AuthorTitleCitationSummaryYear
Talia Peleg, Ruben Loyo Transforming Deportation Defense: Lessons Learned from the Nation's First Public Defender Program for Detained Immigrants 22 CUNY Law Review 193 (Winter, 2019) The unprecedented pace of deportations in recent years has led to increased investment, at the local level, in the provision of high volume legal services to immigrants facing deportation. Each investment in greater legal representation of noncitizens offers unique opportunities to raise the bar in a practice area that has been plagued by low... 2019
Stephanie Evans TRANSIT STATES TO DESTINATION NATIONS: MEXICAN AND MOROCCAN ASYLUM POLICIES 54 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 207 (January, 2021) Much of the literature surrounding immigration and asylum analyzes the policies adopted by highly developed nations like the United States and countries in the European Union. However, as these nations' policies become increasingly restrictive, more migrants are turning towards neighboring nations that are easier to access but that have less... 2021
Regina Jefferies TRANSNATIONAL LEGAL PROCESS: AN EVOLVING THEORY AND METHODOLOGY 46 Brooklyn Journal of International Law 311 (2021) Introduction. 312 I. Origins of Transnational Legal Process Theory. 315 A. International Legal Theory. 316 B. Discourse Between International Law and International Relations. 318 II. The Principles of Transnational Legal Process and Three Critical Limitations. 323 A. Principles of Transnational Legal Process. 325 B. Three Critical Limitations. 332... 2021
Jessica M. Hadley Transracial Adoptions in America: an Analysis of the Role of Racial Identity among Black Adoptees and the Benefits of Reconceptualizing Success Within Adoptions 26 William and Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice 689 (Spring, 2020) Introduction I. The History of Transracial Adoption in the United States A. The Emergence of Federal Laws Promoting Transracial Adoptions B. The Extent of Race Consideration in Adoption II. Criticisms of the Methodology of the Early Studies A. The Problematic Nature of Using Personal Self-Esteem as an Indicator of Positive Racial Identity B. The... 2020
Ratna Kapur Travel Plans: Border Crossings and the Rights of Transnational Migrants 18 Harvard Human Rights Journal 107 (Spring, 2005) We are the people you never see. [Y]ou begin to give up the very idea of belonging. Suddenly, this thing, this belonging, it seems like some long, dirty lie. Come on, mohajir! Immigrant.. Pack-up double quick and be off to what gutter you choose. Dirty Pretty Things, a compelling, cross-cultural thriller from the United Kingdom, tells the complex... 2005
Pablo Chapablanco Traveling While Hispanic: Border Patrol Immigration Investigatory Stops at Tsa Checkpoints and Hispanic Appearance 104 Cornell Law Review 1401 (July, 2019) Introduction. 1402 I. A Brief History of the United States Border Patrol and Its Impact in the Southern Border. 1407 A. The Early Beginnings of the United States Border Patrol. 1407 B. The United States Border Patrol's Focus on Mexican Immigrants. 1408 C. The United States Border Patrol Today. 1410 II. The Fourth Amendment in Immigration Law... 2019
Lauren van Schilfgaarde, Aila Hoss, Ann E. Tweedy, Sarah Deer, Stacy Leeds TRIBAL NATIONS AND ABORTION ACCESS: A PATH FORWARD 46 Harvard Journal of Law & Gender 1 (Winter, 2023) I. Introduction. 2 II. Historical Backdrop for Reproductive Autonomy. 8 III. Abortion Care in Indian Country Today. 17 A. Federal Indian Health System. 19 B. Facility Abortion Policies. 22 C. Indigenous Access to Abortion Care. 26 D. Views of Abortion Across Indian Country. 29 IV. Navigating Jurisdiction in Indian Country. 31 A. Criminal... 2023
Christopher R. Green TRIBES, NATIONS, STATES: OUR THREE COMMERCE POWERS 127 Penn State Law Review 643 (Summer, 2023) The scope of federal power is sometimes seen as a long-running battle between two stories. Story One sees the commerce power as initially broad, mistakenly contracted in the late nineteenth century, then properly restored in 1937 as the national power to deal with national problems. Story Two sees 1937 as the mistake, and the commerce power as... 2023
