| Author | Title | Citation | Summary | Year | Ethnicity in Title or Summary | Gender in Title or Summary |
| Owen D. Jones |
Sex Selection: Regulating Technology Enabling the Predetermination of a Child's Gender |
6 Harvard Journal of Law & Technology 1 (Fall, 1992) |
As technology allowing preselection of a child's gender has improved, observers have debated whether such practices should be prohibited. With sex selection, as with many issues of emotional appeal, political positions have antedated careful reflection, and legislative initiatives have marched well in advance of strategic planning. As a result,...; Search Snippet: ...Sex Selection: Regulating Technology Enabling the Predetermination of a Child's Gender Owen D. Jones [Fna1] Copyright (C) 1992 by the President... |
1992 |
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| Dawn Johnsen |
Shared Interests: Promoting Healthy Births Without Sacrificing Women's Liberty |
43 Hastings Law Journal 569 (March, 1992) |
While the national debate on reproductive rights has focused on a woman's fundamental right to decide whether to have an abortion, a new strand of legal and public policy issues recently has emerged that also threatens American women's reproductive freedom and other fundamental liberties. During the last decade, courts, legislatures, and state...; Search Snippet: ...And Social Responses Shared Interests: Promoting Healthy Births Without Sacrificing Women's Liberty Dawn Johnsen [Fna1] Copyright (C) 1992 by the Hastings... |
1992 |
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Yes |
| Sarah A. DeCosse |
Simply Unbelievable: Reasonable Women and Hostile Environment Sexual Harassment |
10 Law & Inequality: A Journal of Theory and Practice 285 (June, 1992) |
If Anita Hill were to bring a hostile environment sexual harassment claim in the United States Court of Appeal for the Ninth Circuit today, she would be evaluated according to the reasonable woman standard relied on in the Ellison v. Brady decision. Although the standard suggests movement beyond the constricting images which were used to...; Search Snippet: ...Journal of Theory and Practice June, 1992 Simply Unbelievable: Reasonable Women and Hostile Environment Sexual Harassment Sarah A. Decosse [Fna1] Copyright... |
1992 |
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Yes |
| Margaret A. Baldwin |
Split at the Root: Prostitution and Feminist Discourses of Law Reform |
5 Yale Journal of Law & Feminism 47 (Fall, 1992) |
My case is not unique. Violette Leduc Today, adjustment to what is possible no longer means adjustment, it means making the possible real. Theodor Adorno This article originated in some years of feminist activism, and a sustained effort to understand two sentences spoken by Evelina Giobbe, an anti-prostitution activist and educator, at a radical...; Search Snippet: ...Law & Feminism Fall, 1992 Split at the Root: Prostitution and Feminist Discourses of Law Reform Margaret A. Baldwin [Fnd1] Copyright ©... |
1992 |
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| Deborah J. Merritt , Barbara F. Reskin |
The Double Minority: Empirical Evidence of a Double Standard in Law School Hiring of Minority Women |
65 Southern California Law Review 2299 (July, 1992) |
In 1990, Professor Derrick Bell announced that he would take an unpaid leave of absence from Harvard Law School until the school offered a tenured professorship to a woman of color. Bell's decision provoked a storm of controversy in the legal community. Some observers praised Bell's action as courageous and forward-thinking; others denounced it as...; Search Snippet: ...Of a Double Standard in Law School Hiring of Minority Women Deborah J. Merritt [Fna1] Barbara F. Reskin [Fnaa1] Copyright ©... |
1992 |
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Yes |
| Dorothy E. Roberts |
The Future of Reproductive Choice for Poor Women and Women of Color |
14 Women's Rights Law Reporter 305 (Spring-Fall, 1992) |
Preface: Reflections on The Future of Reproductive Choice for Poor Women and Women of Color This article was my first talk and my first publication on the subject of reproduction and women of color. I can still sense the challenge I felt at discovering from reading about the lives of slave women and modern day sisters that our experiences amplified...; Search Snippet: ...Spring-fall, 1992 the Future of Reproductive Choice for Poor Women and Women of Color Dorothy E. Roberts [Fna] Copyright (C) 1992 Women's... |
1992 |
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Yes |
