AuthorTitleCitationSummaryYearKey Terms in Title or Summary
Marc Mauer RACE TO INCARCERATE: THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF MASS INCARCERATION 21 Roger Williams University Law Review 447 (Spring 2016) Good morning and thank you so much for having me here. I appreciate the kind introduction; I have come to appreciate the importance of getting the introduction right. When my book Race to Incarcerate was first published, I was giving a talk in one of the book stores in Washington [, D.C.] and a newsletter went out promoting the talk, saying Marc... 2016 Yes
Donald F. Tibbs RACIAL PROFILING IN THE ERA OF BLACK DE-CONSTITUTIONALISM 23 Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice 181 (Fall, 2016) On July 6, 2016, Philando Divall Castile was returning from shopping at a grocery store with his girlfriend Diamond Reynolds as the two of them drove through Falcon Heights, Minnesota, a suburb of St. Paul. Earlier that evening, he performed normal day-to-day functions. He had gotten a haircut and eaten dinner with his sister before picking up... 2016  
David Dante Troutt REQUIEM FOR A ROCK: TEACHING RACE FOR THE LAST TIME 18 Berkeley Journal of African-American Law & Policy 1 (2016) Introduction. 1 I. Teaching Race Through Regional Equity. 6 A. Regional Equity: Law as Butler and Bouncer. 6 B. Teaching Race through Six Core Assumptions about American Opportunity. 10 II. Teaching Diary: A Drama in Four Acts. 14 A. The Warm Beginning. 14 B. Progressive Mutuality (Confronting Localism). 16 C. The Intrusion of Reality. 18 D.... 2016  
Christopher N. Lasch SANCTUARY CITIES AND DOG-WHISTLE POLITICS 42 New England Journal on Criminal and Civil Confinement 159 (Spring 2016) Before July 1, 2015, the story of the Sanctuary City had been told in three acts. Act One saw the rise of the Sanctuary City as a response to the perceived harshness of federal policy regarding El Salvadoran and Guatemalan refugees during the 1980s. San Francisco, for example, troubled by the low rate of asylum grants to the Central American... 2016  
Mirko Bagaric , Sandeep Gopalan SAVING THE UNITED STATES FROM LURCHING TO ANOTHER SENTENCING CRISIS: TAKING PROPORTIONALITY SERIOUSLY AND IMPLEMENTING FAIR FIXED PENALTIES 60 Saint Louis University Law Journal 169 (Winter 2016) Bad policy is often only evident following its implementation. The weight of consequences invariably trumps bad ideas. But in order for this to occur, influential voices need to expose the falsehoods and their rewards. The enmity that many people in the community have towards criminals explains why the intellectually and normatively barren United... 2016  
Michele Goodwin , Naomi Duke, M.D. , Jaime Allgood SEX, DRUGS, & HIV: MASS INCARCERATION'S HIDDEN PROBLEM 16 Houston Journal of Health Law & Policy 1 (2016) The United States' corrections system represents a significant source of HIV/AIDS risk that disproportionately impacts populations of color, as these populations experience disproportionately high rates of incarceration in the U.S. This Essay looks to the escalation of mass incarceration as a root cause for the dramatic and chilling rise in... 2016 Yes
Melissa Hamilton SOME FACTS ABOUT LIFE: THE LAW, THEORY, AND PRACTICE OF LIFE SENTENCES 20 Lewis & Clark Law Review 803 (2016) A diverse band of politicians, justice officials, and academic commentators are lending their voices to the hot topic of correcting the United States' status as the world's leader in mass incarceration. There is limited focus, though, upon the special role that life sentences play in explaining the explosion in prison populations and the dramatic... 2016 Yes
Joni Hersch , Jennifer Bennett Shinall SOMETHING TO TALK ABOUT: INFORMATION EXCHANGE UNDER EMPLOYMENT LAW 165 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 49 (December, 2016) To avoid the appearance of sex discrimination that would violate Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) guidance coupled with a common misunderstanding of the law have resulted in little or no information about family status being provided in pre-employment interviews. To investigate whether concealing... 2016  