Trinh Truong TRINH v. HOMAN: THE INDEFINITE DETENTION OF VIETNAMESE REFUGEES IN THE 21 CENTURY 30 Southern California Review of Law & Social Justice 415 (Summer, 2021) C1-2TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION. 416 II. VIETNAMESE REFUGEES. 421 A. Southeast Asian Detention and Removal Efforts Are Happening but No One Is Talking About It. 421 B. The Indefinite Detention of Vietnamese Refugees. 424 III. THE DELICATE BALANCE BETWEEN GOVERNMENTAL INTEREST AND IMMIGRANTS' DUE PROCESS RIGHTS. 429 A. Due Process Versus... 2021
Sam Erman TRUER U.S. HISTORY: RACE, BORDERS, AND STATUS MANIPULATION, HOW TO HIDE AN EMPIRE: A HISTORY OF THE GREATER UNITED STATES BY DANIEL IMMERWAHR, FARRAR, STRAUS & GIROUX, 2019 130 Yale Law Journal 1188 (March, 2021) In How to Hide an Empire, Daniel Immerwahr storms the citadel of U.S. history in a gripping retelling that places empire and its hiding at the heart of the American experiment. Aware that further absences also haunt U.S. history, he invites successors to catalog them to produce yet-truer histories of the United States. This Review takes up the... 2021
Ediberto Román, Ernesto Sagás Trump and Caribbean Xenophobia: the United States and the Dominican Republic 46 Rutgers Law Record 103 (2018-2019) The election of Donald Trump unleashed efforts to demonize immigrants, resembling the height of xenophobia in the twentieth century. While his attacks on immigrants, particularly Mexican immigrants, have come with a religious-like zeal, unfortunately, Trump's rhetoric is nothing new in the United States. Quite the opposite, Trump's use of old... 2019
Mason Leal Trump Card: What the End of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals Means for Texas and its Administrative Agencies 20 Texas Tech Administrative Law Journal 123 (Spring, 2019) I. Introduction. 123 II. The History of DACA. 126 A. How DACA Began. 126 B. How DACA Works. 128 C. Texas's Position: Anti-Immigrant Litigation and Legislation. 130 III. The Trump Administration's Flawed Rationale for Rescinding DACA. 134 IV. How the End of DACA Could Affect Texas and Its Administrative Agencies. 137 A. Economic Impact. 138 B.... 2019
Natasha Arnpriester Trumping Asylum: Criminal Prosecutions for "Illegal" Entry and Reentry Violate the Rights of Asylum Seekers 45 Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly L.Q. 3 (Fall, 2017) As a candidate for President of the United States, Donald Trump promised to bring law and order back to the U.S. immigration system --a claim that was and has been undergirded by inflammatory and racially charged vitriol. Donald Trump launched his presidential bid by stating, when Mexico sends its people, they're not sending their best. They're... 2017
Michael Vitiello TRUMP'S LEGACY: THE LONG-TERM RISKS TO AMERICAN DEMOCRACY 26 Lewis & Clark Law Review 467 (2022) While President Trump was extreme in his contempt for legal and political norms, his presidency was consistent with the direction in which the Republican Party has moved over the past several decades. Strategies put in place by Trump and other Republicans, along with institutional aspects of our country's democracy, assure the Republican Party's... 2022
Lena Zwarensteyn Trump's Takeover of the Courts 16 University of Saint Thomas Law Journal 146 (Spring, 2020) I. Introduction. 146 II. Trump's Fixation on the Federal Judiciary. 147 III. Rigging the Judicial Selection and Nomination Process. 151 A. The Judicial Selection and Nominations Process. 151 B. Breaking Norms. 153 C. Discarding Consultation and Blue Slips. 155 D. Limiting Inquiry: Stacked and Sham Hearings. 158 E. Speedy Confirmations. 159 IV.... 2020
Ming H. Chen Trust in Immigration Enforcement: State Noncooperation and Sanctuary Cities after Secure Communities 91 Chicago-Kent Law Review 13 (2016) The conventional wisdom, backed by legitimacy research, is that most people obey most of the laws, most of the time. This turns out to not be the case in a study of state and local involvement with immigration enforcement, especially the federal program in which the federal immigration enforcement agency, U.S. Department of Homeland Security,... 2016
Erin Komada Turned Away: the Detrimental Effect of Italy's Public Security Law on Undocumented Children's Right to Education 29 Boston University International Law Journal 451 (Summer 2011) I. Introduction. 452 II. A History of Italian Immigration Law. 453 A. Italian Statutory Law. 453 B. Current Social Trends Affecting Italian Immigration. 457 C. Legge n. 94/2009. 459 III. Children's Right to Education. 461 A. Convention on the Rights of the Child. 461 B. Supporting UN Instruments. 464 C. European Law. 465 IV. Blaming the Victim as... 2011