| Sharon K. Mollman |
The Gender Gap: Separating the Sexes in Public Education |
68 Indiana Law Journal 149 (Winter, 1992) |
Inner-city schools have become notorious for their failure to educate. Children in these blighted areas, usually African-Americans or other minorities, have little hope for a bright future. School, which is commonly thought to provide a stepping-stone to a better life, merely reinforces that lack of hope. The curriculum reflects the values of...; Search Snippet: ...Journal Indiana Law Journal Winter, 1992 December, 1992 Note the Gender Gap: Separating the Sexes in Public Education Sharon K. Mollman... |
1992 |
Multipe Groups |
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| Katherine Connor , Ellen J. Vargyas |
The Legal Implications of Gender Bias in Standardized Testing |
7 Berkeley Women's Law Journal 13 (1992) |
C1-3TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION. 14 II. THE FACTUAL CONTEXT. 17 A. The Scope of the Problem. 17 1. Post-Secondary Admissions Tests. 18 2. Vocational Aptitude Tests and Interest Inventories. 21 B. Causes of Gender Differences in Test Scores. 24 1. Post-Secondary Admissions Tests. 24 2. Vocational Aptitude Tests and Interest Inventories. 27 C....; Search Snippet: ...Journal Berkeley Women's Law Journal 1992 the Legal Implications of Gender Bias in Standardized Testing Katherine Connor [Fnd] Ellen J. Vargyas... |
1992 |
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| Naomi R. Cahn |
The Looseness of Legal Language: the Reasonable Woman Standard in Theory and in Practice |
77 Cornell Law Review 1398 (September, 1992) |
For feminists working with the law, the relationship between theory and practice has been critical, although often uneasy and problematic. Part of this tension between theory and practice stems from inevitable, and important, questions about whether the legal process can meaningfully address women's needs. Nonetheless, because the strength of...; Search Snippet: ...Language of Law the Looseness of Legal Language: the Reasonable Woman Standard in Theory and in Practice Naomi R. Cahn [Fnd... |
1992 |
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Yes |
| Mary E. Becker |
The Politics of Women's Wrongs and the Bill of "Rights": a Bicentennial Perspective |
59 University of Chicago Law Review 453 (Winter, 1992) |
The language of the Bill of Rights is almost entirely gender neutral and its provisions have always applied to some women. But free white men of property designed the Bill of Rights in a political process from which they excluded most Americans and all women. Not surprisingly, the Bill of Rights served and serves the interests of such men better...; Search Snippet: ...Chicago Law Review Winter, 1992 Interdisciplinary Approaches the Politics of Women's Wrongs and the Bill of Rights: a Bicentennial Perspective Mary... |
1992 |
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Yes |
| Bonnie B. Westman |
The Reasonable Woman Standard: Preventing Sexual Harassment in the Workplace |
18 William Mitchell Law Review 795 (Summer, 1992) |
I. INTRODUCTION. 795 II. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE. 797 A. Sexual Harassment as a Cause of Action. 797 1. Title VII. 797 2. Creation of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. 798 3. Elements of a Sexual Harassment Claim. 802 4. Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson. 804 B. Development of the Reasonable Woman Standard. 805 C. Applications of the...; Search Snippet: ...Review William Mitchell Law Review Summer, 1992 Note the Reasonable Woman Standard: Preventing Sexual Harassment in the Workplace Bonnie B. Westman... |
1992 |
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Yes |
| Saba Ashraf |
The Reasonableness of the "Reasonable Woman" Standard: an Evaluation of its Use in Hostile Environment Sexual Harassment Claims under Title Vii of the Civil Rights Act |
21 Hofstra Law Review 483 (Winter, 1992) |
Courts have been taking note of sexual harassment in the workplace and recognizing it as a cause of action since the early 1980s. Traditionally, in order to determine whether a cause of action existed for sexual harassment, courts used the reasonable person standard. Recently, however, a number of courts have replaced the reasonable person...; Search Snippet: ...Law Review Winter, 1992 Note the Reasonableness of the Reasonable Woman Standard: an Evaluation of its Use in Hostile Environment Sexual... |
1992 |
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Yes |
| Pamela J. Smith |