Todd Jermstad, Belton, Texas SUBSIDIZING THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM--THE COSTS OF BEING POOR A POUND OF FLESH: MONETARY SANCTIONS AS PUNISHMENT FOR THE POOR. BY ALEXES HARRIS. NEW YORK: RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION, 2016. 236 PP. $29.95 (PAPERBACK) 80-DEC Federal Probation 55 (December, 2016) Much has been written about the structure and nature of the modern criminal justice system in this country. A significant focus has been placed on the phenomenon of mass incarceration, which has made the United States an outlier in Western countries, indeed the world. Researchers in turn have examined this phenomenon through the lens of class,... 2016 Yes
Jessica M. Eaglin THE DRUG COURT PARADIGM 53 American Criminal Law Review 595 (Summer, 2016) Drug courts are specialized, problem-oriented diversion programs. Qualifying offenders receive treatment and intense court-supervision from these specialized criminal courts, rather than standard incarceration. Although a body of scholarship critiques drug courts and recent sentencing reforms, few scholars explore the drug court movement's... 2016  
Professor Cecil J. Hunt, II THE JIM CROW EFFECT: DENIAL, DIGNITY, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND RACIALIZED MASS INCARCERATION 29 Journal of Civil Rights & Economic Development 15 (Fall, 2016) . [W]e will not end mass incarceration without a recommitment to the movement-building work that was begun in the 1950's and 1960's and left unfinished. A human rights nightmare is occurring on our watch. If we fail to rise to the challenge, and push past the politics of momentary interest convergence, future generations will judge us harshly.... 2016 Yes
Jonathan Simon THE NEW OVERCROWDING 48 Connecticut Law Review 1191 (May, 2016) American prisons are seriously overcrowded, perhaps more than ever in our history. Before the era of mass incarceration, prisoner advocates sought to build on progressive penological ideas about the proper standards for housing prisoners, which focused on one person to each prison cell to create a jurisprudence of overcrowding that might compel... 2016 Yes
Demetria D. Frank THE PROOF IS IN THE PREJUDICE: IMPLICIT RACIAL BIAS, UNCHARGED ACT EVIDENCE & THE COLORBLIND COURTROOM 32 Harvard Journal on Racial & Ethnic Justice 1 (Spring, 2016) Recent public exposés of excessive and unreasonable fear of young Black men in the United States, coupled with the reality that American prisons are filled disproportionately with Black men, has forced many lawmakers to examine a very painful truth--justice is certainly not colorblind. This is no new revelation, however. Nearly two decades ago,... 2016  
Paul Butler THE SYSTEM IS WORKING THE WAY IT IS SUPPOSED TO: THE LIMITS OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE REFORM 104 Georgetown Law Journal 1419 (August, 2016) Ferguson has come to symbolize a widespread sense that there is a crisis in American criminal justice. This Article describes various articulations of what the problems are and poses the question of whether law is capable of fixing these problems. I consider the question theoretically by looking at claims that critical race theorists have made... 2016  
I. Bennett Capers THE UNDER-POLICED 51 Wake Forest Law Review 589 (Fall, 2016) The problem of mass incarceration, decades in the making, has finally become part of the national conversation. One has only to watch the presidential candidates' eagerness to take on the issue to see that this is the case. Democratic Party presidential nominee Hillary Clinton calls for an end to our era of mass incarceration. During the... 2016 Yes
Russell K. Robinson UNEQUAL PROTECTION 68 Stanford Law Review 151 (January, 2016) During the last thirty years, the Supreme Court has steadily diminished the vigor of the Equal Protection Clause. It has turned away people of color who protest systems such as racialized mass incarceration because their oppression does not take the form of a racial classification. It has diluted the protections of intermediate scrutiny... 2016 Yes
Nicole D. Porter UNFINISHED PROJECT OF CIVIL RIGHTS IN THE ERA OF MASS INCARCERATION AND THE MOVEMENT FOR BLACK LIVES 6 Wake Forest Journal of Law and Policy 1 (February, 2016) The American criminal justice system has been dominated by relentless growth for the last forty years. The culture of punishment, in part driven by political interests leveraging tough on crime policies and practices marketed as the solution to the fear of crime, has been implemented at every stage of the criminal justice process: arresting,... 2016 Yes