Sandra J. Chen, Samuel S.-H. Wang, Bernard Grofman, Richard F. Ober, Jr., Kyle T. Barnes, Jonathan R. Cervas TURNING COMMUNITIES OF INTEREST INTO A RIGOROUS STANDARD FOR FAIR DISTRICTING 18 Stanford Journal of Civil Rights & Civil Liberties 101 (February, 2022) Recent technological advances make possible a practical, rigorous application of communities of interest (COIs) to redisricting measures. Geographers, political scientists, and legal scholars have suggested that keeping communities together can enhance representational fairness. As other paths for redressing gerrymandering have closed in recent... 2022
Maureen E. Brady TURNING NEIGHBORS INTO NUISANCES 134 Harvard Law Review 1609 (March, 2021) C1-2CONTENTS Introduction. 1611 I. Contracting Against Nuisance. 1617 A. Uses of Covenants in Early American Land Use Planning. 1617 B. Nuisance Covenants in Practice. 1623 C. Nuisance Covenants at Law. 1629 II. Failures to Villainize the Apartment. 1637 A. History of Apartment Houses. 1637 B. The Apartment Under Nuisance Covenants. 1644 C. Related... 2021
Mariano-Florentino Cuéllar , Margaret Levi , Barry R. Weingast Twentieth-century America as a Developing Country: Conflict, Institutions, and the Evolution of Public Law 57 Harvard Journal on Legislation 25 (Winter, 2020) C1-3Table of Contents I. Introduction. 26 II. American Law and Governance in the Early-Twentieth Century: Challenges and a Framework for Understanding Change. 31 III. The Decline in Crass Corruption Creates an Opportunity. 38 IV. Channeling Conflict and Building National Institutional Capacity: From World War I to the 1930s. 43 V. The Legacy of... 2020
Scott C. Hodges Twenty-hour Detention Based on Reasonable Suspicion Is Not a "Minimal Intrusion": a Case for Amending Arizona's Sb 1070 7 Phoenix Law Review 411 (Winter 2013) I. Introduction. 412 II. Background. 415 A. Fiscal Challenges Caused by Unlawfully Present Aliens. 416 B. Congress Gridlocked in Addressing Immigration Issues. 418 C. States Taking Matters Into Their Own Hands. 419 D. SB 1070's Place in the Immigration Debate. 420 E. Section 2(B) of SB 1070. 422 III. A Better Solution. 424 A. Reasonable Suspicion.... 2013
Olive Lee TWO HOOLIGANS FOREVER BARRED: WHEN THE IMMATERIAL BECOMES MATERIAL 91 George Washington Law Review 1009 (August, 2023) As victims of persecution, war, and forcible displacement, refugees and asylees are unprotected by their own governments and depend on the compassionate response of others. The United States asylum system, in support of international human rights efforts and humanitarian ideals, offers protection to those fleeing persecution. However, asylum... 2023
Kevin R. Johnson U.s. Border Enforcement: Drugs, Migrants, and the Rule of Law 47 Villanova Law Review 897 (2002) OVER the last few decades, law enforcement efforts to control the U.S. borders have focused on drugs and illegal immigrants. While the North American Free Trade Agreement encouraged the free flow of capital and goods across American borders, the United States almost simultaneously with the trade pact's approval took aggressive steps in the name of... 2002
JORGE A. VARGAS U.s. Border Patrol Abuses, Undocumented Mexican Workers, and International Human Rights 2 San Diego International Law Journal L.J. 1 (2001) I. Introduction. 3 A. Long Journey From the South to El Norte Seeded with Hope and Dangers. 5 1. History, Geography, and Economics: The Three Fundamental Reasons for Mexican Migration. 5 2. Mexico: The Leading Source Country of Undocumented Immigration to the United States. 7 3. The Remote Origins and Periodic Causes of Mexican Migrations to El... 2001
Caroline Holliday U.s. Citizens Detained and Deported? A Test of the Great Writ's Reach in Protecting Due Process Rights in Removal Proceedings 60 Boston College Law Review E-Supplement II.-217 (April 1, 2019) Abstract: Every year, the U.S. government unlawfully detains a significant number of U.S. citizens and places them in immigration removal proceedings. Before the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit's 2018 decision in Gonzalez-Alarcon v. Macias, four circuits had held that an individual in removal proceedings with a valid claim to... 2019
