AuthorTitleCitationSummaryYear
Michael J. Van Zandt Three Words Guide Us 31 Experience Experience 3 (October/November, 2020) THE SLD IS EXPANDING ITS MISSION THANKS TO THE COMMITMENT OF ITS LEADERSHIP AND MEMBERS. I'm very proud to be chair of the Senior Lawyers Division of the American Bar Association in its 35th year of existence. I want to express my appreciation to the extremely dedicated past leaders of the SLD under whom I've served and who've been an inspiration... 2020
Emily Ryo Through the Back Door: Applying Theories of Legal Compliance to Illegal Immigration During the Chinese Exclusion Era 31 Law and Social Inquiry 109 (Winter, 2006) This article applies theories of legal compliance to analyze the making of this country's first illegal immigrants--Chinese laborers who crossed the U.S.-Canadian and U.S.-Mexican borders in defiance of the Chinese exclusion laws (1882-1943). Drawing upon a variety of sources, including unpublished government records, I explore the ways in which... 2006
Scott Titshaw Throwing the Baby out with the Patriarchy 33 Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law & Justice 179 (Summer, 2018) Throughout the history of Europe and its former new world colonies, families have been a central unit for defining legal rights and duties, including those related to citizenship and immigration. Less than a century ago, a woman and her children automatically gained or lost citizenship in the U.S. and many other countries upon her marriage to a... 2018
Irene Scharf Tired of Your Masses: a History of and Judicial Responses to Early 20th Century Anti-immigrant Legislation 21 University of Hawaii Law Review 131 (Summer, 1999) A story with eerie reminiscences of times past appeared in the National Law Journal this past October. The story, about the case of Soko Bukai v. YWCA of San Francisco, can serve to remind us all of a not-too-distant past that reverberates even today around this nation. Soko Bukai was brought on behalf of 700 members of the Japanese-American... 1999
Shameka Rolla Title Vii and Color: How Bringing Title Vii Claims under the Protected Class of Color Can Further Highlight Colorism in Employment and Society at Large 10 Wake Forest Journal of Law and Policy 277 (March, 2020) In January 2018, Lupita Nyong'o announced that she would write a children's book. In the book, titled Sulwe, a five-year-old Kenyan girl, unable to see the beauty in her dark complexion, is determined to lighten her skin. With a global skin-lightening industry that was worth $4.8 billion in 2017, and that is projected to grow to $8.9 billion by... 2020
Julie Stewart, Thomas Christian Quinn To Include or Exclude: a Comparative Study of State Laws on In-state Tuition for Undocumented Students in the United States 18 Texas Hispanic Journal of Law and Policy Pol'y 1 (Fall 2012) Introduction. 2 I. State-Level Immigration Politics in a National Context. 6 A. Social Science Theories of State-Level Legislation. 8 II. Utah: A Classic New Immigration Destination. 14 A. Utah's H.B. 144: A Unique History and an Uncertain Future. 17 III. In-State Tuition Laws in a National Context. 32 A. The Case of Illinois. 36 B. The Case of... 2012
Denise Gilman To Loose the Bonds: the Deceptive Promise of Freedom from Pretrial Immigration Detention 92 Indiana Law Journal 157 (Winter 2016) Each year, the United States government detains more than 60,000 migrants who are eligible for release during immigration court proceedings that will determine their right to stay in the United States. Detention or release should be adjudicated through a custody determination process focused on the question of whether a migrant poses a flight risk... 2016
Theodore W. Maya To Serve and Protect or to Betray and Neglect?: the Lapd and Undocumented Immigrants 49 UCLA Law Review 1611 (June, 2002) In this Comment, Theodore Maya examines Special Order 40, the Los Angeles Police Department's (LAPD's) internal mandate limiting officers' ability to question Los Angelenos about their immigration status. He explores the history of the LAPD's relationship with the city's immigrant and minority populations, and the constitutional and legal issues... 2002