We Are Not Sisters: African-american Women and the Freedom to Associate and Disassociate |
66 Tulane Law Review 1467 (May, 1992) |
I. Introduction. 1467 II. Basis for Choosing to Disassociate. 1472 A. Racism Among Sisters. 1472 B. A Different Past. 1480 C. A Different Present. 1483 III. Reasons for Choosing to Associate. 1490 A. Breaking the Chains of Silence. 1491 B. Coming to Voice. 1493 IV. The First Amendment's Right to Associate or Disassociate. 1496 A. Intimate...; Search Snippet: ...Tulane Law Review May, 1992 Comment We Are Not Sisters: African- American Women and the Freedom to Associate and Disassociate Pamela J. Smith... |
1992 |
African/Black American |
Yes |
| Deborah L. Forman |
What Difference Does it Make? Gender and Jury Selection |
2 UCLA Women's Law Journal 35 (Spring, 1992) |
[C]ritical feminism is unwilling to remain trapped in debates about women's commonality with or difference from men. Its commitment is neither to embrace nor suppress difference but to challenge the dualism and make the world safe for differences. In Batson v. Kentucky, the Supreme Court declared that a prosecutor's use of peremptory challenges to...; Search Snippet: ...Women's Law Journal Spring, 1992 What Difference Does it Make? Gender and Jury Selection Deborah L. Forman [Fna1] Copyright (C) 1992... |
1992 |
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| Mari J. Matsuda , Keynote Speaker |
When the First Quail Calls: Multiple Consciousness as Jurisprudential Method |
14 Women's Rights Law Reporter 297 (Spring-Fall, 1992) |
In 1868, two white women, Angelina and Sarah Grimke, acknowledged publicly that a Black man, the son of their slave-owning brother, was their nephew. They commenced to bestow on that nephew the love and familiarity due a relative. In publicly embracing their blood tie to a Black man, these women were doing something unthinkable,...; Search Snippet: ...A Talk Presented at the Yale Law School Conference on Women of Color and the Law, April 16, 1988 Mari J... |
1992 |
African/Black American |
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| Anne E. Simon |
Whose Move? Breaking the Stalemate in Feminist and Environmental Activism |
2 UCLA Women's Law Journal 145 (Spring, 1992) |
Is there a feminist jurisprudence that includes attention to ecological issues? Should there be? What good might it do? Where might thinking about it lead? This Essay offers one beginning. The tremendous array of feminist and environmental activism all over the world that makes the topics considered here interesting and worth discussing will...; Search Snippet: ...Journal Spring, 1992 Essay Whose Move? Breaking the Stalemate in Feminist and Environmental Activism Anne E. Simon [Fna1] Copyright (C) 1992... |
1992 |
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| Lorraine A. Schmall |
Women and Children First, but Only If the Men Are Union Members: Hiring Halls and Delinquent Child-supporters |
6 Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy 449 (1992) |
A. Historical Treatment of Labor Unions B. Unions and the First Amendment C. Unions' and Members' First Amendment Rights A. Historical Hierarchies B. Women's Economic Disadvantages C. Peculiar Financial Problems of Divorced Women D. Other Problems Associated with Non-Support A. Historical Purpose and Application of Preemption B. Hiring Halls and...; Search Snippet: ...Law, Ethics & Public Policy 1992 Symposium on Women & the Law Women and Children First, but Only If the Men Are Union... |
1992 |
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Yes |
| Carol M. Rose |
Women and Property: Gaining and Losing Ground |
78 Virginia Law Review 421 (March, 1992) |
A quite common perception about women and property is that women do not have much, at least by comparison to men. Even if women do have property formally in their names, men seem to be the ones who initially acquired it and actually control it. Though there are exceptionseven whole societies that are exceptionalthey have a rather exotic air. In...; Search Snippet: ...Wl 109668 Virginia Law Review Virginia Law Review March, 1992 Women and Property: Gaining and Losing Ground Carol M. Rose [Fna1... |
1992 |
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Yes |
| Theresa A. Amato |
Women at Risk, Rights at Risk-toward the Empowerment of Working Women |
17 Yale Journal of International Law 139 (Winter, 1992) |
