. Introduction. 523 II. What is a Social Movement?. 525 A. The Elements of a Social Movement - as presented in academic scholarship. 526 B. The Environmental Movement through the 1970s - A Social Movement. 530 III. Social Movements and the Legal System - The Rise of Environmental Law. 536 IV. Present-day... 2009  
Katharine Mapes EXPANDING ECOTOURISM: EMBEDDING ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY IN PANAMA'S BURGEONING TOURIST INDUSTRY 33 Harvard Environmental Law Review 225 (2009) Introduction I. Developing a Theory of Environmentally Sustainable Tourism. 227 A. Tourism and Tourists. 227 B. Costs and Benefits of Tourism. 229 1. Environmental. 229 2. Political and Economic. 231 3. Cultural. 233 II. Tourism in Panama. 237 A. Summary. 237 B. Tourist Regions. 239 1. La Amistad International Park. 239 2. Bocas del Toro. 240 3.... 2009  
Kara K. Moberg EXTENDING REFUGEE DEFINITIONS TO COVER ENVIRONMENTALLY DISPLACED PERSONS DISPLACES NECESSARY PROTECTION 94 Iowa Law Review 1107 (March, 2009) ABSTRACT: The growing effects of climate change and global warming create a need for protection of environmentally displaced persons. While governments could use current international and domestic definitions of refugee to protect environmentally displaced persons, it is unlikely that any government will do so. Even if governments did extend... 2009  
  FOREST RESOURCES 2009 ABA Environment, Energy, and Resources Law: The Year in Review 220 (2009) For the third straight year, competing Clinton and Bush administration roadless area management rules remain in litigation. On August 5, 2009, a Ninth Circuit panel reinstated the Roadless Area Conservation Rule (Clinton rule), affirming a district court opinion finding, inter alia, that the State Petitions for Inventoried Roadless Area Management... 2009  
Glenn Boggs FREE FLORIDA LAND 83-JAN Florida Bar Journal 10 (January, 2009) This is the third article in a trilogy about the origins of real estate titles in Florida to be published by The Florida Bar Journal. The first article discussed Spanish land grants; the second, British land grants. This article will recount the little-known story of how some early Floridians got title to their land for free by staking a claim and... 2009  
Tan Kai Liang FROM KYOTO TO POST-2012: THE IMPLICATIONS OF ENGAGING CHINA FOR ENVIRONMENTAL NORMS AND JUSTICE 17 University of Baltimore Journal of Environmental Law 33 (Fall 2009) Increasingly, the problem of climate change has been at the top of the international agenda. Climate change is the result of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the balance of evidence suggests that there is a discernible human influence on global climate. In response to the findings of the Fourth Assessment Report of the... 2009  
Steven Ferrey GATE KEEPING GLOBAL WARMING: THE INTERNATIONAL ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS AND REGULATION IN CONTROLLING CHOICES FOR FUTURE POWER DEVELOPMENT 19 Fordham Environmental Law Review 101 (Spring 2009) Global warming is the consensus environmental challenge of the 21st century. The offending greenhouse gases (GHGs) are a function of the traditional practice of modern society using fire to manipulate the universe - particularly combusting fossil fuels for electric power production. Invariably, power derived from burning gaseous, liquid and solid... 2009  
Travis Thompson GETTING OVER THE HUMP: ESTABLISHING A RIGHT TO ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION FOR INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN THE INTER-AMERICAN HUMAN RIGHTS SYSTEM 19 Journal of Transnational Law & Policy 179 (Fall, 2009) Climate change is threatening the traditional way of life for indigenous peoples and the Inter-American Human Rights System declines to combat this growing problem by refusing to acknowledge a right to environmental protection for indigenous peoples. The Inter-American Human Rights System has thus effectively cut off the possibility of remedying... 2009  
Alice Kaswan GREENING THE GRID AND CLIMATE JUSTICE 39 Environmental Law 1143 (Fall 2009) In this Essay, the author argues that the collateral environmental and economic justice benefits of greening the grid support transformative climate policies that speed the development of fossil fuel alternatives. Moreover, integrating climate justice considerations into the development of a new energy infrastructure will minimize the risks and... 2009  
Clare Palmer HARM TO SPECIES? SPECIES, ETHICS, AND CLIMATE CHANGE: THE CASE OF THE POLAR BEAR 23 Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy 587 (2009) The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service listed the polar bear species as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act in May 2008. Models indicate that Arctic sea ice will dramatically decline over the twenty-first century. Since polar bears hunt, mate, and travel on sea ice, they cannot survive without it. If ice melts earlier, and re-forms later,... 2009  
Arlindo Daibert HISTORICAL VIEWS ON ENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL LAW IN BRAZIL 40 George Washington International Law Review 779 (2009) The key processes that produced Brazil today lie in the Brazilian precolonial and colonial period. Those times were responsible for laying the foundations of nationhood and creating a new society, something different, not only for the native people living in Brazil, but also for the Portuguese colonizers. A new social organization defined in terms... 2009  
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