Carrie Rosenbaum WHAT (AND WHOM) STATE MARIJUANA REFORMERS FORGOT: CRIMMIGRATION LAW AND NONCITIZENS 9 DePaul Journal for Social Justice 1 (Summer, 2016) Deportation rates of Latino/a noncitizens are higher than their presence in immigrant communities in the United States. The fact that Latino/a noncitizens experience immigration policing and deportation at higher rates than other noncitizens is due, at least in part, to federal immigration enforcement's use of alleged criminality to identify... 2016  
Guyora Binder , Robert Weisberg WHAT IS CRIMINAL LAW ABOUT? 114 Michigan Law Review 1173 (April, 2016) In The Changing Market for Criminal Casebooks, Jens David Ohlin offers an appreciative, but nevertheless critical review of established criminal law casebooks. He then introduces his own offering by describing a vision for a new casebook that will better serve the needs and wants of contemporary students. Ohlin begins with the arresting claim... 2016  
Andrea Freeman "FIRST FOOD" JUSTICE: RACIAL DISPARITIES IN INFANT FEEDING AS FOOD OPPRESSION 83 Fordham Law Review 3053 (May, 2015) Tabitha Walrond gave birth to Tyler Isaac Walrond on June 27, 1997, when Tabitha, a black woman from the Bronx, was nineteen years old. Four months before the birth, Tabitha, who received New York public assistance, attempted to enroll Tyler in her health insurance plan (HIP), but encountered a mountain of bureaucratic red tape and errors. After... 2015  
Kate Linden Morris "WITHIN CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITATIONS": CHALLENGING CRIMINAL BACKGROUND CHECKS BY PUBLIC HOUSING AUTHORITIES UNDER THE FAIR HOUSING ACT 47 Columbia Human Rights Law Review 158 (Winter 2015) Pursuant to federal One Strike legislation enacted in the 1980s and 1990s, many public housing authorities (PHAs) imposed blanket bans on tenants with criminal records--however minor, dated, or inapposite the offense. These zero tolerance policies go far beyond the requirements of the federal statutory regime. Practitioners have recently... 2015  
Angela P. Harris [RE]INTEGRATING SPACES: THE COLOR OF FARMING 2 Savannah Law Review 157 (2015) The middle-aged man and woman stand stiffly at the very front of the painting, the peak of the house behind them visible between their shoulders. The man looks directly forward, his face expressionless, almost grim. He--nearly bald, dressed in overalls, and wearing spectacles--grips a pitchfork firmly. She-- equally unsmiling, her hair pulled... 2015  
Cheryl Nelson Butler A CRITICAL RACE FEMINIST PERSPECTIVE ON PROSTITUTION & SEX TRAFFICKING IN AMERICA 27 Yale Journal of Law & Feminism 95 (2015) This Article is one of the first to apply critical race feminism (CRF) to explore prostitution and sex trafficking in the United States. Several scholars have applied critical race feminism to explore several forms of sexual exploitation, including sexual harassment, domestic violence, and rape, but have yet to extend this discourse into... 2015  
Mark R. Fondacaro , Megan J. O'Toole AMERICAN PUNITIVENESS AND MASS INCARCERATION: PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON RETRIBUTIVE AND CONSEQUENTIALIST RESPONSES TO CRIME 18 New Criminal Law Review 477 (Fall, 2015) A recent National Academy of Sciences Report entitled, The growth of incarceration in the United States: Exploring causes and consequences, examined the drivers of the fourfold increase in incarceration rates in the United States and provided a firm recommendation for significant reduction in incarceration rates (Travis, Western, &Redburn, 2014).... 2015 Yes
Katherine Curl Reitz AN ENVIRONMENTAL ARGUMENT FOR A CONSISTENT FEDERAL POLICY ON MARIJUANA 57 Arizona Law Review 1085 (2015) The federal government has dealt with the increasing trend towards states legalizing marijuana for medicinal and recreational use in conflicting ways. While marijuana remains illegal at the federal level, recent general federal policy has discouraged intervention in state legalization. This approach has resulted in conflicting federal policies and... 2015  
