| Author | Title | Citation | Summary | Year | Key Terms in Title or Summary |
| Charisa Smith |
A POST-DOBBS FUTURE: BAILING WATER DOWNSTREAM TO CENTER DEMOCRACY'S CHILDREN |
54 Seton Hall Law Review 747 (2024) |
The reversal of Roe v. Wade by Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization not only imperils vital reproductive freedom across the United States but also illuminates the countless ways that childhood precarity will be exacerbated downstream now that forced births are sanctioned by the state. While an individual's reasons for exercising abortion... |
2024 |
|
| Bryanna Greenwood |
ACHES AND PAINS OF THE ADA IN PRISONS WITH ARTHRITIS ACCOMMODATIONS IN THE WAKE OF AGING PRISON POPULATIONS |
20 Journal of Health & Biomedical Law 127 (2024) |
Incarceration requires a person to live in a routine of tasks and rules from sun-up to sun-down. For inmates with arthritis, even the smallest tasks are daunting and excruciating, like walking upstairs, being handcuffed for transportation, or using a fork to eat a cafeteria meal. Inmates with chronic musculoskeletal diseases, including arthritis,... |
2024 |
Yes |
| Guha Krishnamurthi |
AGAINST THE RECIDIVIST PREMIUM |
98 Tulane Law Review 411 (February, 2024) |
The American penal system is broken. The state of mass incarceration is wreaking havoc on individuals, families, and communities. These effects are unequally levied upon and borne by communities of color and people who are poor. This state of affairs is morally odious and intolerable. One main component of mass incarceration is the deployment of... |
2024 |
Yes |
| Joanna C. Schwartz |
AN EVEN BETTER WAY |
112 California Law Review 1083 (June, 2024) |
Introduction. 1083 I. What We Know. 1085 II. How to Reform the Law in Light of What We Know. 1093 III. How to Reform the Law in Light of What We Know About How Hard it is to Reform the Law. 1098 Conclusion. 1106 |
2024 |
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| Carol Jacobsen, David G. Winter, Abigail J. Stewart |
CARCERAL BACKLASH: THE CASE FOR CHANGING THE COURSE OF WOMEN'S HOMICIDE CONVICTIONS |
31 UCLA Journal of Gender & Law 133 (Summer, 2024) |
Carol Jacobsen is a feminist, artist, writer, political organizer, and professor of Film and Photography, Women and Gender Studies, and Law at the University of Michigan. She is founding director of the Michigan Women's Justice & Clemency Project, a grassroots nonprofit working to free women wrongfully sentenced to life and protesting human rights... |
2024 |
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| Misty L. Schlabaugh |
CONCEPCION v. UNITED STATES: COMPASSIONATE DRUG SENTENCING REFORM AGAINST A CRIMINAL LEGAL SYSTEM BUILT ON RACIALIZED SOCIAL CONTROL |
101 Denver Law Review Forum 1 (4/15/2024) |
The history of racial injustices in America is no secret and the persistence of systemic racism necessitates continued analysis and debate. This Comment discusses mass criminalization and incarceration, the War on Drugs, and how they have created a system of racialized social control. This Comment analyzes the racial biases and disparities that... |
2024 |
Yes |
| Margaret Hu |
CRITICAL DATA THEORY |
65 William and Mary Law Review 839 (March, 2024) |
Critical Data Theory examines the role of AI and algorithmic decisionmaking at its intersection with the law. This theory aims to deconstruct the impact of AI in law and policy contexts. The tools of AI and automated systems allow for legal, scientific, socioeconomic, and political hierarchies of power that can profitably be interrogated with... |
2024 |
|
| Jenny Roberts |
DEFENSE LAWYERING IN THE PROGRESSIVE PROSECUTION ERA |
109 Cornell Law Review 1067 (July, 2024) |
The movement to elect so-called progressive prosecutors is relatively new, but there is a robust literature analyzing it from a number of angles. Scholars consider how to define progressive prosecution, look at the movement through a racial justice lens, and examine it in the context of rural spaces, deportation, and the pandemic. One essay... |
2024 |
|
| Sean A. Hill II |
DRUG CRIMES: THE CASE FOR ABOLITION |
21 Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law 177 (September, 2024) |