Brendan L. Smith Tongue Ties 95-APR ABA Journal 17 (April, 2009) JUAN ESTENOS MAY HAVE BEEN A HIGHLY EDUCATED accountant in Peru, but when he immigrated to the United States the best job he could find was as a clerk at an employee credit union for the Pan American Health Organization and World Health Organization in Washington, D.C. Estenos spoke little English but was hired in January 2000, though the job's... 2009
Gregg Van De Mark Too Much of a Good Thing: Immigration, Plyler V. Doe, and American Hubris 35 Washburn Law Journal 469 (Summer 1996) I. Introduction. 469 II. History of American Immigration Policy Before 1965. 471 A. American Immigration Before 1920. 472 B. Immigration Policy After 1920. 473 C. How Pausing Immigration Accelerates Assimilative Compromises. 474 D. The 1952 Immigration Act. 476 III. Modern American Immigration Policy. 478 A. The 1965 Immigration Act. 478 B. Recent... 1996
Julianne Lee Tortured Language: Lawful Permanent Residents and the 212(h) Waiver 84 Fordham Law Review 1201 (December, 2015) Recent amendments to the Immigration and Nationality Act have greatly expanded the grounds for removal of lawful permanent residents (LPRs) and, at the same time, constricted judicial review of agency decisions to deport immigrants. Language added to the 212(h) waiver of inadmissibility has increased the number of LPRs that are now ineligible for... 2015
Travis Silva Toward a Constitutionalized Theory of Immigration Detention 31 Yale Law and Policy Review 227 (Fall 2012) Introduction. 228 I. The Plenary Power Doctrine and Immigration Detention. 230 A. The Origin of the Plenary Power Doctrine. 230 B. Judicial Limitations and Scholarly Criticism. 234 C. The Structure of Immigration Detention. 238 II. Why a Constitutionalized Theory. 243 A. Habeas Corpus, Noncitizens, and Nonpunitive Detention. 243 B. Due Process at... 2012
Monika Batra Kashyap TOWARD A RACE-CONSCIOUS CRITIQUE OF MENTAL HEALTH-RELATED EXCLUSIONARY IMMIGRATION LAWS 26 Michigan Journal of Race and Law 87 (Winter, 2021) C1-3TABLE OF CONTENTS R1-2INTRODUCTION . R388. I. The Key Tenets of Dis/ability Critical Race Theory. 90 II. The Eugenics Movement and Immigration Restriction. 92 A. The Three Pillars of the Eugenics Movement: White Supremacy, Racism, and Ableism. 94 B. The Impact of the Eugenics Movement on Mental Health-Related Immigrant Exclusion. 99 III. A... 2021
Mathilde Cohen Toward an Interspecies Right to Breastfeed 26 Animal Law L. 1 (2020) Milk is young mammals' primary food. Yet, lactating animals raised for their milk, such as cows and goats, are subject to extreme forms of violence and control preventing them from breastfeeding their own young. Numerous human parents also lack the legal, economic, social, and emotional support they need to nurse their children. At one level, the... 2020
Cristina M. Rodríguez Toward Détente in Immigration Federalism 30 Journal of Law & Politics 505 (Spring 2015) In its efforts to enforce the immigration laws, the federal government has been challenged by the forces of federalism. Spurred in part by social movements and partisan and interest group politics, state and local police and political officials across the country have concluded that the federal government both under-enforces and over-enforces the... 2015
Shiv Narayan Persaud TOWARDS AN UNDERSTANDING OF CRITICAL RACE THEORY: DISPELLING FALSE CLAIMS AND MISREPRESENTATIONS 18 University of Massachusetts Law Review 79 (Winter, 2023) The Article discusses critical race theory as a paradigm shift, and further dispels the notion that it promotes a form of Marxism. With the rise of political attitudes toward seeking legislation to denounce CRT, it is incumbent upon those in legal studies to investigate and bring the value of CRT into the forefront. The purpose of this Article is... 2023
Shani Mahiri King , Nicole Silvestri Hall TRACING THE ROOTS OF A POISONOUS TREE: ON THE ORIGINS AND IMPACT OF CRIMINAL TERMINOLOGY IN A CIVIL APPREHENSION SCHEME 53 New Mexico Law Review 255 (Summer, 2023) Language is powerful. It can affect how we think about and treat groups of people. Poor language choices have a massive impact on immigration law, an area of the law that determines how groups of perceived outsiders are classified and regulated. Language and bias in judicial opinions have been studied, but less research has been done on poor... 2023
