AuthorTitleCitationSummaryYear
Timothy J. Moran PUNITIVE DAMAGES IN FAIR HOUSING LITIGATION: ENDING UNWISE RESTRICTIONS ON A NECESSARY REMEDY 36 Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 279 (Summer, 2001) In January 1996, Gene Lewis, an African American resident of Lake Charles, Louisiana, answered a newspaper advertisement for the rental of a one-bedroom apartment. When Mr. Lewis went to view the apartment, however, the owner refused to accept his deposit, saying, I just don't rent to you people. When Mr. Lewis asked the owner what he meant, he... 2001
Derrick Bell RACISM: A MAJOR SOURCE OF PROPERTY AND WEALTH INEQUALITY IN AMERICA 34 Indiana Law Review 1261 (2001) Consider this film script: RURAL TOWN GAS STATION-DEEP SOUTH IN THE MID-1960s. It is dusk, the end of a hot summer day. A half-dozen or so working class, white, good ole' boys are grouped around a bench in front of a run-down, two-pump gas station. An outdoor phone is attached to the wall. A faded sign over the station garage reads: Moultree's... 2001
Eric J. Gouvin RURAL LOW-INCOME HOUSING AND MASSACHUSETTS CHAPTER 40B: A PERSPECTIVE FROM THE ZONING BOARD OF APPEALS 23 Western New England Law Review 3 (2001) The Massachusetts Low and Moderate Income Housing Act (Act) was enacted in 1969 to promote the construction of low-income housing in restrictively zoned Massachusetts communities. It seeks to achieve its goal by providing a builder's remedy which, in effect, overrides local zoning ordinances. The local Zoning Board of Appeals (ZBA), in deciding... 2001
Polly W. Blakemore SHORT OF MONEY OR SHORTCHANGED?: REASONABLE ACCOMMODATIONS IN RENTAL RULES AND POLICIES FOR DISABLED INDIVIDUALS RECEIVING FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE 39 Brandeis Law Journal 449 (Winter Issue 2000-2001) Richard Salute and Marie Kravette are both disabled individuals who receive Social Security disability benefits. Unable to work because of his disabilities since 1982, Richard suffers from chronic asthma, dextroscoliosis of the back, ulcerative colitis, and depression, among other ailments. Marie's disabilities include degenerative rheumatoid... 2001
Justin W. Ristau SHOULD PUNITIVE DAMAGES BE RECOVERABLE ABSENT A FINDING OF ACTUAL DAMAGES UNDER THE FEDERAL FAIR HOUSING ACT? LOUISIANA ACORN FAIR HOUSING V. LEBLANC, 211 F.3D 298 (5TH CIR. 2000) 70 University of Cincinnati Law Review 343 (Fall, 2001) In Louisiana ACORN Fair Housing v. LeBlanc, the Fifth Circuit, in a matter of first impression, addressed whether a plaintiff suing under the Fair Housing Act (FHA) may receive punitive damages absent compensatory or nominal damages. The Fifth Circuit's decision in LeBlanc limited the enforcement system of the FHA and threatened the vitality of the... 2001
Dash T. Douglas STANDING ON SHAKY GROUND: STANDING UNDER THE FAIR HOUSING ACT 34 Akron Law Review 613 (2001) Standing jurisprudence has undergone a substantial evolution in recent decades. The Supreme Court was particularly active during the 1970s in addressing standing issues in housing discrimination cases. In 1982, the Supreme Court revisited standing, but has been deathly silent ever since. This void has left the development of standing jurisprudence... 2001
Hirad Abtahi THE PROTECTION OF CULTURAL PROPERTY IN TIMES OF ARMED CONFLICT: THE PRACTICE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA 14 Harvard Human Rights Journal 1 (Spring, 2001) Destruction constitutes an inherent component of armed conflict. No war has been fought without damaging private or public property at least collaterally. In numerous conflicts, however, belligerents have tried to obtain psychological advantage by directly attacking the enemy's cultural property without the justification of military necessity. Such... 2001
Nancy A. Denton THE ROLE OF RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION IN PROMOTING AND MAINTAINING INEQUALITY IN WEALTH AND PROPERTY 34 Indiana Law Review 1199 (2001) Most people desire wealth and property. Individuals and families acquire wealth and property via three routes: they accumulate them through their earnings or other work, what they have accumulated appreciates over time, or they inherit wealth or property from their families. Many benefit from all three of these routes to the ownership of property... 2001