Randy Capps U.s. Immigrant Workers and Families: Demographics, Labor Market Participation, and Children's Education 14 Virginia Journal of Social Policy and the Law 170 (Winter 2007) This article assesses the impact of rapid recent immigration on the nation's demographics, labor force and public schools. Recent immigration flows have exceeded those in any decade in the nation's history, with an estimated fifteen million immigrants entering the country during the 1990s. The number of immigrants passed thirty-five million in... 2007
Jeffrey S. Passel , Michael Fix U.s. Immigration in a Global Context: Past, Present, and Future 2 Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies Stud. 5 (Fall, 1994) Through the use of their own empirical studies, the authors address three themes: 1) immigration in the global context; 2) the scale and characteristics of immigration to the United States; and 3) the expected future impact of immigration to the United States. The authors focus on U.S. immigration by giving an empirical comparative history which... 1994
Shani M. King U.s. Immigration Law and the Traditional Nuclear Conception of Family: Toward a Functional Definition of Family That Protects Children's Fundamental Human Rights 41 Columbia Human Rights Law Review 509 (Winter 2010) Although the paramount purpose of United States immigration law is not to protect the integrity of family, U.S. immigration law does explicitly aim to do so in certain circumstances. The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) includes family reunification provisions, for example, which allow United States citizens and lawful permanent residents to... 2010
Patricia I. Folan Sebben U.s. Immigration Law, Irish Immigration and Diversity: Cead Mile Failte (A Thousand Times Welcome)? 6 Georgetown Immigration Law Journal 745 (December, 1992) In the halls of the University College of Galway, posters advertise the next topic of the school's debate team: Is Ireland the 51st state of the United States? It is estimated that approximately 100,000 Irish immigrants were living illegally in the United States in 1990, and more were soon to follow, due in large part to the Immigration Act of... 1992
James H. Johnson, Jr. U.s. Immigration Reform, Homeland Security, and Global Economic Competitiveness in the Aftermath of the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks 27 North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation 419 (Spring 2002) After nearly a half-century of liberal immigration policymaking, the U.S. government has implemented a series of get tough reforms in recent years, including the USA Patriot Act of 2001, which are designed to reduce the nation's risk of exposure to future acts of terrorism. Research indicates that most of the amendments to our immigration policy... 2002
Lorraine Schmall U.s. Internal Immigration Enforcement: Not a Model but an Alarum 1 Wake Forest Journal of Law and Policy 157 (April, 2011) Despite or because of geopolitical and demographic realities, nativism in the United States and the European Union has been one response to immigration during difficult current economic cycles. A global recession means more people in the destination countries are uncharacteristically unemployed. Citizens and their political representatives are wary... 2011
Monika Batra Kashyap U.s. Settler Colonialism, White Supremacy, and the Racially Disparate Impacts of Covid-19 11 California Law Review Online 517 (November, 2020) This Essay contextualizes the racially disproportionate impacts of COVID-19 in the United States within a framework of settler colonialism in order to broaden the understanding of how structural inequality is produced, imposed, and maintained. A settler colonialism framework recognizes that the United States is a present-day settler colonial... 2020
Anna Natalie Rol U.s. Vs. Them: a Perspective on U.s. Immigration Law Arising from United States V. Rosales-garcia and the Combination of Imprisonment and Deportation 90 Denver University Law Review 769 (2012) This Comment centers on immigration law, specifically, U.S. immigration law. United States v. Rosales-Garcia, a recently published case from the Tenth Circuit, was the original diving board for the thoughts that follow. In Rosales-Garcia, Raul Rosales-Garcia (Rosales), an undocumented immigrant, had been deported following a state drug conviction... 2012