Julie Dahlstrom TRAFFICKING AND THE SHALLOW STATE 12 UC Irvine Law Review 61 (November, 2021) More than two decades ago, the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVTA) established new, robust protections for immigrant victims of trafficking. In particular, Congress created the T visa, a special form of immigration status, to protect immigrant victims from deportation. Despite lofty ambitions, the annual cap of 5,000 T visas has never been... 2021
Kevin Johnson , Raquel Aldana , José Padilla, Amagda Pérez, Thomas Saenz , Opening Remarks, Moderator, Panelists TRANSCRIPT: THE CIVIL RIGHTS LEGACY OF JUSTICE CRUZ REYNOSO 26 U.C. Davis Social Justice Law Review 132 (Winter, 2022) The family of Justice Cruz Reynoso released the following announcement upon his death in May 2021: On May 7, 2021, former California Supreme Court Associate Justice, law professor, and civil rights activist Cruz Reynoso passed away at age 90, surrounded by his family. Reynoso was born on May 2, 1931, in Brea, California, to Francisca Ramirez... 2022
Daniel I. Morales Transforming Crime-based Deportation 92 New York University Law Review 698 (June, 2017) Why not rid the United States of criminal noncitizens and the disorder they cause? Because, scholars urge, immigrants reduce crime rates, deporting noncitizens with criminal convictions costs far more than it is worth, and discarding immigrants when they become inconvenient is wrong. Despite the force of these responses, reform efforts have made... 2017
Talia Peleg, Ruben Loyo Transforming Deportation Defense: Lessons Learned from the Nation's First Public Defender Program for Detained Immigrants 22 CUNY Law Review 193 (Winter, 2019) The unprecedented pace of deportations in recent years has led to increased investment, at the local level, in the provision of high volume legal services to immigrants facing deportation. Each investment in greater legal representation of noncitizens offers unique opportunities to raise the bar in a practice area that has been plagued by low... 2019
Stephanie Evans TRANSIT STATES TO DESTINATION NATIONS: MEXICAN AND MOROCCAN ASYLUM POLICIES 54 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 207 (January, 2021) Much of the literature surrounding immigration and asylum analyzes the policies adopted by highly developed nations like the United States and countries in the European Union. However, as these nations' policies become increasingly restrictive, more migrants are turning towards neighboring nations that are easier to access but that have less... 2021
Regina Jefferies TRANSNATIONAL LEGAL PROCESS: AN EVOLVING THEORY AND METHODOLOGY 46 Brooklyn Journal of International Law 311 (2021) Introduction. 312 I. Origins of Transnational Legal Process Theory. 315 A. International Legal Theory. 316 B. Discourse Between International Law and International Relations. 318 II. The Principles of Transnational Legal Process and Three Critical Limitations. 323 A. Principles of Transnational Legal Process. 325 B. Three Critical Limitations. 332... 2021
Jessica M. Hadley Transracial Adoptions in America: an Analysis of the Role of Racial Identity among Black Adoptees and the Benefits of Reconceptualizing Success Within Adoptions 26 William and Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice 689 (Spring, 2020) Introduction I. The History of Transracial Adoption in the United States A. The Emergence of Federal Laws Promoting Transracial Adoptions B. The Extent of Race Consideration in Adoption II. Criticisms of the Methodology of the Early Studies A. The Problematic Nature of Using Personal Self-Esteem as an Indicator of Positive Racial Identity B. The... 2020
Ratna Kapur Travel Plans: Border Crossings and the Rights of Transnational Migrants 18 Harvard Human Rights Journal 107 (Spring, 2005) We are the people you never see. [Y]ou begin to give up the very idea of belonging. Suddenly, this thing, this belonging, it seems like some long, dirty lie. Come on, mohajir! Immigrant.. Pack-up double quick and be off to what gutter you choose. Dirty Pretty Things, a compelling, cross-cultural thriller from the United Kingdom, tells the complex... 2005
Pablo Chapablanco Traveling While Hispanic: Border Patrol Immigration Investigatory Stops at Tsa Checkpoints and Hispanic Appearance 104 Cornell Law Review 1401 (July, 2019) Introduction. 1402 I. A Brief History of the United States Border Patrol and Its Impact in the Southern Border. 1407 A. The Early Beginnings of the United States Border Patrol. 1407 B. The United States Border Patrol's Focus on Mexican Immigrants. 1408 C. The United States Border Patrol Today. 1410 II. The Fourth Amendment in Immigration Law... 2019