Rebecca R. Ramaswamy BARS TO EDUCATION: THE USE OF CRIMINAL HISTORY INFORMATION IN COLLEGE ADMISSIONS 5 Columbia Journal of Race and Law 145 (2015) One in four Americans has a record reflecting some form of involvement with the criminal justice system, and the law currently does very little to protect an individual from discriminatory treatment on the basis of that record. In 2010, the Center for Community Alternatives published a report that revealed a widespread practice among colleges and... 2015  
Linda Sheryl Greene BEFORE AND AFTER MICHAEL BROWN --TOWARD AN END TO STRUCTURAL AND ACTUAL VIOLENCE 49 Washington University Journal of Law & Policy 1 (2015) Prologue--The Kerner Comission. 2 I. Introduction--Before and Beyond Michael Brown. 3 II. Reinterpreting Deadly Force. 3 A. The Benign Dominant Narrative. 3 B. The Insurgent Narrative. 3 C. A History of Racial Violence. 9 D. The Psychological Turn. 16 E. Deadly and Excessive Force and Police Culture. 17 III. A Structure of Violence. 20 A.... 2015  
Leslie T. Grover , Eric Horent BLACK IN THE SOUTH: POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF RACIAL DISPARITY FOR THE WORKING POOR 17 Loyola Journal of Public Interest Law 145 (Fall, 2015) Introduction I. Black Workers and Inequality II. Methodology III. Findings IV. Policy Implications A. Education B. Health C. Mass Incarceration D. Low-Paying Jobs Conclusion 2015 Yes
Elizabeth Kelley CAUGHT THE PRISON STATE AND THE LOCKDOWN OF AMERICAN POLITICS BY MARIE GOTTSCHALK PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS (2014) 39-MAR Champion 61 (March, 2015) Caught: The Prison State and the Lockdown of American Politics is an important contribution to the discussion of mass incarceration, and it will likely be a controversial one. Written by Marie Gottschalk, a political science professor at the University of Pennsylvania, Caught is a scholarly work. It is by no means an easy read, not because of any... 2015 Yes
Elizabeth Kelley CAUGHT: THE PRISON STATE AND THE LOCKDOWN OF AMERICAN POLITICS BY MARIE GOTTSCHALK PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS, PRINCETON, NJ, 2015. 474 PAGES, $35.00 62-JUN Federal Lawyer 85 (June, 2015) Caught: The Prison State and the Lockdown of American Politics is an important scholarly contribution to the discussion of mass incarceration and will likely be a controversial one. Written by Marie Gottschalk, a political science professor at the University of Pennsylvania, Caught is by no means an easy read, not because of any deficiencies on... 2015 Yes
Wesley M. Oliver CHARLES LINDBERGH, CARYL CHESSMAN, AND THE EXCEPTION PROVING THE (POTENTIALLY WANING) RULE OF BROAD PROSECUTORIAL DISCRETION 20 Berkeley Journal of Criminal Law 1 (Spring, 2015) Perhaps ever since legislatures started defining crimes, they have given prosecutors a variety of ways to prosecute the same conduct. Courts have, almost without exception, deferred to legislatures' broad definitions of crime. Kidnapping statutes are the exception. The high profile execution of Caryl Chessman in 1960 for kidnapping prompted... 2015  
Tamar R. Birckhead CHILDREN IN ISOLATION: THE SOLITARY CONFINEMENT OF YOUTH 50 Wake Forest Law Review 1 (Spring 2015) Ismael Nazario was raised in Brooklyn, New York, by his mother, a single parent who consistently emphasized the importance of education and doing well in school. When Ismael was thirteen, his mother was diagnosed with breast cancer. As she underwent chemotherapy and radiation, Ismael began to struggle. By tenth grade, he had lost interest in... 2015  
Aziz Z. Huq, Law School, University of Chicago CHILDREN OF THE PRISON BOOM: MASS INCARCERATION AND THE FUTURE OF AMERICAN INEQUALITY. BY SARAH WAKEFIELD AND CHRISTOPHER WILDEMAN. NEW YORK: OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2014. 231 PP. $34.95 CLOTH 49 Law and Society Review 282 (March, 2015) In his majority opinion in United States v. Windsor (2013), Justice Anthony Kennedy offered a novel argument for invalidating the federal refusal to recognize same-sex marriages. The Defense of Marriage Act, Kennedy explained, humiliates children raised by same-sex couples. Many regulatory schemes, whether civil or criminal, have spillover effects... 2015 Yes