Nonwhite communities experience higher rates of arrest, prosecution, and incarceration than white communities for drug offenses, and these disparities have persisted even in the wake of decriminalization and legalization. Although a diverse array of political stakeholders increasingly agree that drug policies should be reformed, they are nearly... |
2024 |
Yes |
| Larisa G. Bowman |
EVICTION ABOLITION |
55 Loyola University Chicago Law Journal 541 (Spring, 2024) |
This Article contends that today's eviction crisis in the United States is the civil equivalent of mass incarceration. Eviction, like mass incarceration, is a racialized and gendered system of social control heavily supervised by the state. State court judges order evictions, and law enforcement officers execute them. Eviction's mechanisms of... |
2024 |
Yes |
| Emily G. Ogden |
EXPANDING DRUG COURTS AND ALTERNATIVE JUSTICE COURTS IN WEST VIRGINIA: IMPLEMENTING INNOVATIVE AND RESTORATIVE JUSTICE PRACTICES |
126 West Virginia Law Review 673 (Spring, 2024) |
The United States has the highest incarceration rate of any country in the world. Alarmingly, West Virginia's incarceration rate is even higher. West Virginia's staggering incarceration rate can largely be attributed to the increased criminalization and prosecution of individuals experiencing addiction. This Note considers what actions can be taken... |
2024 |
Yes |
| Shima Baradaran Baughman , Jensen Lillquist |
FIXING DISPARATE PROSECUTION |
108 Minnesota Law Review 1955 (April, 2024) |
America's system of public prosecution is broken. Prosecutors who charge harshly or disparately are shielded from any consequences or recourse, and defendants are left with few options. This asymmetry in power results in prosecutors singlehandedly maintaining mass incarceration in the United States and leads to some states incarcerating more people... |
2024 |
Yes |
| David McKnight |
HALFWAY HOME: RACE, PUNISHMENT, AND THE AFTERLIFE OF MASS INCARCERATION BY REUBEN JONATHAN MILLER, BACK BAY BOOKS (2022) |
48-JUL Champion 57 (July, 2024) |
The word justice suggests some harm repaired or some truth revealed . [but] it is clear to anyone paying attention that the legal system does not administer anything resembling justice but instead manages the nation's problemed population. Thus opens the book Halfway Home, announcing its basic premise. Omitted from this quote and peppered... |
2024 |
Yes |
| Daniel S. Harawa |
IN THE SHADOWS OF SUFFERING |
101 Washington University Law Review 1847 (2024) |
Reform. Abolish. Minimize. Criminal law scholars broadly understand that we need to do *something* about our penal system and the problem of mass incarceration. We just can't agree on what that something is. The debate about the right path forward raises several existential questions. How can reform be bad if it helps even one person suffer just... |
2024 |
Yes |
| Gregory Brazeal |
JUSTICE THEATER IN THE CRIMINAL LAW CURRICULUM |
45 Cardozo Law Review 1723 (August, 2024) |
For the last half-century, law students have been required to take a criminal law course that ostensibly trains them to think critically about the justifications for criminal punishment. The same students have then gone on to serve as central actors in a system of mass incarceration that millions of Americans today view as profoundly unjust. How... |
2024 |
Yes |
| Mitchell F. Crusto |
JUVENILE JUSTICE & DIMINISHED CRIMINAL CULPABILITY |
78 University of Miami Law Review 670 (Spring, 2024) |
When regulating the bad, albeit illegal, choices made by minors, the law is conflicted. On the one hand, we have a clear national policy to ensure the safety of and to promote the positive development of our young people, yet we simultaneously criminalize minors who make bad choices. This conundrum raises a quintessential jurisprudential flaw in... |
2024 |
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| Eric Petterson |
MASS INCARCERATION, VIOLENT CRIMES, AND LENGTHY SENTENCES: USING THE RACE-CLASS NARRATIVE AS A MESSAGING FRAMEWORK FOR SHORTENING PRISON SENTENCES |
55 Saint Mary's Law Journal 475 (2024) |
Introduction. 477 I. A Brief History of Prisons and Sentencing Policy in America. 480 A. Pre-Modern Prisons and Sentencing. 481 B. The Civil War Era. 482 C. Tough on Crime Racial Politics and the Rise of Mass Incarceration. 483 II. International Comparison of Sentencing Policy and Crime Rates. 487 A. America's Tough on Crime Policies Lead to... |
2024 |
Yes |
| Harvey Gee |