Lauren van Schilfgaarde, Aila Hoss, Ann E. Tweedy, Sarah Deer, Stacy Leeds TRIBAL NATIONS AND ABORTION ACCESS: A PATH FORWARD 46 Harvard Journal of Law & Gender 1 (Winter, 2023) I. Introduction. 2 II. Historical Backdrop for Reproductive Autonomy. 8 III. Abortion Care in Indian Country Today. 17 A. Federal Indian Health System. 19 B. Facility Abortion Policies. 22 C. Indigenous Access to Abortion Care. 26 D. Views of Abortion Across Indian Country. 29 IV. Navigating Jurisdiction in Indian Country. 31 A. Criminal... 2023
Christopher R. Green TRIBES, NATIONS, STATES: OUR THREE COMMERCE POWERS 127 Penn State Law Review 643 (Summer, 2023) The scope of federal power is sometimes seen as a long-running battle between two stories. Story One sees the commerce power as initially broad, mistakenly contracted in the late nineteenth century, then properly restored in 1937 as the national power to deal with national problems. Story Two sees 1937 as the mistake, and the commerce power as... 2023
Trinh Truong TRINH v. HOMAN: THE INDEFINITE DETENTION OF VIETNAMESE REFUGEES IN THE 21 CENTURY 30 Southern California Review of Law & Social Justice 415 (Summer, 2021) C1-2TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION. 416 II. VIETNAMESE REFUGEES. 421 A. Southeast Asian Detention and Removal Efforts Are Happening but No One Is Talking About It. 421 B. The Indefinite Detention of Vietnamese Refugees. 424 III. THE DELICATE BALANCE BETWEEN GOVERNMENTAL INTEREST AND IMMIGRANTS' DUE PROCESS RIGHTS. 429 A. Due Process Versus... 2021
Sam Erman TRUER U.S. HISTORY: RACE, BORDERS, AND STATUS MANIPULATION, HOW TO HIDE AN EMPIRE: A HISTORY OF THE GREATER UNITED STATES BY DANIEL IMMERWAHR, FARRAR, STRAUS & GIROUX, 2019 130 Yale Law Journal 1188 (March, 2021) In How to Hide an Empire, Daniel Immerwahr storms the citadel of U.S. history in a gripping retelling that places empire and its hiding at the heart of the American experiment. Aware that further absences also haunt U.S. history, he invites successors to catalog them to produce yet-truer histories of the United States. This Review takes up the... 2021
Ediberto Román, Ernesto Sagás Trump and Caribbean Xenophobia: the United States and the Dominican Republic 46 Rutgers Law Record 103 (2018-2019) The election of Donald Trump unleashed efforts to demonize immigrants, resembling the height of xenophobia in the twentieth century. While his attacks on immigrants, particularly Mexican immigrants, have come with a religious-like zeal, unfortunately, Trump's rhetoric is nothing new in the United States. Quite the opposite, Trump's use of old... 2019
Mason Leal Trump Card: What the End of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals Means for Texas and its Administrative Agencies 20 Texas Tech Administrative Law Journal 123 (Spring, 2019) I. Introduction. 123 II. The History of DACA. 126 A. How DACA Began. 126 B. How DACA Works. 128 C. Texas's Position: Anti-Immigrant Litigation and Legislation. 130 III. The Trump Administration's Flawed Rationale for Rescinding DACA. 134 IV. How the End of DACA Could Affect Texas and Its Administrative Agencies. 137 A. Economic Impact. 138 B.... 2019
Natasha Arnpriester Trumping Asylum: Criminal Prosecutions for "Illegal" Entry and Reentry Violate the Rights of Asylum Seekers 45 Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly L.Q. 3 (Fall, 2017) As a candidate for President of the United States, Donald Trump promised to bring law and order back to the U.S. immigration system --a claim that was and has been undergirded by inflammatory and racially charged vitriol. Donald Trump launched his presidential bid by stating, when Mexico sends its people, they're not sending their best. They're... 2017
Michael Vitiello TRUMP'S LEGACY: THE LONG-TERM RISKS TO AMERICAN DEMOCRACY 26 Lewis & Clark Law Review 467 (2022) While President Trump was extreme in his contempt for legal and political norms, his presidency was consistent with the direction in which the Republican Party has moved over the past several decades. Strategies put in place by Trump and other Republicans, along with institutional aspects of our country's democracy, assure the Republican Party's... 2022
