| Author | Title | Citation | Summary | Year |
| Steffi Colao |
NO RIGHT TO EXCLUDE: THE EUROPEAN UNION'S REPARATIVE MIGRATION OBLIGATIONS |
41 American University International Law Review 37 (2025) |
In this article, I unify the diverse but related ways that scholars, activists, and people on the move have demanded migration as a form of reparations. I first compare (mostly U.S.-based) theoretical arguments for migration as a form of reparations for colonization, military occupation, and climate harm. I then turn to international legal... |
2025 |
| Ali Hakim, Matei Alexianu |
NON-STATE SANCTIONS: PRIVATE INSTRUMENTS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW |
58 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 839 (October, 2025) |
Amid the catastrophic wars in Gaza and Ukraine, private organizations have arranged boycotts, bans, and other nonviolent measures to pressure Israel and Russia to comply with international law. These are just the latest examples of a long tradition of international law enforcement by non-state actors. But despite this rich history, international... |
2025 |
| Caroline V. Garrido |
NOT SO FIRMLY SETTLED: HOW THE INCONSISTENT JURISPRUDENCE OF THE FIRM RESETTLEMENT BAR SERVES AS A TOOL FOR ASYLUM SEEKER EXCLUSION |
94 Fordham Law Review 1059 (December, 2025) |
The firm resettlement bar to asylum, designed to limit protections to those without refuge elsewhere, has become a source of inconsistency, confusion, and exclusion in U.S. asylum law. Circuit courts have adopted two different approaches for determining whether an asylum seeker has firmly resettled in a third country. Despite the Board of... |
2025 |
| Malinda L. Seymore |
OBITUARY FOR THE BIRTH CERTIFICATE |
78 SMU Law Review 639 (Summer, 2025) |
Have birth certificates outlived their usefulness? Birth certificates establish an individual's name, identity, age, race, sex and gender, parental authority, and citizenship. In addition, the information collected at the time of birth and reflected on a long-form birth certificate provides data for public health policy, population statistics,... |
2025 |
| Suzanne A. Kim |
ON "SELF" CARE |
57 Connecticut Law Review 317 (January, 2025) |
The dominant answer to popular calls for self care in everyday discourse is a thriving eleven billion dollar industry. The self care economy encompasses workplace wellness programs, consumer goods and services, and entrepreneurship. This infrastructure revolves around commercial consumers and providers and advances through conceptions of health and... |
2025 |
| Joel Andrews Cosme-Morales |
ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF MORALES Y BENET v. LA JUNTA LOCAL DE INSCRIPCIONES: THE USE OF THE INSULAR CASES TO DENY WOMEN'S VOTING RIGHTS IN PUERTO RICO |
32 Michigan Journal of Gender & Law 101 (2025) |
In both Puerto Rico and the United States, we are governed by an electoral system founded on the principle of one person, one vote. Voting in early U.S. history was a privilege, not a universal right, restricted by race and gender. As a result, the institutional structures of early American political and legal systems tended to exclude certain... |
2025 |
| Spencer Overton |
OVERCOMING RACIAL HARMS TO DEMOCRACY FROM ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE |
110 Iowa Law Review 805 (January, 2025) |
ABSTRACT: While the United States is becoming more racially diverse, generative artificial intelligence and related technologies threaten to undermine truly representative democracy. Left unchecked, AI will exacerbate already substantial existing challenges, such as racial polarization, cultural anxiety, antidemocratic attitudes, racial vote... |
2025 |
| Heather Mansfield |
OVERCOMING THE PERSONAL IN PERSECUTION: BARRIERS TO ESTABLISHING "NEXUS' IN DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ASYLUM CLAIMS |
43 Quinnipiac Law Review 502 (2025) |
Gender-based violence impacts one out of every three women, representing approximately seven-hundred million women worldwide. Globally, most homicides are perpetrated against men; however, women are murdered at a disproportionate rate in the private sphere. Intimate partners or other family members commit about fifty-six percent of all female... |