MOVING FORWARD TOGETHER: ASIAN AMERICANS AND ALLYSHIP IN A NON-BLACK-AND-WHITE AMERICA |
58 University of San Francisco Law Review 172 (2024) |
Last term, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned four decades of precedent when it effectively ended the use of affirmative action in the historical decision Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President and Fellows of Harvard College (SFFA v. Harvard). A 6-3 conservative supermajority held that the admissions programs used by Harvard College and the... |
2024 |
|
| Angela Dixon |
MUSIC, MAYHEM, AND A MISSISSIPPI: STILL BURNING--THE HOPE OF SMOTHERING THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF DELIBERATE INDIFFERENCE |
30 Cardozo Journal of Equal Rights & Social Justice 275 (Winter, 2024) |
C1-2Table of Contents Introduction. 277 Part I: Play the Music. 287 A. The Varying Sounds of Music: How a Diversifying Mississippi is Changing the Cultural and Legal Landscape. 288 B. There Will Be Sad Songs: Continuing Struggles with Inequality and Racial Strife. 290 C. Still Dancin' to the Jailhouse Rock: Extremely High Incarceration Rates. 292... |
2024 |
Yes |
| Daniel W. Xu |
NARROWING THE POLICE ACCOUNTABILITY GAP IN CIVIL RIGHTS PROSECUTIONS |
73 Emory Law Journal 961 (2024) |
The absence of police accountability has never been more visible. High-profile police brutality has resulted in high-profile disappointment, where culpable officers walk away undisciplined, unprosecuted, and undeterred from committing the same atrocity again. Such impunity has exposed longstanding deficiencies within the United States' two-tiered... |
2024 |
|
| Jessica M. Eaglin |
ON "COLOR-BLIND" AND THE ALGORITHM |
112 Georgetown Law Journal 1385 (June, 2024) |
Earthling? I jump and bump my head on the underside of a bookshelf. It is a quiet Monday in late summer, right before the start of the school year. I am unpacking boxes of books. To suggest that I am distracted would be an understatement. Yet, when I hear that airy call behind me, I know who it is. AJ, hello, I call out as I turn to open yet... |
2024 |
|
| Brandon Hasbrouck |
PRISONS AS LABORATORIES OF ANTIDEMOCRACY |
133 Yale Law Journal 1966 (April, 2024) |
Prisons are woefully ineffective as tools to protect society from violence and exploitation, yet America's prison population exploded in the twentieth century. On the outside, this devastated Black communities, Black opportunities, Black economic power, and Black voting power. Yet a similarly insidious development came from inside prison walls:... |
2024 |
|
| Sarah Gottlieb |
PROGRESSIVE FACADE: HOW BAIL REFORMS EXPOSE THE LIMITATIONS OF THE PROGRESSIVE PROSECUTOR MOVEMENT |
81 Washington and Lee Law Review 1 (Winter, 2024) |
Progressive prosecutors have been acclaimed as the new hope for change in the criminal legal system. Advocates and scholars touting progressive prosecution believe that progressive prosecutors will use their power and discretion to address systemic racism and end mass incarceration. Just as this hope has arisen, however, so have concerns that... |
2024 |
Yes |
| Vincent M. Southerland |
PUBLIC DEFENSE AND AN ABOLITIONIST ETHIC |
99 New York University Law Review 1635 (November, 2024) |
The American carceral state has grown exponentially over the last six decades, earning the United States a place of notoriety among the world's leaders in incarceration. That unprecedented growth has been fueled by a cultural addiction to carceral logic and its tools--police, prosecution, jails, prisons, and punishment--as a one-size-fits-all... |
2024 |
Yes |
| Erin Collins |
PUNISHING GENDER |
71 UCLA Law Review 316 (April, 2024) |
As jurisdictions across the country grapple with the urgent need to redress the impact of mass incarceration, there has been a renewed interest in reforms that reduce the harms punishment inflicts on women. These gender-responsive reforms aim to adapt traditional punishment practices that, proponents claim, were designed for men. The push to... |
2024 |
Yes |
| Jason S. Sexton, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability and Department of Sociology, UCLA, USA, jasonsexton@ucla.edu |
RECONCEIVING CHRISTIANITY AND THE MODERN PRISON: ON EVANGELICALISM'S EUGENIC LOGIC AND MASS INCARCERATION |
39 Journal of Law and Religion 85 (January, 2024) |
