| Author | Title | Citation | Summary | Year | key Terms in Title or Summary |
| Peter M. Tiersma , Lawrence M. Solan |
Cops and Robbers: Selective Literalism in American Criminal Law |
38 Law and Society Review 229 (June, 2004) |
Police often ask people to consent to a search of their person or possessions. Many people agree to allow such searches because they interpret the officers' ostensible requests as indirect commands. Yet courts routinely interpret police utterances in this situation as requests. A similar issue arises in the context of custodial interrogation; Search Snippet: ...Law and Society Review June, 2004 Article of General Interest COPS AND ROBBERS: SELECTIVE LITERALISM IN AMERICAN CRIMINAL LAW Peter M... |
2004 |
|
| Richard J. Lundman |
Driver Race, Ethnicity, and Gender and Citizen Reports of Vehicle Searches by Police and Vehicle Search Hits: Toward a Triangulated Scholarly Understanding |
94 Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 309 (Winter 2004) |
The debate over race and ethnically targeted vehicle searches by police is currently dominated by two loosely organized and very different coalitions. The first consists of civil rights and social movement organizations, such as the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP),... |
2004 |
Yes |
| Dru Stevenson |
Entrapment and the Problem of Deterring Police Misconduct |
37 Connecticut Law Review 67 (Fall, 2004) |
Many of the states currently use a version of the entrapment defense known as the objective test, which focuses solely on the extent of police overreaching in the case, and seeks to deter police misconduct by acquitting the defendant. Acquitting defendants as a means of deterring undercover police misconduct, however, is a public policy fraught... |
2004 |
Yes |
| James M. Byrne, Don Hummer, The University of Massachusetts, Lowell |
Examining the Role of the Police in Reentry Partnership Initiatives |
68-SEP Federal Probation 62 (September, 2004) |
The development of partnerships in law enforcement is not a new idea, but it does appear that today's police are much more likely to enter into partnerships than their predecessors, especially at the local level. One reason for this new collaborative mindset on the part of the nation's 21,143 police agencies (Maguire, et al., 1998) is the adoption... |
2004 |
Yes |
| Jill Keblawi |
Immigration Arrests by Local Police: Inherent Authority or Inherently Preempted? |
53 Catholic University Law Review 817 (Spring, 2004) |
As a result of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, President George W. Bush's Administration has used immigration policy as its primary weapon in terrorist prevention. Because there are only two thousand federal immigration agents and an estimated eight million undocumented immigrants, this Administration has encouraged the nation's... |
2004 |
Yes |
| Carroll Seron, Joseph Pereira, Jean Kovath |
Judging Police Misconduct: "Street-level" Versus Professional Policing |
38 Law and Society Review 665 (December, 2004) |
In their interactions with citizens, police officers are prohibited from (1) using unnecessary Force, (2) Abusing their authority, (3) speaking Discourteously, or (4) using Offensive language, all captured by the acronym FADO. However, acts of police misconduct are complex social phenomena that involve both following legal guidelines and responding... |
2004 |
Yes |
| Christian Halliburton |
Neither Separate Nor Equal: How Race-sensitive Enforcement of Criminal Laws Threatens to Undo Brown V. Board of Education |
3 Seattle Journal for Social Justice 45 (Fall/Winter, 2004) |
This year has given our country an opportunity to revisit and to reconsider the Supreme Court's landmark decision in Brown v. Board of Education and to ask questions about how the legacy of Brown has thus far been realized. Reflecting on Brown, and considering the various ways in which this single decision reshaped our society, by altering in some... |
2004 |
|
| Barbara E. Armacost |
Organizational Culture and Police Misconduct |
72 George Washington Law Review 453 (March, 2004) |
Introduction. 453 I. Police Brutality: Rotten Apples or Rotten Barrel?. 457 A. Bad Attitudes and Bad Behavior. 459 B. Individual-Specific Remedies and Systemic Harms. 464 C. A Real-World Example. 478 D. The Unavailability of Injunctive Relief. 490 II. Police Brutality as an Organizational Problem. 493 A. Organizational Culture in Policing.... |
2004 |
Yes |
| Theresa A. Martinez |
Perceptions of Racial Profiling: Rap Music, Utah, and Police in American Culture |