The International Labour Organisation (ILO) tells us that we live in a world where the concept of human rights, including labor rights, is widely accepted. We live in a world where governments are sensitive to international opinion. But we also live in a world where worker rights violations are more widespread than ever before. The rights of...; Search Snippet: ...Of the Allard K. Lowenstein International Human Rights Law Project Women at Risk, Rights at Risktoward the Empowerment of Working Women Theresa A. Amato [Fn#] Copyright (C) 1992 by the Yale... |
1992 |
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Yes |
| Sharon L. Sims |
Women's History and the Public Schools |
14 Women's Rights Law Reporter Rep. 9 (Winter 1992) |
On September 6, 1990, former governor James R. Thompson signed into law a bill which requires Illinois' public elementary and high schools to teach one unit of women's history in grades kindergarten through twelve, effective January 1, 1991. The language of the statute mandates that public schools include in their curriculum the contributions made...; Search Snippet: ...Womens Rights Law Reporter Women's Rights Law Reporter Winter 1992 Women's History and the Public Schools Sharon L. Sims [Fna] Copyright... |
1992 |
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Yes |
| Paulette M. Caldwell |
A Hair Piece: Perspectives on the Intersection of Race and Gender |
1991 Duke Law Journal 365 (April, 1991) |
A. Rediscovering My Hair I want to know my hair again, to own it, to delight in it again, to recall my earliest mirrored reflection when there was no beginning and I first knew that the person who laughed at me and cried with me and stuck out her tongue at me was me. I want to know my hair again, the way I knew it before I knew that my hair is me,...; Search Snippet: ...A Hair Piece: Perspectives on the Intersection of Race and Gender Paulette M. Caldwell [Fna] Copyright 1991 by Paulette M. Caldwell... |
1991 |
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| Nilda Rimonte |
A Question of Culture: Cultural Approval of Violence Against Women in the Pacific-asian Community and the Cultural Defense |
43 Stanford Law Review 1311 (July, 1991) |
In 1985, a Hmong man was tried for kidnapping and rape after abducting a woman on the Fresno City College campus and consummating the marriage in his family's home. Kong Moua defended himself by arguing that in Hmong culture, zij poj niam, or marriage by capture, is an acceptable way of obtaining a bride. After negotiating a guilty plea down to...; Search Snippet: ...Law a Question of Culture: Cultural Approval of Violence Against Women in the Pacific-asian Community and the Cultural Defense Nilda... |
1991 |
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Yes |
| Dwight L. Greene |
Abusive Prosecutors: Gender, Race & Class Discretion and the Prosecution of Drug-addicted Mothers |
39 Buffalo Law Review 737 (Fall, 1991) |
It came as a shock . . . and then I was pretty angry. Addiction is a medical problem. You wouldn't put a heart patient in jail for having a heart attack. And you wouldn't prosecute an epileptic for having a seizure. . . . It's been a nightmare! . . . My baby was taken away from his mother for the first ten months of his life; there was no bonding...; Search Snippet: ...Buffalo Law Review Buffalo Law Review Fall, 1991 Abusive Prosecutors: Gender, Race & Class Discretion and the Prosecution of Drug-addicted Mothers... |
1991 |
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| Ruth Colker |
An Equal Protection Analysis of United States Reproductive Health Policy: Gender, Race, Age, and Class |
1991 Duke Law Journal 324 (April, 1991) |
The purpose of this Essay is to bring an anti-essentialist and reproductive health perspective to the public policy debate concerning pregnancy-related regulations, including, but not limited to, abortion regulations. It will attempt to create a gender-based equal protection framework that is attentive to the ways in which U.S. reproductive...; Search Snippet: ...An Equal Protection Analysis of United States Reproductive Health Policy: Gender, Race, Age, and Class Ruth Colker [Fna] Copyright 1991 By... |
1991 |
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| Scott H. Isaacman |
Are We Outlawing Motherhood for Hiv-infected Women? |
22 Loyola University Chicago Law Journal 479 (Winter, 1991) |
A popular method of coping with a problem is to make the problem illegal and punish those whose conduct relates to the problem. We attempted to cope with prostitution and drug abuse in this manner, and we now are taking a similar approach to coping with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Section 12-16.2 of the Illinois Criminal Code...; Search Snippet: ...Health Law Symposium Are We Outlawing Motherhood for Hiv-infected Women? Scott H. Isaacman [Fna] Copyright (C) 1991 by the Loyola... |