In the aftermath of World War II, eugenics and the pseudoscientific base used to justify its practices are generally understood to have phased off the scene. If, however, eugenics never actually disappeared but has been persistent, and in turn becomes one of the best explanations for mass incarceration today, what role did Christianity--especially... |
2024 |
Yes |
| Benjamin Levin , Kate Levine |
REDISTRIBUTING JUSTICE |
124 Columbia Law Review 1531 (June, 2024) |
This Essay surfaces an obstacle to decarceration hiding in plain sight: progressives' continued support for the carceral system. Despite progressives' increasingly prevalent critiques of criminal law, there is hardly a consensus on the left in opposition to the carceral state. Many left-leaning academics and activists who may critique the criminal... |
2024 |
|
| Eric K. Yamamoto , Hanna Wong Taum |
REPARATIONS DELAYED: JAPANESE LATIN AMERICANS AND THE UNITED STATES' WWII HUMAN RIGHTS TRANSGRESSIONS |
31 Asian American Law Journal 3 (2024) |
On the basis of determinations of fact and law, the Inter-American Commission concluded that the [United States] is responsible for the violation of articles II (equality before the law) and XVII (fair trial and effective remedy) of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man .. --The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights April... |
2024 |
|
| Lauren van Schilfgaarde |
RESTORATIVE JUSTICE AS REGENERATIVE TRIBAL JURISDICTION |
112 California Law Review 103 (February, 2024) |
For more than a century, the United States has sought to restrict Tribal governments' powers over criminal law. These interventions have ranged from the imposition of federal jurisdiction over Indian country crimes to actively dismantling Tribal justice systems. Two particular moves--diminishing Tribal jurisdiction and imposing adversarial... |
2024 |
|
| Jennifer D. Oliva , Taleed El-Sabawi |
THE "NEW" DRUG WAR |
110 Virginia Law Review 1103 (September, 2024) |
American policymakers have long waged a costly, punitive, racist, and ineffective drug war that casts certain drug use as immoral and those who engage in it as deviant criminals. The War on Drugs has been defined by a myopic focus on controlling the supply of drugs that are labeled as dangerous and addictive. The decisions as to which drugs fall... |
2024 |
|
| Luca Azzariti Crousillat |
THE BADGES AND INCIDENTS OF CAPITAL PUNISHMENT |
103 Texas Law Review 459 (December, 2024) |
In the spirit of Toni Morrison's Sula, this Note calls for reclaiming justice not as a static ideal but as an ongoing commitment to dismantling systemic oppression. Capital punishment remains a stark vestige of slavery in the United States, perpetuating institutionalized discrimination, cultural trauma, and systemic barriers to equality. This Note... |
2024 |
|
| Jon C. Dubin |
THE COLOR OF SOCIAL SECURITY: RACE AND UNEQUAL PROTECTION IN THE CROWN JEWEL OF THE AMERICAN WELFARE STATE |
35 Stanford Law and Policy Review 104 (February, 2024) |
The Social Security Act is undoubtedly one of the nation's most important accomplishments in addressing Americans' economic insecurity, poverty and human suffering. However, since its enactment in 1935, it has fallen short in delivering on the promise of equitable economic protection for African Americans and similarly situated persons of color.... |
2024 |
|
| Farhang Heydari |
THE INVISIBLE DRIVER OF POLICING |
76 Stanford Law Review 1 (January, 2024) |
Abstract. This Article connects the administrative state and the criminal system--two dominant modes of governance that too often are discussed in isolation. It presents an original account of how the policies and the failures of federal administrative agencies drive criminal law enforcement at the local level. In doing so, this Article exposes a... |
2024 |
|
| Zoe Steur |
THE MINORITY REPORT MEETS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE--WHAT WOULD TOM CRUISE DO? |
54 Public Contract Law Journal 109 (Fall, 2024) |
This Note will explore the state of electronic monitoring (EM) in the United States' federal, state, and local justice systems, specifically critiquing the relationship between the government and private corporations in administering these services. Although EM is often thought of as a positive alternative to incarceration, there are severe and... |
2024 |
Yes |
| Zack Smith |