2025 |
| Meghan L. Morris |
PARAMILITARY PROPERTY |
60 Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 107 (Winter, 2025) |
Paramilitarism is on the rise in America. In recent years, paramilitaries have mounted violent responses to movements for racial justice, climate emergencies, public health protocols, and migrant border crossings. Militias, white power organizations, and other paramilitary groups often claim their violence is justified as a legitimate defense of... |
2025 |
| Michael Conklin |
PEAK WOKENESS IN LEGAL SCHOLARSHIP: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF RECENT TRENDS IN PROGRESSIVE TOPICS |
61 California Western Law Review 381 (Spring, 2025) |
C1-3Table of Contents I. Introduction. 382 A. What is Woke?. 384 B. Evidence of Peak Wokeness. 389 II. Methodology. 398 III. Results. 399 IV. Discussion. 400 V. Conclusion. 404 |
2025 |
| Tiffani Darden |
PICKING THROUGH THE REMNANTS OF BROWN v. BOARD TO REALIZE THE IDEAL OF QUALITY PUBLIC EDUCATION FOR ALL CHILDREN IN THE POST COVID-19 ERA |
66 William and Mary Law Review 917 (March, 2025) |
C1-2Table of Contents Introduction. 918 I. Principles of Brown v. Board of Education. 920 A. Deterioration of Brown v. Board's Legacy. 921 B. Critiques of Brown v. Board. 923 C. Brown v. Board as Applied to Other Groups. 925 II. The Minimal Importance of Quality Education. 926 A. Equitable Resource Distribution for Preparing Good Citizens. 926 B.... |
2025 |
| Cori Alonso-Yoder |
PLENARY POWER: TEACHING THE IMMIGRATION LAW OF THE TERRITORIES |
54 Stetson Law Review 203 (Winter, 2025) |
Humberto Marchand: You're denying me? You're denying me because I have a driver's license which is a valid ID. Hertz Employee: What's your first and last name? . Would you like me to call the police? In May of 2023, Humberto Marchand attempted to rent a car from the Hertz rental car company at the New Orleans International Airport. When he... |
2025 |
| Emily M. Poor |
POLICE GATEKEEPING |
30 Michigan Journal of Race and Law 49 (Spring, 2025) |
The role of policing in American society is more pervasive (and less visible) than many acknowledge. Police do not just patrol, arrest, and keep peace - they also gatekeep. Many and varied ostensibly non-criminal processes rely on police fact-finding to adjudicate claims, establish eligibility for resources, and take adverse action against... |
2025 |
| Sunita Patel |
POLICING CAMPUS PROTEST |
125 Columbia Law Review 1277 (June, 2025) |
College campuses across the country celebrate their legacies of creating free speech guarantees following student protests from the mid-1960s to early 1970s, even though colleges had minimal tolerance of such protests at the time. As part of the New Left's vision for a different society, students, sometimes joined by faculty, demanded an end to the... |
2025 |
| Vivian Alejandre |
POWER PLAY IN ASYLUM ADJUDICATIONS: EXAMINING THE QUALIFICATIONS OF IMMIGRATION OFFICERS |
52 Western State Law Review 1 (Spring, 2025) |
C1-3Table of Contents I. Introduction. 1 II. Background. 3 III. The Inadequate Training and Qualifications of Immigration Officers. 6 A. CBP Officer - Office Of Field Operation. 9 B. BP Agents. 14 C. Asylum. 18 1. Affirmative Asylum vs. Defensive Asylum. 19 2. Expeditated Removals: Fear Interviews. 20 3. What it Takes to be an Asylum Officer. 21... |
2025 |
| Sarah Katz |
PRACTICING JUSTICE: A CRITICAL SELF-REFLECTION ON THE ROLE OF TRAUMA IN LEGAL PRACTICE |
30 Roger Williams University Law Review 406 (Spring, 2025) |
The notion of trauma-informed lawyering has had a huge impact on my own conception of my role as a lawyer and my approach to lawyering. And yet, my understanding of trauma and its impact on legal practice continues to metamorphize. Although science continues to teach us more and more about how trauma impacts brain development, memory and... |
2025 |
| A. Nicole Kreisberg , Penn State University, University Park, PA 16803, USA, Email: nqk5458@psu.edu |
PREFERENCE OR PENALTY? THE LAW AND EMPLOYERS' DIVERGING HIRING INTENTIONS OF LATINO IMMIGRANTS |
50 Law and Social Inquiry 569 (May, 2025) |