Lena Zwarensteyn Trump's Takeover of the Courts 16 University of Saint Thomas Law Journal 146 (Spring, 2020) I. Introduction. 146 II. Trump's Fixation on the Federal Judiciary. 147 III. Rigging the Judicial Selection and Nomination Process. 151 A. The Judicial Selection and Nominations Process. 151 B. Breaking Norms. 153 C. Discarding Consultation and Blue Slips. 155 D. Limiting Inquiry: Stacked and Sham Hearings. 158 E. Speedy Confirmations. 159 IV.... 2020
Ming H. Chen Trust in Immigration Enforcement: State Noncooperation and Sanctuary Cities after Secure Communities 91 Chicago-Kent Law Review 13 (2016) The conventional wisdom, backed by legitimacy research, is that most people obey most of the laws, most of the time. This turns out to not be the case in a study of state and local involvement with immigration enforcement, especially the federal program in which the federal immigration enforcement agency, U.S. Department of Homeland Security,... 2016
Erin Komada Turned Away: the Detrimental Effect of Italy's Public Security Law on Undocumented Children's Right to Education 29 Boston University International Law Journal 451 (Summer 2011) I. Introduction. 452 II. A History of Italian Immigration Law. 453 A. Italian Statutory Law. 453 B. Current Social Trends Affecting Italian Immigration. 457 C. Legge n. 94/2009. 459 III. Children's Right to Education. 461 A. Convention on the Rights of the Child. 461 B. Supporting UN Instruments. 464 C. European Law. 465 IV. Blaming the Victim as... 2011
Sandra J. Chen, Samuel S.-H. Wang, Bernard Grofman, Richard F. Ober, Jr., Kyle T. Barnes, Jonathan R. Cervas TURNING COMMUNITIES OF INTEREST INTO A RIGOROUS STANDARD FOR FAIR DISTRICTING 18 Stanford Journal of Civil Rights & Civil Liberties 101 (February, 2022) Recent technological advances make possible a practical, rigorous application of communities of interest (COIs) to redisricting measures. Geographers, political scientists, and legal scholars have suggested that keeping communities together can enhance representational fairness. As other paths for redressing gerrymandering have closed in recent... 2022
Maureen E. Brady TURNING NEIGHBORS INTO NUISANCES 134 Harvard Law Review 1609 (March, 2021) C1-2CONTENTS Introduction. 1611 I. Contracting Against Nuisance. 1617 A. Uses of Covenants in Early American Land Use Planning. 1617 B. Nuisance Covenants in Practice. 1623 C. Nuisance Covenants at Law. 1629 II. Failures to Villainize the Apartment. 1637 A. History of Apartment Houses. 1637 B. The Apartment Under Nuisance Covenants. 1644 C. Related... 2021
Mariano-Florentino Cuéllar , Margaret Levi , Barry R. Weingast Twentieth-century America as a Developing Country: Conflict, Institutions, and the Evolution of Public Law 57 Harvard Journal on Legislation 25 (Winter, 2020) C1-3Table of Contents I. Introduction. 26 II. American Law and Governance in the Early-Twentieth Century: Challenges and a Framework for Understanding Change. 31 III. The Decline in Crass Corruption Creates an Opportunity. 38 IV. Channeling Conflict and Building National Institutional Capacity: From World War I to the 1930s. 43 V. The Legacy of... 2020
Scott C. Hodges Twenty-hour Detention Based on Reasonable Suspicion Is Not a "Minimal Intrusion": a Case for Amending Arizona's Sb 1070 7 Phoenix Law Review 411 (Winter 2013) I. Introduction. 412 II. Background. 415 A. Fiscal Challenges Caused by Unlawfully Present Aliens. 416 B. Congress Gridlocked in Addressing Immigration Issues. 418 C. States Taking Matters Into Their Own Hands. 419 D. SB 1070's Place in the Immigration Debate. 420 E. Section 2(B) of SB 1070. 422 III. A Better Solution. 424 A. Reasonable Suspicion.... 2013
Olive Lee TWO HOOLIGANS FOREVER BARRED: WHEN THE IMMATERIAL BECOMES MATERIAL 91 George Washington Law Review 1009 (August, 2023) As victims of persecution, war, and forcible displacement, refugees and asylees are unprotected by their own governments and depend on the compassionate response of others. The United States asylum system, in support of international human rights efforts and humanitarian ideals, offers protection to those fleeing persecution. However, asylum... 2023