THE MYTH OF MASS INCARCERATION REMAINS STRONG--DESPITE ALL EVIDENCE TO THE CONTRARY |
25 Federalist Society Review 43 (3/4/2024) |
A review of Jeffrey Bellin, Mass Incarceration Nation: How the United States Became Addicted to Prisons and Jails and How it Can Recover (Cambridge University Press 2022) Jeffrey Bellin's new book is based on a myth. He believes--wrongly--that the United States is addicted to putting people in prison who don't need to be there--hence the title of... |
2024 |
Yes |
| Priscilla A. Ocen |
THE NEW RACIALLY RESTRICTIVE COVENANT: RACE, WELFARE, AND THE POLICING OF BLACK WOMEN IN SUBSIDIZED HOUSING |
29 National Black Law Journal 35 (2024) |
This Article explores the race, gender, and class dynamics that render poor Black women vulnerable to racial surveillance and harassment in predominately white communities. In particular, this Article interrogates the recent phenomenon of police officers and public officials enforcing private citizens' discriminatory complaints, which ultimately... |
2024 |
|
| Sean A. Hill II |
THE RIGHT TO VIOLENCE |
2024 Utah Law Review 609 (2024) |
Scholars have long contended that the state has a monopoly on the use of violence. This monopoly is considered essential for the state to assure the safety and security of its citizens. Whereas public officers have the broadest authority to deploy violence, in order to make arrests or to inflict punishment, private citizens allegedly have severe... |
2024 |
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| Corinna Barrett Lain |
THE ROAD TO HELL IS PAVED WITH GOOD INTENTIONS: DEINSTITUTIONALIZATION AND MASS INCARCERATION NATION |
65 William and Mary Law Review 893 (March, 2024) |
They say that the road to hell is paved with good intentions, and our failed implementation of deinstitutionalization in the 1970s is a prime example of the point. In this symposium contribution--a response to Jeffrey Bellin's book Mass Incarceration Nation--I offer a historical account of deinstitutionalization of state mental hospitals, tracing... |
2024 |
Yes |
| Rebecca S. Goldstein |
TOPLASH: PROGRESSIVE PROSECUTORS UNDER ATTACK FROM ABOVE |
61 American Criminal Law Review 1157 (Fall, 2024) |
The election of progressive prosecutors across the country holds tremendous promise for criminal justice reform and the fight against mass incarceration. But legal scholarship has not reckoned with a primary threat to the success of those prosecutors: resistance from state-level officials, especially conservative governors and state legislatures.... |
2024 |
Yes |
| Sunita Patel |
TRANSINSTITUTIONAL POLICING |
137 Harvard Law Review 808 (January, 2024) |
C1-2CONTENTS Introduction. 810 I. The Transinstitutional Approach to Studying Policing. 818 A. The Continuum of Institutional Police. 818 B. Which Institutions?. 823 II. Policing the Public. 824 A. Red Flagging. 826 B. Street Policing. 839 C. Wellness Checks. 851 III. Surveilling the Public. 862 A. Networked Information. 862 B. Bureaucratic... |
2024 |
|
| Terry Allen |
USING SPATIAL AND QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS TO RETHINK SCHOOL POLICING |
112 Georgetown Law Journal 987 (May, 2024) |
When researchers typically think about the problem of policing in schools, we tend to focus on the experiences of Black children in majority-Black and Latino schools. This body of scholarship has shown that Black students disproportionately experience negative police encounters in majority-Black and Latino schools compared to other racial and... |
2024 |
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| Hector Pagan |
WHEN PROSECUTORS DEFY THE CONSTITUTION: UNMASKING THE CONSTITUTIONAL AND SOCIAL RAMIFICATIONS OF CATEGORICAL PROSECUTORIAL NULLIFICATION |
57 Suffolk University Law Review 391 (2024) |
The power of suspending the laws, or the execution of the laws, ought never to be exercised but by the legislature, or by authority derived from it, to be exercised in such particular cases only as the legislature shall expressly provide for. The Take Care Clause of the United States Constitution mandates the President shall take care that the... |
2024 |
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| Tasseli McKay , William A. “Sandy” Darity Jr. |
WHO BENEFITS FROM MASS INCARCERATION? A STRATIFICATION ECONOMICS APPROACH TO THE "COLLATERAL CONSEQUENCES" OF PUNISHMENT |