1991 |
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Yes |
| Katherine A. Knopoff |
Can a Pregnant Woman Morally Refuse Fetal Surgery? |
79 California Law Review 499 (March, 1991) |
Fetal surgery techniques may soon improve so that the benefits to the fetus will outweigh the risks to the pregnant woman. Under such a scenario, utilitarianismwhich seeks the greatest overall societal benefitwould require surgical intervention to treat the fetus, even if the woman refused the surgery. This Comment argues, however, that...; Search Snippet: ...Review California Law Review March, 1991 Comment Can a Pregnant Woman Morally Refuse Fetal Surgery? Katherine A. Knopoff [Fnd] Copyright 1991... |
1991 |
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Yes |
| Randall J. Peach |
Civil Rights-law Against Discrimination-princeton Eating Clubs must Admit Women Because Symbiotic Relationship with Princeton University Subjects Them to Law Against Discrimination as Public Accommodations-frank V. Ivy Club, 120 N.j. 73, 576 A.2d 241 (199 |
22 Seton Hall Law Review 235 (1991) |
New Jersey's Law Against Discrimination (LAD) recognizes every person's civil right to equal opportunity. Predicated on the state legislature's finding that discrimination menaces the institutions and foundations of a free democratic State, the LAD is a comprehensive statutory scheme prohibiting discrimination based on race, gender, or other...; Search Snippet: ...Civil Rightslaw Against Discriminationprinceton Eating Clubs must Admit Women Because Symbiotic Relationship with Princeton University Subjects Them to Law... |
1991 |
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Yes |
| Evelyn Nakano Glenn |
Cleaning Up/kept Down: a Historical Perspective on Racial Inequality in "Women's Work" |
43 Stanford Law Review 1333 (July, 1991) |
With the recent surge in public attention to the feminization of poverty, feminist policy analysts have tended to subsume the economic privations of women of color under the general rubric of problems of working women. Indeed, recent economic trends provide some support for the argument that gender inequity at work has become the crossroads at...; Search Snippet: ...Up/kept Down: a Historical Perspective on Racial Inequality in Women's Work Evelyn Nakano Glenn [Fna1] Copyright (C) 1993 by The... |
1991 |
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Yes |
| Susan L. Miller, Sally S. Simpson |
Courtship Violence and Social Control: Does Gender Matter? |
25 Law and Society Review 335 (1991) |
In this exploratory study, we ask whether perceptions of and responses to violence in dating relationships are gendered and whether the factors that affect male perceptions also influence females. Using the social control and feminist literatures as a guide, we explore gender differences in perception of sanction risk and attitudes toward...; Search Snippet: ...Society Review 1991 Article Courtship Violence and Social Control: Does Gender Matter? Susan L. Miller Sally S. Simpson [Fna1] Copyright ©... |
1991 |
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| Naomi R. Cahn |
Defining Feminist Litigation |
14 Harvard Women's Law Journal L.J. 1 (Spring, 1991) |
Feeling themselves oppressed now, feminists cannot be indifferent to questions of how transformations are to occur. This essay is an exploration of how one can be a feminist and litigate. It sets out some thoughts on how to reframe the dialogue about the meaning of feminist litigation between Ruth Colker and Sally Burns in the Harvard Women's Law...; Search Snippet: ...Law Journal Harvard Women's Law Journal Spring, 1991 Essay Defining Feminist Litigation Naomi R. Cahn [Fna] Copyright 1991 by the President... |
1991 |
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| Joan Chalmers Williams |
Dissolving the Sameness/difference Debate: a Post-modern Path Beyond Essentialism in Feminist and Critical Race Theory |
1991 Duke Law Journal 296 (April, 1991) |
[The negro] is too radically different from the white man in his mental and emotional structure ever to be more than a spurious and uneasy imitation of him, if he persists in following this direction. His soul contains riches which can come to fruition only if he retains intact the full spate of his emotional awareness, and uses unswervingly the...; Search Snippet: ...Sameness/difference Debate: a Post-modern Path Beyond Essentialism in Feminist and Critical Race Theory Joan Chalmers Williams [Fna] Copyright 1991... |