Sarah H. Lorr UNACCOMMODATED: HOW THE ADA FAILS PARENTS 110 California Law Review 1315 (August, 2022) In 1990, Congress passed the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) to provide a clear and comprehensive national mandate for the elimination of discrimination against individuals with disabilities. Thirty years after this landmark law, discrimination and ingrained prejudices against individuals with intellectual disabilities--especially poor... 2022
Claire R. Thomas, Ernie Collette Unaccompanied and Excluded from Food Security: a Call for the Inclusion of Immigrant Youth Twenty Years after Welfare Reform 31 Georgetown Immigration Law Journal 197 (Winter, 2017) The young public interest attorney and her client, an immigrant teenager, sat side by side in a dimly light conference room in a community-based organization in Harlem. In front of them, on the table, sat a loose-leaf sheet of paper with four columns and a big black line in between the second and third columns. Above the first and second columns,... 2017
Claire R. Thomas, Ernie Collette Unaccompanied and Excluded from Food Security: a Call for the Inclusion of Immigrant Youth Twenty Years after Welfare Reform 31 Georgetown Immigration Law Journal 53 (Fall, 2016) NOTE: Please refer to the revised article cited 31 Geo. Immigr. L.J. 197. The young public interest attorney and her client, an immigrant teenager, sat side by side in a dimly light conference room in a community-based organization in Harlem. In front of them, on the table, sat a loose-leaf sheet of paper with four columns and a big black line in... 2016
Peter Margulies Uncertain Arrivals: Immigration, Terror, and Democracy after September 11 2002 Utah Law Review 481 (2002) American immigration law has struggled to balance two crucial values: democracy and security. Historically, national imagery celebrates immigration's role in renewing democracy. Yet, apprehension about the risks of immigration has also fueled recurring concerns about the security of American institutions. The tragic events of September 11, 2001... 2002
Amy Wolper Unconstitutional and Unnecessary: a Cost/benefit Analysis of "Crimes Involving Moral Turpitude" in the Immigration and Nationality Act 31 Cardozo Law Review 1907 (April, 2010) The 1980s and 1990s initiated a period of drastic change in the landscape of American immigration law. Since the late 1980s, immigration reforms have targeted the growing population of criminal aliens. The 1996 reforms were particularly severe; they dramatically expanded inadmissibility and deportation grounds for criminal aliens and increased the... 2010
Francisco Valdes Under Construction: Latcrit Consciousness, Community, and Theory 10 La Raza Law Journal L.J. 1 (Spring 1998) C1-3Table of Contents Introduction. 3 I. Race, Ethnicity & Nationhood: Latina/o Position and Identity in Law and Society. 10 A. The Utility of LatCrit Narratives. 11 B. Beyond the Black/White Paradigm. 17 II. Policy, Politics & Praxis: Latinas/os Under the Rule of Anglo-American Law. 25 A. Equality in Law and Life. 25 B. Immigration, Borders, and... 1998
Francisco Valdes Under Construction: Latcrit Consciousness, Community, and Theory 85 California Law Review 1087 (October, 1997) C1-3Table of Contents Introduction. 1089 I. Race, Ethnicity & Nationhood: Latina/o Position and Identity in Law and Society. 1096 A. The Utility of LatCrit Narratives. 1097 B. Beyond the Black/White Paradigm. 1103 II. Policy, Politics & Praxis: Latinas/os Under the Rule of Anglo-American Law. 1111 A. Equality in Law and Life. 1111 B. Immigration,... 1997
Ariana Sañudo-Kretzmann Under Ice: the 'Bed Quota' and Political Rhetoric in American Immigrant Detention 27 Southern California Review of Law & Social Justice 113 (Spring, 2018) They should call this place the jail of broken dreams. - Nilson Flores, detainee at Stewart Detention Center Detention of a migrant should be a matter of last resort. It should be an exception, not the rule. The thought that someone who is expressing fear of being killed in his home country, that we would put that person in a jail-like setting,... 2018
Christopher N. Lasch , R. Linus Chan , Ingrid V. Eagly , Dina Francesca Haynes , Annie Lai , Elizabeth M. McCormick , Juliet P. Stumpf Understanding "Sanctuary Cities" 59 Boston College Law Review 1703 (May, 2018) L1-2Introduction . L31705 I. The Rise of Crimmigration. 1712 A. President Trump's Promise to End Sanctuary Cities. 1713 B. Crimmigration's Origins. 1719 C. Crimmigration's Enforcement Mechanisms. 1723 1. The Criminal Alien Program. 1724 2. The 287(g) Program. 1725 3. ICE Administrative Warrants. 1728 4. The Secure Communities Program. 1730 5. Other... 2018