Barclay Thomas Johnson THE SEVEREST JUSTICE IS NOT THE BEST POLICY: THE ONE-STRIKE POLICY IN PUBLIC HOUSING 10-SPG Journal of Affordable Housing & Community Development Law 234 (Spring, 2001) The severest justice may not always be the best policy Abraham Lincoln. This article examines the one-strike interpretation of 42 U.S.C. § 1437 (1)(6), which governs evictions from public housing for alleged criminal activity. The one-strike policy refers to the practice of imposing strict liability on public housing tenants and evicting them... 2001
SUSAN BENNETT "THE POSSIBILITY OF A BELOVED PLACE': RESIDENTS AND PLACEMAKING IN PUBLIC HOUSING COMMUNITIES 19 Saint Louis University Public Law Review 259 (2000) What we need to live well, to dwell, is to trust in the possibility of a beloved place and our own significant part in the making of such places. Between 1825 and 1829, a Dutch immigrant landholder sold off fifty parcels of farmland lodged between what are now 89 and 82 streets on the north and south, and the Great Lawn of Central Park and Central... 2000
Johanna M. Lundgren A WEAKENED ENFORCEMENT POWER: THE FIFTH CIRCUIT LIMITS PUNITIVE DAMAGES UNDER THE FAIR HOUSING ACT IN LOUISIANA ACORN FAIR HOUSING V. LEBLANC 46 Loyola Law Review 1325 (Winter 2000) On January 2, 1996, Gene Lewis, an African-American male, responded to an advertisement for an efficiency apartment in Lake Charles, Louisiana. Lewis phoned the landlord and owner of the building, Danny LeBlanc, who agreed to hold the apartment for Lewis if he paid a $100 deposit. Immediately after the phone conversation with LeBlanc, Lewis went to... 2000
PETER W. SALSICH, JR. AFFORDABLE HOUSING: CAN NIMBYISM BE TRANSFORMED INTO OKIMBYISM? 19 Saint Louis University Public Law Review 453 (2000) As the record setting expansion of the United States economy moves into the new millennium, there is overwhelming evidence, which confirms that millions of American families have serious difficulty obtaining both decent and affordable housing. This is particularly true for families whose income is below the national median income of approximately... 2000
Dan Nnamdi Mbulu, CPA AFFORDABLE HOUSING: HOW EFFECTIVE ARE EXISTING FEDERAL LAWS IN ADDRESSING THE HOUSING NEEDS OF LOWER INCOME FAMILIES? 8 American University Journal of Gender, Social Policy and the Law 387 (2000) I. Introduction. 389 II. Background. 390 III. Analysis of Affordable Housing Programs. 392 A. Public Housing. 392 1. The Relationship Between Public Housing, Women, and Family. 394 2. The Inability of HUD Regulations and PHAs to Meet Family Needs. 394 3. Poor Housing Quality Resulting From Insufficient Funds. 395 a. Age of Projects. 396 b. Low Rent... 2000
Berta Esperanza Hernández-Truyol , Shelbi D. Day AFTERWORD - STRAIGHTNESS AS PROPERTY: BACK TO THE FUTURE - LAW AND STATUS IN THE 21ST CENTURY 12 University of Florida Journal of Law and Public Policy 71 (Fall, 2000) As is evident from the other works in this Symposium, throughout history in both the United States and the greater Western World, status-based exclusion of individuals and groups from property rights has been central to the existence of political and social hierarchies. Specifically, exclusion based on status whether it be nationality, culture,... 2000
Brian S. Prestes APPLICATION OF THE EQUAL CREDIT OPPORTUNITY ACT TO HOUSING LEASES 67 University of Chicago Law Review 865 (Summer, 2000) Landlords often deny a prospective tenant's lease application based on deficiencies in the tenant's credit report. It is unclear whether a landlord is required by federal statute to inform a rejected applicant of the specific reason his credit was deemed deficient. This Comment attempts to resolve this ambiguity in federal law by determining... 2000
Otto J. Hetzel ASSERTED FEDERAL DEVOLUTION OF PUBLIC HOUSING POLICY AND ADMINISTRATION: MYTH OR REALITY 3 Washington University Journal of Law and Policy 415 (2000) On October 21, 1998 the Independent Agencies Appropriation Act for Fiscal Year 1999 became law. Title V of the Act, called the Quality Housing and Work Responsibility Act of 1998 (QHWRA or the 1998 Act), had been tacked onto fiscal appropriations legislation that provided funds for the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development... 2000