1991 |
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| Christine A. Littleton |
Does it Still Make Sense to Talk about "Women"? |
1 UCLA Women's Law Journal 15 (Spring, 1991) |
In this Article I make a claim that I have only recently begun to understand as controversial: feminism is about women. To explore and defend this claim adequately would require a book. In these pages all I can do is offer a few examples of how thinking explicitly about women as womenrather than subsuming women into some other category such as...; Search Snippet: ...Spring, 1991 Does it Still Make Sense to Talk about Women ? Christine A. Littleton [Fna] Copyright (C) 1991 by the Regents... |
1991 |
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Yes |
| Patricia A. Cain |
Feminist Legal Scholarship |
77 Iowa Law Review 19 (October, 1991) |
Feminist legal scholarship comes in many shapes and sizes. It can include traditional legal scholarship focused on areas of concern to feminists, for example, marital property, child custody, sexual harassment, and reproductive freedom. It can include legal histories of the struggle for women's rights and biographies of early women lawyers....; Search Snippet: ...Iowa Law Review October, 1991 Symposium: the Voices of Women Feminist Legal Scholarship Patricia A. Cain [Fna] Copyright (C) 1991 By... |
1991 |
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| Kary L. Moss |
Forced Drug or Alcohol Treatment for Pregnant and Postpartum Women: Part of the Solution or Part of the Problem? |
17 New England Journal on Criminal and Civil Confinement Confinement 1 (Winter, 1991) |
The first task of law and psychiatry is to limit the duty to be treated and to create a right to treatment only for those who wish to exercise it or who after a period of time have come to appreciate it as a right and can benefit from it. For all others the right is a delusion, an unwarranted denial of their constitutional rights and an attempt to...; Search Snippet: ...1991 Forced Drug or Alcohol Treatment for Pregnant and Postpartum Women: Part of the Solution or Part of the Problem? Kary... |
1991 |
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Yes |
| Catharine A. MacKinnon |
From Practice to Theory, or What Is a White Woman Anyway? |
4 Yale Journal of Law & Feminism 13 (Fall, 1991) |
And ain't I a woman? Sojourner Truth Black feminists speak as women because we are women. Audre Lorde It is common to say that something is good in theory but not in practice. I always want to say, then it is not such a good theory, is it? To be good in theory but not in practice posits a relation between theory and practice that places theory...; Search Snippet: ...Practice from Practice to Theory, or What Is a White Woman Anyway? Catharine A. Mackinnon [Fnd1] Copyright (C) 1991 by Catharine... |
1991 |
African/Black American |
Yes |
| Marion Smiley |
Gender Justice Without Foundations |
89 Michigan Law Review 1574 (May, 1991) |
The term postmodernism was once used very carefully to refer to the rejection of modernist sensibilities in the field of architecture. Today, however, a variety of academics employ the term more loosely to signal their own movement beyond accepted doctrine in whatever discipline they happen to represent. Hence, we should not be surprised to...; Search Snippet: ...Books Relating to the Law V. Gender, Difference, and Postmodernism Gender Justice Without Foundations Feminism/postmodernism. Edited by Linda J. Nicholson... |
1991 |
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| Joan Williams |
Gender Wars: Selfless Women in the Republic of Choice |
66 New York University Law Review 1559 (December, 1991) |
A central theme in American thought is that society is a republic of choice comprised of autonomous individuals with rights, making choices in pursuit of their own self-interest. This ideology is covertly gendered. Professor Williams examines the abortion and working mother debates and shows how, in both contexts, mothers who pursue their own...; Search Snippet: ...1991 Centennial Celebration: a Tradition of Women in the Law Gender Wars: Selfless Women in the Republic of Choice Joan Williams [Fna] Copyright ©... |
1991 |
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Yes |
| Sylvia A. Law |
Good Intentions Are Not Enough: an Agenda on Gender for Law School Deans |
77 Iowa Law Review 79 (October, 1991) |