Eisha Jain Understanding Immigrant Protective Policies in Criminal Justice 95 Texas Law Review See Also 161 (2017) Criminal penalties are meant to be the most severe type of state sanction. Today, however, collateral consequences--state-imposed civil penalties triggered by a conviction or even an arrest--can systemically outstrip the formal criminal sentence. Nowhere is this pattern more visible than in the immigration context, particularly where deportation... 2017
Emily Ryo Understanding Immigration Detention: Causes, Conditions, and Consequences 15 Annual Review of Law and Social Science 97 (2019) immigration detention, immigration enforcement, civil confinement, criminal incarceration During the summer of 2018, the US government detained thousands of migrant parents and their separated children pursuant to its zero-tolerance policy at the United States-Mexico border. The ensuing media storm generated unprecedented public awareness about... 2019
Mohar Ray Undocumented Asian American Workers and State Wage Laws in the Aftermath of Hoffman Plastic Compounds 13 Asian American Law Journal 91 (November, 2006) In 2002, the United States Supreme Court held in Hoffman Plastic Compounds v. NLRB that an undocumented immigrant employee who used false work-authorization documentation could not be awarded statutory back pay regarding his employment termination for lawful union activity. The Court's underlying premise lay in limiting the back pay remedy to be... 2006
Pauline Portillo Undocumented Crime Victims: Unheard, Unnumbered, and Unprotected 20 Scholar: St. Mary's Law Review on Race and Social Justice 345 (2018) I. Introduction. 346 II. Background. 350 A. Mainstream Perceptions of Undocumented Immigrants. 350 B. Are Undocumented Individuals in Our Community Creating More Crime?. 353 III. Crimes Committed Against Immigrants. 354 A. Undocumented Victims Are Especially Vulnerable to Certain Crimes. 354 IV. Underreporting by Immigrant Crime Victims. 360 A.... 2018
Abigail Adelle Roman UNDOCUMENTED DOMESTIC WORKERS: A PENUMBRA IN THE WORKFORCE 23 Scholar: St. Mary's Law Review on Race and Social Justice 153 (2021) Introduction. 154 I. Background Information. 159 A. The Historical Influx and Demand for Immigrant Workers in the United States. 159 II. Domestic Workers Subjected to Vulnerability. 164 A. Domestic Workers Are Subjected to Sexual Harassment. 166 B. Sexual Harassment and Lack of Labor Protections. 168 III. Consequences of Employing Undocumented... 2021
L. Darnell Weeden UNDOCUMENTED IMMIGRANT RESIDENTS HAVE A LIMITED CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO A LIMITED OFFICIAL DRIVER'S LICENSE 66 Howard Law Journal 643 (Spring, 2023) The issue to be addressed is whether undocumented resident immigrants who entered the United States illegally should be granted a limited suspect classification when seeking a state driver's license. Steven A. Camarota, the director of research at the Center for Immigration Studies, and Karen Zeigler, a demographer at the Center for Immigration... 2023
Wendy Andre Undocumented Immigrants and Their Personal Injury Actions: Keeping Immigration Policy out of Lost Wage Awards and Enforcing the Compensatory and Deterrent Functions of Tort Law 13 Roger Williams University Law Review 530 (Spring 2008) Immigration is by definition a gesture of faith in social mobility. It is the expression in action of a positive belief in the possibility of a better life. It has thus contributed greatly to developing the spirit of personal betterment in American society and to strengthening the national confidence in change and the future. Such confidence, when... 2008
Jenifer M. Bosco Undocumented Immigrants, Economic Justice, and Welfare Reform in California 8 Georgetown Immigration Law Journal 71 (Winter, 1994) California, Texas, and Florida have all struggled lately with what is perceived as the immigration problem. Deterring undocumented immigration is increasingly seen as a national priority, and one suggested method of deterrence is to deny undocumented immigrants access to state services. Yet certain rights of membership apply to all American... 1994
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