Cynthia Godsoe CAUGHT BETWEEN TWO SYSTEMS: HOW EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN IN OUT-OF-HOME CARE ARE DENIED EQUALITY IN EDUCATION 19 Yale Law and Policy Review 81 (2000) Too often it's the same children, year after year, who bear the burden of rejection. They're made to feel like strangers. -- Vivian Gussin Paley, Teacher Jamie was placed in foster care at age six, when the severe head injuries resulting from his father's abuse were discovered by an emergency room doctor. After a few weeks, Jamie's foster parents... 2000
Samuel M. Stricklin , Alexander P. Okuliar CHARACTERIZATION OF HEALTHCARE RECEIVABLES: ARE POST-PETITION HEALTHCARE RECEIVABLES SUBJECT TO PRE-PETITION LIENS AS "PROCEEDS" OR "RENTS" UNDER THE BANKRUPTCY CODE, OR ARE THEY EXCLUDED AS AFTER-ACQUIRED PROPERTY? 8 American Bankruptcy Institute Law Review 47 (Spring, 2000) Hospitals and healthcare providers are under increasing public pressure to contain or lower healthcare costs. As a result of this pressure, which has been applied directly by insurance companies and the government, hospitals as well as other healthcare providers are facing serious financial difficulties. This, in turn, has precipitated a surge in... 2000
Geoffrey Graber CHOOSING THE CHOSEN: THE VALIDITY OF RACIAL RESTRICTIONS ON THE ALIENATION OF PROPERTY IN ISRAEL AND THE UNITED STATES 73 Southern California Law Review 437 (January, 2000) Israel is a nation that resists definition. Not by accident, it is both a Jewish state, existing of, by and for the Jewish people, and a liberal-democracy, guaranteeing to all citizens freedom and equality under the law, regardless of race or religion. These two conceptions of the state are not opposites, nor are they synonyms. Instead, they relate... 2000
Barbara Stark DECONSTRUCTING THE FRAMERS' RIGHT TO PROPERTY: LIBERTY'S DAUGHTERS AND ECONOMIC RIGHTS 28 Hofstra Law Review 963 (Summer 2000) [E]verything I know of my family comes from that time when I steeped myself in land transfers, sea logs and records of hogsheads of molasses and rum. . . . [That] set in motion a hunger for connectedness, a belief that with sufficient passion and intelligence we can deconstruct the barriers of time and geography. Bharati Mukherjee I. Introduction.... 2000
Victoria K. Lin EMBRACING MINORITY HOUSING AND EMPLOYMENT RIGHTS IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM 31 McGeorge Law Review 211 (Winter, 2000) With regard to urban housing and employment, the first half of the twentieth century saw racially restrictive covenants garner public attention, while the latter half experienced a focus on sexual orientation discrimination in employment. As the nation enters the twenty-first century, California is demonstrating a growing acceptance of racial... 2000
Quentin A. Palfrey FEDERAL HOUSING SUBSIDIES 37 Harvard Journal on Legislation 567 (Summer, 2000) With the federal budget in surplus for the foreseeable future, the Clinton Administration and Congress have just fought another round on low-income housing funding. Rather than returning to the traditionally liberal supply-oriented approach of directly increasing the low-income housing stock, which was popular from Franklin D. Roosevelt's... 2000
Danaya C. Wright FOREWORD: TOWARD A MULTICULTURAL THEORY OF PROPERTY RIGHTS 12 University of Florida Journal of Law and Public Policy 2 (Fall, 2000) This panel, sponsored by the Minority group and Property Sections of the AALS for the January, 2000 annual meeting, was composed of an exciting group of scholars critically analyzing traditional theories of property and current distribution of resources. The panel, entitled Reviewing the Legacy of Liberalism: Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of... 2000
Natsu Taylor Saito FROM SLAVERY AND SEMINOLES TO AIDS IN SOUTH AFRICA: AN ESSAY ON RACE AND PROPERTY IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 45 Villanova Law Review 1135 (2000) I. Introduction: Critical Race Theory, International Law and Property Rights. 1136 II. Slavery and Seminoles: People as Property. 1142 A. Setting the Stage: Maroons Before 1776. 1142 B. Slavery and International Law in the New Nation. 1145 C. The Seminole Wars: Liberty or Death. 1150 III. The Influence of Slaveholding Interests on Law and Policy.... 2000
Katheleen R. Guzman GIVE OR TAKE AN ACRE: PROPERTY NORMS AND THE INDIAN LAND CONSOLIDATION ACT 85 Iowa Law Review 595 (January, 2000) I. L2-5,T5Introduction 597 L1-6 II. L2-5,T5The Indian Land Consolidation Act: Its Causes and Effects 602 A. L3-5,T5Approaching the Inexorable: Federal Indian Land Policy from Discovery through Allotment 602 B. L3-5,T5The Legacy of Allotment: Fractionation as The Tragedy of the Anticommons 607 C. L3-5,T5The Indian Land Consolidation Act: Seeking... 2000