The organizers of the Voices of Women conference asked me to address the question of what deans can do to create a more hospitable environment for women in American law schools. This essay first reminds us how recently women were not welcomed as equals in legal education. It then offers some anecdotal evidence that many legal educators still do not...; Search Snippet: ...Of Women Good Intentions Are Not Enough: an Agenda on Gender for Law School Deans Sylvia A. Law [Fna] Copyright ©... |
1991 |
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| Nancy K. Schiff |
Legislation Punishing Drug Use During Pregnancy: Attack on Women's Rights in the Name of Fetal Protection |
19 Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly 197 (Fall, 1991) |
Medical science is becoming increasingly aware of how the behavior of pregnant women affects the developing fetuses they carry. Specifically, there is increased awareness that a woman's drug use during pregnancy may directly affect her newborn. These developments have fueled a legal trend: Pregnant women are being sanctioned, both criminally and...; Search Snippet: ...1991 Note Legislation Punishing Drug Use During Pregnancy: Attack on Women's Rights in the Name of Fetal Protection Nancy K. Schiff... |
1991 |
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Yes |
| Kimberle Crenshaw |
Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color |
43 Stanford Law Review 1241 (July, 1991) |
Over the last two decades, women have organized against the almost routine violence that shapes their lives. Drawing from the strength of shared experience, women have recognized that the political demands of millions speak more powerfully than the pleas of a few isolated voices. This politicization in turn has transformed the way we understand...; Search Snippet: ...Law Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color Kimberle Crenshaw [Fna1] Copyright (C) 1993 by Kimberle... |
1991 |
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Yes |
| Judith A. Winston |
Mirror, Mirror on the Wall: Title Vii, Section 1981, and the Intersection of Race and Gender in the Civil Rights Act of 1990 |
79 California Law Review 775 (May, 1991) |
The Civil Rights Act of 1990 was introduced in the United States Senate and House of Representatives on February 7, 1990. The two companion bills were aimed at overturning a series of 1989 Supreme Court decisions that created roadblocks for people of color and women alleging employment discrimination under title VII of the Civil Rights Act of...; Search Snippet: ...Title Vii, Section 1981, and the Intersection of Race and Gender in the Civil Rights Act of 1990 Judith A. Winston... |
1991 |
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| Judith Resnik |
Naturally Without Gender: Women, Jurisdiction, and the Federal Courts |
66 New York University Law Review 1682 (December, 1991) |
For many years, women who work (or who have tried to work) with law and in courts have understood that their gender was relevant to that work. However, until recently, those who run the courts to which women have sought entry have not been interested in the effects of women on courts and of courts on women. Below, Professor Resnik explores the...; Search Snippet: ...Celebration: a Tradition of Women in the Law Naturally Without Gender: Women, Jurisdiction, and the Federal Courts Judith Resnik [Fna] Copyright ©... |
1991 |
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Yes |
| Maria O'Brien Hylton |
Parental Leaves and Poor Women: Paying the Price for Time off |
52 University of Pittsburgh Law Review 475 (Winter, 1991) |
This Article presents a critique of unpaid parental leaves and the parental leave legislation recently passed by Congress. Eight states have already enacted parental leave statutes of various kinds. For the sake of simplicity and uniformity, however, this Article focuses on the proposed federal legislation and its anticipated effects on...; Search Snippet: ...Of Pittsburgh Law Review Winter, 1991 Parental Leaves and Poor Women: Paying the Price for Time off Maria O'brien Hylton [Fna... |
1991 |
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Yes |
| Dorothy E. Roberts |
Punishing Drug Addicts Who Have Babies: Women of Color, Equality, and the Right of Privacy |
104 Harvard Law Review 1419 (May, 1991) |
Women increasingly face criminal charges for giving birth to infants who test positive for drugs. Most of the women prosecuted are poor, Black, and addicted to crack cocaine. In this Article, Professor Roberts seeks to add the perspective of poor Black women to the current debate over protecting fetal rights at the expense of women's rights. Based...; Search Snippet: ...Law Review May, 1991 Punishing Drug Addicts Who Have Babies: Women of Color, Equality, and the Right of Privacy Dorothy E... |