(Received 17 April 2024; revised 14 October 2024; accepted 18 December 2024; first published online 10 April 2025) There is conflicting evidence as to whether employers prefer immigrants over native-born workers when hiring. Some evidence suggests that employers might penalize immigrants over comparably educated co-ethnic native-born workers. Yet... |
2025 |
| Jennifer Nou |
PRESIDENTIAL BROKERING IN THE REGULATORY STATE |
93 George Washington Law Review 971 (October, 2025) |
Presidents seeking to make regulatory policy face formidable hurdles--most recently, heightened litigation risk, reduced judicial deference, and political polarization. In response, they have increasingly relied upon the Executive Office of the President (EOP) to manage these challenges. This Foreword spotlights the practice of presidential... |
2025 |
| Christian Powell Sundquist |
PRESUMED GUILTY: "ILLEGAL ALIEN" EVIDENCE AND THE RIGHTS OF NON-CITIZEN DEFENDANTS |
81 New York University Annual Survey of American Law 19 (2025) |
Dangerous political rhetoric demonizing migrants and racialized persons has altered social norms regarding the acceptability of racism while ushering in a new era of white nationalism across the world. The increasing normalization of racism has shaken bedrock American constitutional principles of equality and fair treatment under the law. As such,... |
2025 |
| Anna Arons |
PROSECUTING FAMILIES |
173 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 1029 (March, 2025) |
Hundreds of thousands of parents are prosecuted in the family regulation system each year. Their cases are investigated by family regulation agencies and prosecuted by lawyers employed by the government--family regulation prosecutors. Like police and prosecutors in the criminal legal system, this family regulation prosecutorial team wields immense... |
2025 |
| Katheryn Russell-Brown , Vanessa Miller |
RACE CENTERS AS CRITICAL CURRICULUM SPACES IN U.S. LAW SCHOOLS |
76 Mercer Law Review 609 (April, 2025) |
This piece aims to amplify the role of law school race centers. In fact, these centers are central curriculum spaces for student teaching and learning about race. The discussion highlights the role of race centers in law schools, explores the scholarly potential of race centers, and proposes strategies for sustaining race centers. The piece... |
2025 |
| E. Tendayi Achiume |
RACE, REPARATIONS, AND INTERNATIONAL LAW |
119 American Journal of International Law 397 (July, 2025) |
C1-3Table of Contents I. Introduction. 397 II. Reparations, Worldmaking, and Structures of Historical Injustice. 401 A. Race, Racism, and Colonial Worldmaking. 403 B. Race/Racism and the Structural Reproduction of Colonial Domination. 404 C. The Global Governance of Race/Racism and Reparative Anti-colonial Worldmaking. 407 III. The Legal... |
2025 |
| Bennett Capers, Jeffrey Bellin |
RACE, THE ACADEMY, AND THE CONSTITUTION OF THE WAR ON DRUGS, THE CONSTITUTION OF THE WAR ON DRUGS BY DAVID POZEN, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2024 |
134 Yale Law Journal 1763 (March, 2025) |
The war on drugs is widely viewed as a policy failure. Despite massive government intrusions on personal liberty, drug addiction, overdoses, and drug-related violence have only increased since the war was declared in 1971. David Pozen's new book, The Constitution of the War on Drugs, reveals a constitutional failure as well. Pozen chronicles a host... |
2025 |
| Emily Ryo , Ian Peacock , Weston Ley , Christopher Levesque |
RACIAL DISPARITIES IN CRIME-BASED REMOVAL PROCEEDINGS |
109 Minnesota Law Review 1997 (May, 2025) |
Whether and to what extent racial minorities experience harsher treatment or face worse outcomes in court are questions of fundamental importance for any justice system. Questions of racial inequality are especially salient in the context of removal proceedings that are triggered by immigrants' criminal history. Many individuals in crime-based... |
2025 |
| Zachary R. Evans |
RECKONING WITH THE VIOLENT LEGACY OF RACIALIZED U.S. FOREIGN POLICY IN CHILE |
28 University of Pennsylvania Journal of Law and Social Change 95 (2025) |
Critical Race Theory scholars have shone a spotlight on the legal underpinnings of imperial power and violence in numerous topics, including foreign policy. Absent from this critical scholarship is an analysis of United States interference in South American affairs. In centering the violent histories of dispossession and enslavement, I propose a... |