Yolanda Vazquez CONSTRUCTING CRIMMIGRATION: LATINO SUBORDINATION IN A "POST-RACIAL" WORLD 76 Ohio State Law Journal 599 (2015) Over the last forty years, the concern over the relationship between noncitizens and criminality has reached epic proportions. Laws, policies, procedures, and rules have been developed, the immigration and criminal justice system have been employed, and billions of dollars have been spent towards detecting, detaining, prosecuting, and removing... 2015  
Shani King , Rachel Barr , Jennifer Woolard COST-EFFECTIVE JUVENILE JUSTICE REFORM: LESSONS FROM THE JUST BEGINNING "BABY ELMO" TEEN PARENTING PROGRAM 93 North Carolina Law Review 1381 (June, 2015) This Article reviews the literature describing the rise of mass incarceration and its effects on individuals, families, and communities. The Article then describes the Just Beginning Baby Elmo Program, a cost-effective, sustainable parental instruction and child visitation intervention created for use with incarcerated teen parents. This... 2015 Yes
Mario L. Barnes CRIMINAL JUSTICE FOR THOSE (STILL) AT THE MARGINS--ADDRESSING HIDDEN FORMS OF BIAS AND THE POLITICS OF WHICH LIVES MATTER 5 UC Irvine Law Review 711 (November, 2015) Americans believe in the reality of race as a defined, indubitable feature of the natural world. Racism--the need to ascribe bone-deep features to people and then humiliate, reduce, and destroy them--inevitably follows from this inalterable condition. In this way, racism is rendered as the innocent daughter of Mother Nature, and one is left to... 2015  
Carol Jacobsen, Lynn D'Orio DEFENDING SURVIVORS: CASE STUDIES OF THE MICHIGAN WOMEN'S JUSTICE & CLEMENCY PROJECT 18 University of Pennsylvania Journal of Law and Social Change 1 (2015) In the United States, the pursuit of clemency in cases involving battered women who defended themselves against abusers and prisoners on death row has raised crucial legal questions about the flaws and failures of our criminal legal system and the critical role that clemency needs to play in an unjust, oppressive system. Amid the politicized,... 2015  
Shima Baradaran DRUGS AND VIOLENCE 88 Southern California Law Review 227 (January, 2015) The war on drugs has increased the U.S. prison population by tenfold. The foundation for the war on drugs, and this unparalleled increase in prisoners, relies on the premise that drugs and violence are causally linked. Politicians, media, and scholars continue to advocate this view either explicitly or implicitly. This Article identifies the... 2015  
Mirko Bagaric, Victoria Lambropolous, Lidia Xynas EXCESSIVE CRIMINAL PUNISHMENT AMOUNTS TO PUNISHING THE INNOCENT: AN ARGUMENT FOR TAKING THE PARSIMONY PRINCIPLE SERIOUSLY 57 South Texas Law Review 1 (Fall, 2015) I. Introduction. 2 II. The Current Role of Parsimony in Sentencing. 8 A. United States. 8 B. Australia. 16 III. The Justification For the Parsimony Principle: Stop Punishing the Innocent. 22 IV. Injecting Content Into the Parsimony Principle. 25 A. Overview of Sentencing Objectives. 25 B. Specific Deterrence Does Not Work. 26 C. Absolute General... 2015  
Donald F. Tibbs HIP HOP AND THE NEW JIM CROW: RAP MUSIC'S INSIGHT ON MASS INCARCERATION 15 University of Maryland Law Journal of Race, Religion, Gender and Class 209 (Fall 2015) Writing in 1944 about race relations in America in his famous study An American Dilemma, Nobel laureate Gunnar Myrdal claimed that the police officer, stands not only for civic order as defined in formal laws and regulations, but also for White Supremacy and the whole set of social customs associated with this concept. Further, he noted that... 2015 Yes
Christopher Slobogin HOW CHANGES IN AMERICAN CULTURE TRIGGERED HYPER-INCARCERATION: VARIATIONS ON THE TAZIAN VIEW 58 Howard Law Journal 305 (Winter, 2015) INTRODUCTION. 306 I. THE HYPER-INCARCERATION PROBLEM. 307 II. TAZIAN INSIGHTS ON HYPER- INCARCERATION. 312 III. AMERICAN CULTURE AND CRIMINAL PUNISHMENT. 317 A. American Populism. 318 B. American Conservatism: Capitalism, Individualism and Religiosity. 322 C. American Racial Attitudes. 326 D. American Proceduralism. 328 CONCLUSION. 330 2015  