Marc Jolin GOOD CAUSE EVICTION AND THE LOW INCOME HOUSING TAX CREDIT 67 University of Chicago Law Review 521 (Spring, 2000) Since its inception in 1986, the Low Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) has emerged as the federal government's largest affordable housing development program. The LIHTC was enacted as part of the shift toward localized and privatized federal social programs that occurred during the Reagan Administration. In some respects the LIHTC's design... 2000
Daniel T. Friedson GREENLINING TOWARD A COMMUNITY OF LOCAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP, HOME OWNERSHIP, AND QUALITY OF LIFE 9-WTR Journal of Affordable Housing & Community Development Law 183 (Winter, 2000) I think the fact that there is a stock of totally affordable housing units that have not increased in value one iota in twenty years is an amazing phenomenon. . I was, just the other day, talking to an employee of mine. He lives next door to a vacant lot. The only vacant lot on his block. He said, Who can I call to complain about all the junk in... 2000
Charles B. Ferguson, Jr. HAMLETS: EXPANDING THE FAIR SHARE DOCTRINE UNDER STRICT HOME RULE CONSTITUTIONS 49 Emory Law Journal 255 (Winter 2000) It is not by chance that I examine the town first. The town is the only association which is so perfectly natural, that wherever people come together, it seems to constitute itself. How does it happen that in the United States, where the inhabitants arrived yesterday upon the soil they now occupy . . . where, in short, the instinctive love of... 2000
Ira Mark Bloom HOW FEDERAL TRANSFER TAXES AFFECT THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROPERTY LAW 48 Cleveland State Law Review 661 (2000) My topic, How Federal Transfer Taxes Affect the Development of Property Law, makes the basic assumption that, to some extent, property law exists because of the federal wealth transfer tax system. As will be seen, this assumption is correct. Before delving into my topic, however, it is important to understand the basic relationship between property... 2000
Carolyn Hoecker Luedtke INNOVATION OR ILLEGITIMACY: REMEDIAL RECEIVERSHIP IN TINSLEY V. KEMP PUBLIC HOUSING LITIGATION 65 Missouri Law Review 655 (Summer 2000) The traditional model of the judge as detached adjudicator, sitting high atop a distant bench, has been blurred in the years since Brown v. Board of Education. The legal legacy from the battlefield of school desegregation is a complicated interrelationship between right and remedy. Rather than announcing a right and disappearing into chambers,... 2000
Madhavi Sunder INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND IDENTITY POLITICS: PLAYING WITH FIRE 4 Journal of Gender, Race and Justice 69 (Fall 2000) We have fewer cultures in the world and more internal cultural debates. It should come as no surprise that in today's Information Age many of our important local and global rights struggles revolve not around material circumstances--land, jobs, money--but around metaphysical goods--ideas, information, meanings. Californians began the year 2000, for... 2000
John A. Biek JURISDICTIONAL LIMITATIONS ON STATE CLAIMS TO ABANDONED PROPERTY 5 State and Local Tax Lawyer 1 (2000) All fifty states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands have enacted abandoned property statutes that draw their inspiration from the English common law doctrine of bona vacantia. Under that doctrine, the sovereign was allowed to claim certain kinds of personal property as custodian for the rightful owner under the... 2000
Ronald R. Volkmer LOW-INCOME HOUSING AND THE CHARITABLE EXEMPTION 34 Creighton Law Review 47 (December, 2000) In the recently decided case of Pittman v. Sarpy County Board of Equalization, the Supreme Court of Nebraska, in a unanimous opinion, held that the Tax Equalization and Review Commission properly denied tax exempt status to Mercy Crestview Village (Mercy), the owner of an apartment complex located in Sarpy County, Nebraska. While there were... 2000