2025 |
| Sean M. Kammer |
REFLECTIONS ON THE IMPORTANCE OF CRITICAL THEORY TO TEACHING ENVIRONMENTAL LAW |
70 South Dakota Law Review 40 (2025) |
The freedom of students to learn about critical approaches to understanding their world is under sustained political attack. In this time of increasing environmental peril and political dysfunction, Professor Sean M. Kammer reflects upon the importance of critical theory (including Critical Race Theory) to understanding--and ultimately... |
2025 |
| Neha Jain |
REFUGEE MARKETS |
66 Virginia Journal of International Law 1 (Fall, 2025) |
Recent years have seen millions of people displaced by major environmental and political upheavals around the world. Yet anti-immigrant sentiments have driven electoral results in the United States and Europe, resulting in hardline shifts in policy. Legal scholars confronting anti-immigrant backlash have advanced sophisticated market models as the... |
2025 |
| Luke Herrine |
REGULATING CUTTHROAT BUSINESS |
103 North Carolina Law Review 1573 (August, 2025) |
The production of meat is almost entirely controlled by a small group of multinational agribusinesses. These packers own everything from animal genetics to feed to wholesaling to slaughtering to butchering--leaving only the raising of the animals to nominally independent farmers, who are, in turn, controlled through one-sided contracts. Packers... |
2025 |
| Dani O'Donnell |
REGULATING THE INTERNET TO DEREGULATE GENDER VARIANCE |
113 California Law Review 847 (June, 2025) |
Hatred and disinformation on the internet have ushered in a state of emergency for gender-variant people. Among other effects, they have generated political will to enact sweeping regulations that threaten to eradicate gender variance from public life entirely, as one political commentator has announced. This Note turns to history--specifically... |
2025 |
| Faiza W. Sayed |
REIMAGINING AFFIRMATIVE ASYLUM |
113 California Law Review 1095 (August, 2025) |
In 2022, the Biden Administration finalized regulations that overhauled procedures for asylum claims for the first time since 1996. These regulations transferred the duty to decide asylum claims in expedited removal from immigration courts to the Asylum Office. While advocates criticized the proposal for its extreme procedural deficiencies, they... |
2025 |
| Aman K. Gebru |
REMEDIATING CULTURAL APPROPRIATION |
57 Arizona State Law Journal 859 (Fall, 2025) |
Accusations of cultural appropriation--using cultural symbols from a culture that is not one's own without consent, understanding, or respect--have sparked fervent social, ethical, and political debates. While the issue does not seem to be a legal one at first blush, there's a growing area of legal scholarship on the topic. This Article builds on... |
2025 |
| Neoshia R. Roemer |
REPRODUCING CITIZENSHIP |
27 Georgetown Journal of Gender and the Law 31 (Fall, 2025) |
I. Introduction. 31 II. Reproductive Justice and the Order. 34 A. The Reproductive Justice Framework. 35 B. The Order and its Context. 38 C. The Mythical Immigrant: the Imagined Illegal Immigrant. 41 III. The Rights of Citizens (and Noncitizens). 46 A. The Right to Procreate and Parent. 48 B. The Right to Citizenship. 53 C. Defining Citizenship... |
2025 |
| Laila L. Hlass , Rachel Leya Davidson |
RESEARCHING FROM A DEPORTATION ABOLITION ETHIC |
105 Boston University Law Review 1511 (September, 2025) |
C1-2Contents Introduction. 1512 I. End SIJS Backlog Coalition Case Study. 1519 II. Movement Law and Deportation Abolition. 1524 A. Locating Resistance. 1526 B. Co-Generating Strategies and New Visions of Justice. 1527 C. Shifting the Knowledge-Base. 1528 D. Solidaristic Stance. 1530 III. Challenges to Movement Law. 1531 Conclusion. 1533 |
2025 |
| Leo Yu |
REVIVING EXCLUSION |
12 Texas A&M Law Review 1683 (Spring, 2025) |
Over a century ago, 15 states enacted alien land laws designed to deprive Japanese immigrants of property rights. It took half a century for these laws to be repealed. Today, alien land laws are experiencing a strong revival in America. Twelve states have enacted new versions targeting the Chinese community, with seventeen states preparing to... |