1991 |
African/Black American |
Yes |
| Deborah J. Krauss |
Regulating Women's Bodies: the Adverse Effect of Fetal Rights Theory on Childbirth Decisions and Women of Color |
26 Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 523 (Summer, 1991) |
In the name of fetal rights, lawyers and doctors throughout the country are taking actions that not only violate the rights of pregnant women, but also threaten the well-being of their fetuses and children. This Note will examine two aspects of the trend toward curtailing women's autonomy during pregnancy in the name of what some perceive to be...; Search Snippet: ...Civil Rights-civil Liberties Law Review Summer, 1991 Note Regulating Women's Bodies: the Adverse Effect of Fetal Rights Theory on Childbirth Decisions and Women of Color Deborah J. Krauss Copyright 1991 by the President... |
1991 |
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Yes |
| Sharon Angella Allard |
Rethinking Battered Woman Syndrome: a Black Feminist Perspective |
1 UCLA Women's Law Journal 191 (Spring, 1991) |
The plight of battered women gained national attention when Farrah Fawcett portrayed a battered spouse in the television movie The Burning Bed. The program depicted the physical and psychological torture that leads a battered woman to take the life of her batterer, and the subsequent legal challenges she faces when claiming self-defense in response...; Search Snippet: ...Journal Ucla Women's Law Journal Spring, 1991 Essay Rethinking Battered Woman Syndrome: a Black Feminist Perspective Sharon Angella Allard [Fna] Copyright (C) 1991 by The... |
1991 |
African/Black American |
Yes |
| Peggie R. Smith |
Separate Identities: Black Women, Work, and Title Vii |
14 Harvard Women's Law Journal 21 (Spring, 1991) |
No other group in America has so had their identity socialized out of existence as have black women. We are rarely recognized as a group separate and distinct from black men, or as a present part of the larger group women in this culture . . . . When black people are talked about the focus tends to be on black men; and when women are talked about...; Search Snippet: ...Journal Harvard Women's Law Journal Spring, 1991 Separate Identities: Black Women, Work, and Title Vii Peggie R. Smith [Fna] Copyright 1991... |
1991 |
African/Black American |
Yes |
| Deborah L. Rhode |
The "No-problem" Problem: Feminist Challenges and Cultural Change |
100 Yale Law Journal 1731 (April, 1991) |
I. INTRODUCTION II. THE DENIAL OF INJUSTICE A. The Historical Legacy 1. Traditional Assumptions 2. Legal Norms 3. Feminist Responses B. Contemporary Frameworks 1. The Cultural Context 2. Conservative Ideology: Religious and Sociobiological Premises 3. Gender Bias: Academic and Employment Settings III. THE DENIAL OF INEQUALITY A. The Embrace of...; Search Snippet: ...Yale Law Journal April, 1991 Essay the No-problem Problem: Feminist Challenges and Cultural Change Deborah L. Rhode [Fna] Copyright 1991... |
1991 |
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| Carrie Menkel-Meadow, Shari Seidman Diamond |
The Content, Method, and Epistemology of Gender in Sociolegal Studies |
25 Law and Society Review 221 (1991) |
This Special Issue of the Law & Society Review devoted to gender and sociolegal studies focuses on one of the major political movements and intellectual challenges to the social sciences in the last years of the twentieth century. The collection of articles explores some of the controversies that a focus on gender has raised and provides an...; Search Snippet: ...Society Review 1991 Introduction the Content, Method, and Epistemology of Gender in Sociolegal Studies Carrie Menkel-meadow Shari Seidman Diamond Copyright... |
1991 |
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| Herma Hill Kay |
The Future of Women Law Professors |
77 Iowa Law Review 5 (October, 1991) |
Women began teaching law so that other women could learn law. The first women to instruct law students were practitioners who accepted women to study in their law offices. In 1896, Ellen Spencer Mussy and Emma Gillett offered a series of part-time courses to three women students in Mussy's law office in the District of Columbia. At the time, only...; Search Snippet: ...October, 1991 Symposium: the Voices of Women the Future of Women Law Professors Herma Hill Kay [Fna] Copyright (C) 1991 By... |
1991 |
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