Rebecca A. Hufstader IMMIGRATION RELIANCE ON GANG DATABASES: UNCHECKED DISCRETION AND UNDESIRABLE CONSEQUENCES 90 New York University Law Review 671 (May, 2015) The Obama Administration has historically expanded the availability of deferred action, which provides a reprieve from the threat of deportation and work authorization to certain undocumented immigrants, through the creation of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) and Deferred Action for Parents of Americans and Lawful Permanent... 2015  
Deborah Ahrens INCARCERATED CHILDBIRTH AND BROADER "BIRTH CONTROL": AUTONOMY, REGULATION, AND THE STATE 80 Missouri Law Review 1 (Winter, 2015) In recent years, the scholarly literature, the journalistic press, and even pop culture have begun to grapple with the many ways in which prison life works to degrade and dehumanize female prisoners, particularly pregnant women and new mothers. These voices are drawn--quite understandably - to the worst abuses, to practices (such as the shackling... 2015  
Tanya Washington JURISPRUDENTIAL TIES THAT BLIND: THE MEANS TO END AFFIRMATIVE ACTION 2015 Harvard Journal on Racial and Ethnic Justice Online 1 (2015) For the past twenty-five years, policies and practices designed to address obstacles to educational opportunities, resulting from this nation's rich history of racial discrimination, have been losing popular appeal and legal ground. The promise of equal educational opportunity as a protected civil right that grounded the decision in Brown v. Board... 2015  
Alvin W. Cohn, D.Crim., Administration of Justice Services, Inc. JUVENILE FOCUS 79-DEC Federal Probation 55 (December, 2015) The Maryland Administrative Office of the Courts has released Multijurisdictional Teen Court Evaluation: A Comparative Evaluation of Three Teen Court Models. This report presents the results of a study of three geographically diverse teen courts in Maryland. The study, funded by the State Justice Institute, reports that youth in each jurisdiction... 2015  
Holly Foster , John Hagan MATERNAL AND PATERNAL IMPRISONMENT AND CHILDREN'S SOCIAL EXCLUSION IN YOUNG ADULTHOOD 105 Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 387 (Spring 2015) The United States has entered its fourth decade of high imprisonment levels. It is now possible to assess the impact of parental imprisonment on children who have completed the transition to adulthood. We elaborate the role of parental incarceration from a life course perspective on intergenerational social exclusion in young adulthood. The... 2015  
Alexandra Natapoff MISDEMEANOR DECRIMINALIZATION 68 Vanderbilt Law Review 1055 (May, 2015) As the United States reconsiders its stance on mass incarceration, misdemeanor decriminalization has emerged as an increasingly popular reform. Seen as a potential cure for crowded jails and an overburdened defense bar, many states are eliminating jailtime for minor offenses such as marijuana possession and driving violations, replacing those... 2015 Yes
Erika L. Wood ONE SIGNIFICANT STEP: HOW REFORMS TO PRISON DISTRICTS BEGIN TO ADDRESS POLITICAL INEQUALITY 49 University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform 179 (Fall, 2015) Skyrocketing rates of incarceration over the last three decades have had profound and lasting effects on the political power and engagement of local communities throughout the United States. Aggressive enforcement practices and mandatory sentencing laws have an impact beyond the individuals who are arrested, convicted, and incarcerated. These... 2015  
Gregory B. Markus ORGANIZING IN DETROIT SOUP KITCHENS FOR POWER AND JUSTICE 9 DePaul Journal for Social Justice 1 (Winter 2015) Americans who have little or no regular income and who may be homeless or precariously housed confront multiple challenges in their daily lives. Some of the challenges are personal, perhaps the result of bad choices or bad luck. Others, including some that may appear to be personal at first blush, arise from structural factors, including misguided,... 2015  
Ann C. McGinley POLICING AND THE CLASH OF MASCULINITIES 59 Howard Law Journal 221 (Fall, 2015) INTRODUCTION: POLICING, RACE, AND GENDER. 222 I. EMPIRICAL UNDERSTANDINGS OF POLICE BEHAVIOR. 227 A. Use of Force Studies. 227 B. Investigations of Real Police Departments. 229 1. Cleveland, Ohio Division of Police. 229 2. Ferguson, Missouri Police Department. 233 II. MASCULINITIES STUDIES AND CRITICAL RACE THEORY: HEGEMONY, PRIVILEGE, AND... 2015  
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