Spencer A. Overton MISTAKEN IDENTITY: UNVEILING THE PROPERTY CHARACTERISTICS OF POLITICAL MONEY 53 Vanderbilt Law Review 1235 (May 1, 2000) This Article argues that money contributed to and spent on political campaigns (political money) possesses many of the traits that explain judicial respect for regulation of property, and that courts reviewing restrictions on political money should consider doctrines associated with the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment Property Clauses. As... 2000
Kevin Francart NO DOGS ALLOWED: FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION V. FORCED INCLUSION ANTI-DISCRIMINATION STATUTES AND THEIR APPLICABILITY TO PRIVATE ORGANIZATIONS 17 Thomas M. Cooley Law Review 273 (Trinity Term, 2000) In the beginning the people created the Constitution, and the states the First Amendment. And the First Amendment was without freedom of association as a right; and darkness was upon the face of the Amendment; and the spirit of NAACP v. Alabama, ex rel. Patterson moved upon the face of the Amendment. And the Supreme Court said let there be a... 2000
LUCIE WHITE ON ABOLITIONIST CRITIQUES, "HOMELESS SERVICE' PROGRAMS, AND PRAGMATIC CHANGE 19 Saint Louis University Public Law Review 431 (2000) Several of the other chapters in this volume, as well as a number of other scholars of homelessness, share what Florence Roisman has called an abolitionist perspective on homelessness. These individuals share the belief that homelessness is but a symptom of deeper institutional dysfunctions and structural injustices in America's political... 2000
Donna S. Harkness PREDATORY LENDING PREVENTION PROJECT: PRESCRIBING A CURE FOR THE HOME EQUITY LOSS AILING THE ELDERLY 10 Boston University Public Interest Law Journal 1 (Fall, 2000) The bank is something else than men. It happens that every man in a bank hates what the bank does, and yet the bank does it. The bank is something more than men, I tell you it's the monster. Men made it, but they can't control it. John Steinbeck The Predatory Lending Prevention Project discussed in this article grew out of the author's experience... 2000
David K. Godschalk PROTECTED PETITIONING OR UNLAWFUL RETALIATION? THE LIMITS OF FIRST AMENDMENT IMMUNITY FOR LAWSUITS UNDER THE FAIR HOUSING ACT 27 Pepperdine Law Review 477 (2000) Free speech and equal protection are at the core of American notions about rights and justice. In the context of fair housing, however, the two ideals have come into conflict as courts and federal agencies have addressed attempts to use lawsuits, ordinarily protected by the First Amendment right to petition the government for redress of grievances,... 2000
Carl W. Herstein REAL PROPERTY 46 Wayne Law Review 1037 (Summer, 2000) In one of the cinematic techniques invented in the revolutionary motion picture The Birth of a Nation, director D. W. Griffith focuses his camera on a single soldier advancing into battle. Slowly the picture expands to reveal an increasingly vast panorama of combat. The image of an individual combatant, itself a vivid and evocative picture, is... 2000
Robert E. Parella REAL PROPERTY 50 Syracuse Law Review 863 (2000) I. Cooperatives and Condominiums. 863 II. Landlord - Tenant. 879 III. Vendor - Purchaser. 885 IV. Miscellaneous. 888 Perhaps the most important developments in this area of real property involve an interest that it is often characterized as personal property, i.e., the cooperative apartment. The developments are the enactment--recent and... 2000
Hope Lewis REFLECTIONS ON 'BLACKCRIT THEORY': HUMAN RIGHTS 45 Villanova Law Review 1075 (2000) The Colorline Belts the World. -- W.E.B. Du Bois[T]he left-liberal approach to globalization has yet to generate an adequate account of the connections between racial power and political economy in the New World Order. -- Kimberlé Crenshaw, Neil Gotanda, Gary Peller, Kendall Thomas AS the United Nations World Conference Against Racism... 2000
Larry Bennett RESTRUCTURING THE NEIGHBORHOOD: PUBLIC HOUSING REDEVELOPMENT AND NEIGHBORHOOD DYNAMICS IN CHICAGO 10-FALL Journal of Affordable Housing & Community Development Law 54 (Fall, 2000) Long before President Clinton announced in his 1996 State of the Union address that the era of big government is over, his administration had initiated a momentous reshaping of public housing policy. During Clinton's first term as president, more than two billion dollars were committed to the Urban Revitalization Demonstration Program, better... 2000