2025 |
| |
RIGHT TO A JURY TRIAL |
54 Georgetown Law Journal Annual Review of Criminal Procedure 659 (2025) |
Under the Sixth Amendment, criminal defendants have a right to trial by an impartial jury drawn from the state and district where the crime allegedly occurred. The right to a jury trial exists only in prosecutions for serious crimes, as distinguished from petty offenses. In determining whether a crime is serious under the Sixth Amendment, courts... |
2025 |
| Kelly Maurer |
SECURE 2.0'S AUTOMATIC ENROLLMENT PROVISIONS AND THEIR POTENTIALLY DETRIMENTAL EFFECT ON UNDOCUMENTED IMMIGRANT WORKERS |
28 University of the District of Columbia Law Review 188 (Spring, 2025) |
Retirement plans have long been viewed as a prime financial tool, helping millions of Americans prepare for the day when they will no longer be able to work but will still need to finance their lives. For most Americans, retirement plans represent financial security and freedom. Recognizing the important role that tax advantaged plans play in... |
2025 |
| Mimi Whittaker |
SMUGGLING CONSPIRACIES |
15 Columbia Journal of Race and Law 1234 (May, 2025) |
Amid growing political polarization, human trafficking remains one of the few social causes that retains universal bipartisan support. Nowhere was this clearer than Florida in the spring of 2023, when Governor Ron DeSantis passed widely popular human trafficking reforms. Despite a legislative session marked by national controversy over the state's... |
2025 |
| Marissa Jackson Sow |
SOCIAL MURDER AND THE ANTISOCIAL CONTRACT |
85 Maryland Law Review 79 (2025) |
Social murder is widely understood as the reckless and calculated killing by the State of people who are considered surplus and thus made redundant by the State. It is not merely an outcome, however; social murder, is an antidemocratic process, and--certainly as it is manifesting in the United States under the second Trump Administration--is also... |
2025 |
| Sylvia Won |
SOUND JUDGMENT AND THE ECHOES OF ACCENT: ADDRESSING LEGAL BIAS AND DISCRIMINATION |
26 Rutgers Race & the Law Review 114 (2025) |
C1-2TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION. 115 A. The Social Meaning of Accent and Its Role in Discrimination. 117 Accent and First Impressions: How We Hear Difference. 117 Accent, Identity, and Power: How Perception Constructs Social Hierarchies. 118 Linguistic Profiling and the Psychology of Bias. 120 Social Conformity and the Construction of Accent... |
2025 |
| Asad L. Asad , Livia Baer-Bositis |
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL CONTEXTS OF FORMAL SOCIAL CONTROL AND SYSTEM INVOLVEMENT: U.S. LATINOS UNDER IMMIGRATION POLICING |
59 Law and Society Review 172 (March, 2025) |
(Received 15 November 2023; revised 6 June 2024; accepted 26 September 2024) System avoidance refers to the tendency of individuals who are concerned about formal social control (e.g., incarceration, immigration enforcement, or the removal of children from their families) to avoid surveilling institutions that engage in recordkeeping. While this... |
2025 |
| Yochai Benkler |
STRUCTURE AND LEGITIMATION IN CAPITALISM: LAW, POWER, AND JUSTICE IN MARKET SOCIETY |
88 Law and Contemporary Problems 1 (2025) |
There is nothing magical in the reasoning of judges long dead. This article introduces a new institutional political economy of capitalism that explains the distinctive dynamics that drive sustained productivity growth, recurring social dislocation, and persistent patterns of exploitation in modern market societies. It then analyzes the role of law... |
2025 |
| Marielena Hincapié , Distinguished Lecture |
SYMPOSIUM: DACA MORE THAN TEN YEARS LATER: THE LEGAL, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE FIGHTING FOR IMMIGRANT JUSTICE, DEFENDING DEMOCRACY |
25 Rutgers Race & the Law Review 197 (2025) |
The Rutgers Race and the Law Review, Center for Immigrant Justice, Immigrant Rights Collective, Immigrant Rights Clinic, and Rutgers Institute for Professional Education hosted this symposium that provided the latest information regarding the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) policy and examined its legal, political, and social... |