20 Annual Review of Law and Social Science 309 (2024) |
mass incarceration, stratification economics, race, inequality, punishment, collateral consequences A rich empirical literature documents the consequences of mass incarceration for the wealth, health, and safety of Black Americans. Yet it often frames such consequences as a regrettable artifact of racially disproportionate criminal legal system... |
2024 |
Yes |
| Jackson Whetsel, Esq. |
(UN)CONSTITUTIONAL CARRY: HOW DRUG AND GUN LAWS CONSPIRE IN STAND YOUR GROUND STATES TO CREATE A DISARMED, SUBMISSIVE CLASS BASED ON RACE |
53 University of Memphis Law Review 571 (Spring, 2023) |
Introduction. 572 I. Tennessee's Form of Constitutional Carry. 577 A. The Tennessee Law Creates an Exception to an Existing Prohibition. 578 B. The Tennessee Law Does Not Remove Any Existing Firearm Prohibitions. 580 C. The Tennessee Law Applies to The Intent to Go Armed. 584 II. How Did We Get Here? DC v. Heller and the Constitutional Basis... |
2023 |
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| Samantha Buckingham |
ABOLISHING JUVENILE INTERROGATION |
101 North Carolina Law Review 1015 (May, 2023) |
Rehabilitation is a paramount consideration in abolishing police interrogation of youth. Interrogation is one of the first interactions young people have with the criminal legal system. Unfortunately, the most common methods of interrogation are coercive rather than consensual. Youth are uniquely vulnerable to coercive methods, especially in... |
2023 |
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| Benjamin Levin |
AFTER THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM |
98 Washington Law Review 899 (October, 2023) |
Abstract: Since the 1960s, the criminal justice system has operated as the common label for a vast web of actors and institutions. But as critiques of mass incarceration have entered the mainstream, academics, activists, and advocates increasingly have stopped referring to the criminal justice system. Instead, they have opted for critical... |
2023 |
yes |
| Sabrina Balgamwalla , Lauren E. Bartlett |
ANTI-CARCERAL THEORY AND IMMIGRATION: A VIEW FROM TWO LAW SCHOOL CLINICS |
67 Saint Louis University Law Journal 491 (Spring, 2023) |
This article explores clinical teaching philosophies related to anti-carceral theory and provides examples of how to support student learning in clinics serving immigrant clients. Anti-carceral theory in this context is used to refer to an approach that resists criminalization and incarceration within law, drawing on abolitionism, intersectional... |
2023 |
yes |
| Belinda Lee |
BOLSTERING BENEFITS BEHIND BARS: REEVALUATING EARNED INCOME TAX CREDIT AND SOCIAL SECURITY BENEFITS DENIALS TO INMATES |
98 New York University Law Review 331 (April, 2023) |
This Note describes how the tax system treats inmates, an intersection that has been relatively understudied by both tax and criminal justice scholars. The Note provides a detailed account of how inmates earn income through prison labor (what goes in) and the benefits denied to inmates (what comes out, or rather what often does not come out). The... |
2023 |
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| Mackenzie Philbrick |
BUDGETING FOR EXONEREE COMPENSATION: INDEMNIFYING EXONEREES NOT OFFICIALS TO DETER FUTURE WRONGFUL CONVICTIONS |
50 Fordham Urban Law Journal 797 (April, 2023) |
As survivors of state harm, exonerees are often woefully undercompensated compared to present jury awards for wrongful incarceration. Furthermore, by precluding exonerees who have falsely confessed or pled guilty from receiving state compensation, lawmakers squander an opportunity to increase police accountability going forward, further stacking... |
2023 |
yes |
| Kate Weisburd |
CARCERAL CONTROL: A NATIONWIDE SURVEY OF CRIMINAL COURT SUPERVISION RULES |
58 Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 1 (Winter, 2023) |
The day-to-day operation of criminal court supervision--including probation, parole, and electronic ankle monitoring--is understudied and undertheorized. To better understand the mechanics of these systems, this study comprehensively analyzes the rules governing people on criminal court supervision in the United States. Drawing on the analysis of... |
2023 |
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