Kevin R. Johnson U.s. Border Enforcement: Drugs, Migrants, and the Rule of Law 47 Villanova Law Review 897 (2002) OVER the last few decades, law enforcement efforts to control the U.S. borders have focused on drugs and illegal immigrants. While the North American Free Trade Agreement encouraged the free flow of capital and goods across American borders, the United States almost simultaneously with the trade pact's approval took aggressive steps in the name of... 2002
JORGE A. VARGAS U.s. Border Patrol Abuses, Undocumented Mexican Workers, and International Human Rights 2 San Diego International Law Journal L.J. 1 (2001) I. Introduction. 3 A. Long Journey From the South to El Norte Seeded with Hope and Dangers. 5 1. History, Geography, and Economics: The Three Fundamental Reasons for Mexican Migration. 5 2. Mexico: The Leading Source Country of Undocumented Immigration to the United States. 7 3. The Remote Origins and Periodic Causes of Mexican Migrations to El... 2001
Caroline Holliday U.s. Citizens Detained and Deported? A Test of the Great Writ's Reach in Protecting Due Process Rights in Removal Proceedings 60 Boston College Law Review E-Supplement II.-217 (April 1, 2019) Abstract: Every year, the U.S. government unlawfully detains a significant number of U.S. citizens and places them in immigration removal proceedings. Before the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit's 2018 decision in Gonzalez-Alarcon v. Macias, four circuits had held that an individual in removal proceedings with a valid claim to... 2019
Randy Capps U.s. Immigrant Workers and Families: Demographics, Labor Market Participation, and Children's Education 14 Virginia Journal of Social Policy and the Law 170 (Winter 2007) This article assesses the impact of rapid recent immigration on the nation's demographics, labor force and public schools. Recent immigration flows have exceeded those in any decade in the nation's history, with an estimated fifteen million immigrants entering the country during the 1990s. The number of immigrants passed thirty-five million in... 2007
Jeffrey S. Passel , Michael Fix U.s. Immigration in a Global Context: Past, Present, and Future 2 Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies Stud. 5 (Fall, 1994) Through the use of their own empirical studies, the authors address three themes: 1) immigration in the global context; 2) the scale and characteristics of immigration to the United States; and 3) the expected future impact of immigration to the United States. The authors focus on U.S. immigration by giving an empirical comparative history which... 1994
Shani M. King U.s. Immigration Law and the Traditional Nuclear Conception of Family: Toward a Functional Definition of Family That Protects Children's Fundamental Human Rights 41 Columbia Human Rights Law Review 509 (Winter 2010) Although the paramount purpose of United States immigration law is not to protect the integrity of family, U.S. immigration law does explicitly aim to do so in certain circumstances. The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) includes family reunification provisions, for example, which allow United States citizens and lawful permanent residents to... 2010
Patricia I. Folan Sebben U.s. Immigration Law, Irish Immigration and Diversity: Cead Mile Failte (A Thousand Times Welcome)? 6 Georgetown Immigration Law Journal 745 (December, 1992) In the halls of the University College of Galway, posters advertise the next topic of the school's debate team: Is Ireland the 51st state of the United States? It is estimated that approximately 100,000 Irish immigrants were living illegally in the United States in 1990, and more were soon to follow, due in large part to the Immigration Act of... 1992
James H. Johnson, Jr. U.s. Immigration Reform, Homeland Security, and Global Economic Competitiveness in the Aftermath of the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks 27 North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation 419 (Spring 2002) After nearly a half-century of liberal immigration policymaking, the U.S. government has implemented a series of get tough reforms in recent years, including the USA Patriot Act of 2001, which are designed to reduce the nation's risk of exposure to future acts of terrorism. Research indicates that most of the amendments to our immigration policy... 2002
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