2025 |
| Michael Neal |
TARGETED BORDER PROSECUTIONS OF MUSLIMS |
49 Vermont Law Review 485 (Summer, 2025) |
Since 2021, Border Patrol agents in Del Rio, Texas, have criminally charged unauthorized border crossers from Muslim-majority countries at a highly disproportionate rate. Among the border crossers were Afghans fleeing from Taliban persecution due to their service to the U.S. government, support for democracy, ethnicity, and religion. Rather than... |
2025 |
| Cheyenne Knavel |
TARGETING CIVILIANS IN THE NAME OF NATIONAL SECURITY: HOW THE NO FLY LIST PERPETUATES POST-9/11 DISCRIMINATION AND INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS VIOLATIONS |
84 Maryland Law Review 1043 (2025) |
In the period following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks (9/11), Americans came together in a moment of national unity. This notion of national unity, however, was a pretense for a violent and divisive form of purported American patriotism: The post-9/11 period saw a sharp increase in hate crimes committed against Muslim, Arab, Middle... |
2025 |
| M. Isabel Medina |
TEACHING CONSTITUTIONAL LAW IN POLARIZED TIMES: RIGHTS AND STRUCTURE |
72 UCLA Law Review Discourse 482 (2025) |
Teaching constitutional law today has been impacted by two trends reflecting a polarized electorate and politics: first, recent restrictions targeting education prohibiting the use of critical race theory, critical legal theory, feminist theories, intersectionality, and other critical legal perspectives in the classroom; and second, recent U.S.... |
2025 |
| Margaret Montoya |
TEACHING IN A TIME OF RETRENCHMENT |
72 UCLA Law Review Discourse 458 (2025) |
Constitutional law is the lodestar for law teaching in the United States and is often referred to as the supreme law of the land. But how are this and related bodies of law to be taught? And what should law students learn when ideological shifts in the Supreme Court lead to radical shifts in Constitutional interpretation? This Essay uses the Dobbs... |
2025 |
| Blanche Bong Cook , Wei Luo |
TEACHING SANDRA BLAND: AN ASSESSMENT IN CRIMINAL PROCEDURE INVESTIGATIONS |
59 UIC Law Review 55 (Fall, 2025) |
The traffic stop of Sandra Bland presents a comprehensive in-class assessment for Criminal Procedure Investigations. A decade ago, Brian Encinia, a Texas Trooper, stopped Bland, a Black woman, for failure to signal. The stop quickly escalated into a seizure, when Bland refused to extinguish her cigarette, while she was in her car. Encinia arrested... |
2025 |
| Helen Kerwin |
TEITIOTA AND CLIMATE NON-REFOULEMENT: THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OBLIGATION TO CREATE DOMESTIC PROTECTION MECHANISMS |
59 University of San Francisco Law Review 500 (2025) |
In 2021, the U.N. Human Rights Committee (the Committee) made international headlines with its decision in Teitiota v. New Zealand, which, it proclaimed, opens [the] door to climate change asylum claims. In this case, Ioane Teitiota, a national of Kiribati, alleged that his deportation to Kiribati violated his right to life due to the extreme... |
2025 |
| Kevin Herrera |
TEMPORARY/FOREVER: THE FISSURED ECONOMY, OBSTACLES TO EMPLOYMENT, AND REGULATING THE FUTURE OF EXPLOITATION IN TEMP WORK |
56 Loyola University Chicago Law Journal 573 (Summer, 2025) |
Among workers in United States, contingent and temporary work arrangements have grown to represent a substantial segment of available jobs, with spikes in their predominance corresponding to major economic shake ups like the Great Recession and the COVID-19 pandemic. These arrangements are part of a larger trend of the fissuring of United States... |
2025 |
| Christopher Muhawe |
THE (IN)VISIBLE IMMIGRANT'S PRIVACY |
9 Georgetown Law Technology Review 290 (2025) |
Digital technology has significantly augmented U.S. immigration enforcement. For refugees and asylum seekers, navigating the immigration system involves traversing a complex data labyrinth. Their personal information is collected and used by both immigration authorities and private entities, often without transparency and accountability. This... |
2025 |