Terry W. Gentle, Jr. RETHINKING CONCILIATION UNDER THE FAIR HOUSING ACT 67 Tennessee Law Review 425 (Winter, 2000) For more than thirty years, the policy of the United States has been to provide everyone the opportunity for fair housing. Despite the efforts and resources devoted to this cause, housing discrimination persists as a pervasive problem that affects the lives of over two million people each year. Why does housing discrimination continue despite the... 2000
Brian Maney and Sheila Crowley, Ph.D. SCARCITY AND SUCCESS: PERSPECTIVES ON ASSISTED HOUSING 9-SUM Journal of Affordable Housing & Community Development Law 319 (Summer, 2000) The National Low Income Housing Coalition (NLIHC) has prepared this report on voucher use in order to consolidate the available information on the subject and assist stakeholders in understanding what is known, and what is not known, about voucher use. It is our hope that this will result in a more nuanced debate about housing vouchers and in... 2000
Kevin Christopher Newsom SETTING INCORPORATIONISM STRAIGHT: A REINTERPRETATION OF THE SLAUGHTER-HOUSE CASES 109 Yale Law Journal 643 (January, 2000) I. INTRODUCTION. 645 II. THE Slaughter-House Cases: THE CONVENTIONAL WISDOM. 650 A. The Facts. 651 B. Justice Miller's Majority Opinion. 651 C. The Dissents. 656 III. THE Slaughter-House Cases: A SECOND LOOK. 658 A. The Butchers' Claims and the Dissenters' Response: A Radical View of the Fourteenth Amendment. 658 B. Justice Miller's Majority... 2000
Brian F. Fitzgerald SEVENTH ANNUAL TENZER LECTURE 1999 SOFTWARE AS DISCOURSE: THE POWER OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN DIGITAL ARCHITECTURE 18 Cardozo Arts and Entertainment Law Journal 337 (2000) As software increasingly facilitates our living, we are drawn more and more to conceptualize software as discourse. While this may sound trite, it is a fundamental point to appreciate. One of the most significant intellectual developments of the latter part of the twentieth century has been the poststructuralist writing of thinkers like Foucault,... 2000
Nicole A. Forkenbrock Lindemyer SEXUAL HARASSMENT ON THE SECOND SHIFT:THE MISFIT APPLICATION OF TITLE VII EMPLOYMENT STANDARDS TO TITLE VIII HOUSING CASES 18 Law & Inequality: A Journal of Theory and Practice 351 (Summer 2000) [F]or the embattled/there is no place/that cannot be/home/nor is. Audre Lorde Yet another strand of sexual harassment is infecting women's lives and has begun to be treated in our courts: sexual harassment in the home. In increasing numbers, women are being forced to endure demands for sex from those who provide their housing, and to live in... 2000
F. Michael Higginbotham SOLDIERS FOR JUSTICE: THE ROLE OF THE TUSKEGEE AIRMEN IN THE DESEGREGATION OF THE AMERICAN ARMED FORCES 8 William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal 273 (February, 2000) Often noted for their heroic prowess as pilots in World War II, the Tuskegee Airmen served just as nobly fighting racial segregation within the Army. Considered exemplary in its integration today, the armed forces were a testing ground for integration in the middle of the twentieth century. Black officers and enlisted men, putting themselves in... 2000
Roberta F. Mann THE (NOT SO) LITTLE HOUSE ON THE PRAIRIE: THE HIDDEN COSTS OF THE HOME MORTGAGE INTEREST DEDUCTION 32 Arizona State Law Journal 1347 (Winter, 2000) I. L2-4,T4Introduction 1348 II. L2-4,T4Why Does the Tax Law Subsidize Home Ownership? 1351 A. L3-4,T4Historical Background of the Home Mortgage Interest Deduction 1351 B. L3-4,T4The Cost of the Home Mortgage Interest Deduction 1353 C. L3-4,T4Should the Federal Government Encourage Home Ownership? 1354 III. L2-4,T4Is the Home Mortgage Interest... 2000
Anthi Helleni Poulos THE 1954 HAGUE CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF CULTURAL PROPERTY IN THE EVENT OF ARMED CONFLICT: AN HISTORIC ANALYSIS 28 International Journal of Legal Information 1 (Spring, 2000) L1-5Introduction I. L2-5History and Development of the Status of Cultural Property in Armed Conflict A. L3-5The Ancients to 18 Century 1. L4-5The Greeks and Romans 2. L4-5The Crusades and the 30 Years' War 3. L4-5Conquest of the Americas 4. L4-5The Thirty Years' War B. L3-5Early History to the Modern (18 and 19th Centuries) 1. L4-5French Revolution... 2000
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