2004 Utah Law Review 945 (2004) |
I would like to quote a participant in a public hearing held at the University of Utah by the Utah Task Force on Racial and Ethnic Fairness in the Legal System. The task force was entrusted with compiling data on the issue of unequal treatment of people of color in the Utah legal system; the participant was an African American male. The transcript... |
2004 |
Yes |
| Harvey Gee |
Police Brutality and Citizen Complaints (Jill Nelson Ed., 2000) |
4 Connecticut Public Interest Law Journal 49 (Fall, 2004) |
The Rodney King beating of March of 1991 has become one of the most infamous cases of contemporary police brutality to date. On February 4, 1999, Amadou Diallo, a twenty-two-year-old immigrant from Guinea, was shot nineteen times and killed by members of the New York Police Department's Street Crime Unit. Haitian immigrant, Abner Louima, was... |
2004 |
Yes |
| Dick Broom |
Prejudice & Punishment |
19 Maine Bar Journal 102 (Spring, 2004) |
In a democracy, public policy is supposed to reflect public opinion or, at the very least, to take it into account. But what if public opinion is based on attitudes that run counter to the notion that all people are created equal? What if, on some issues, public opinion is shaped by racial prejudice? For nearly twenty years, two University of Maine... |
2004 |
|
| Kevin R. Johnson |
Racial Profiling after September 11: the Department of Justice's 2003 Guidelines |
50 Loyola Law Review 67 (Spring 2004) |
Before September 11, 2001, a grim turning point in the history of the United States, the highest levels of government had condemned racial profiling by law enforcement. The nation had increasingly embraced the idea that impermissible reliance on race by police in traffic stops and other law enforcement activities was a serious problem, in addition... |
2004 |
|
| Jason Sheffield |
Racial Profiling: Amend the Official Code of Georgia So as to Require Policies That Prohibit Law Enforcement Officers from Impermissibly Using Race or Ethnicity in Determining Whether to Stop a Motorist; Require Annual Training of Law Enforcement Officers |
21 Georgia State University Law Review 210 (Fall, 2004) |
Bill Number: HB 1327 Summary: In 2004, the Georgia General Assembly considered a bill to amend the portion of the Georgia Code dealing with motor vehicles and traffic. HB 1327 would have prohibited the use of race or ethnicity in forming probable cause or reasonable suspicion to stop a vehicle and would have mandated data collection for all traffic... |
2004 |
|
| Bernard E. Harcourt |
Rethinking Racial Profiling: a Critique of the Economics, Civil Liberties, and Constitutional Literature, and of Criminal Profiling More Generally |
71 University of Chicago Law Review 1275 (Fall 2004) |
New reporting requirements and data collection efforts by over four hundred law enforcement agencies across the country--including entire states such as Maryland, Missouri, and Washington --are producing a continuous flow of new evidence on highway police searches. For the most part, the data consistently show disproportionate searches of... |
2004 |
|
| Marc L. Miller, Ronald F. Wright |
Secret Police and the Mysterious Case of the Missing Tort Claims |
52 Buffalo Law Review 757 (Summer 2004) |
Sometimes police officers get it wrong. They got it wrong in a Chicago neighborhood in 1997, when officers obtained a search warrant for a single-family residence where they believed that Troy, a 30-year-old man, was selling large amounts of cocaine base. When they arrived at the address on the warrant they discovered that it was split into three... |
2004 |
Yes |
| Nicholas L. Georgakopoulos , Indiana University, 530 West New York St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA |
Self-fulfilling Impressions of Criminality: Unintentional Race Profiling |
24 International Review of Law & Economics 169 (June, 2004) |
A society divides into a majority and a minority; each group may erroneously believe the other to be more crime prone. An investigating authority that is proportionately composed will tend to investigate the minority disproportionately. Despite unbiased courts, the minority will be overrepresented in the group of the convicted, fostering the false... |
2004 |
|
| Michael J. Wishnie |
State and Local Police Enforcement of Immigration Laws |
6 University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law 1084 (May, 2004) |
Federal law enforcement agencies responded to the attacks of September 11, 2001, with forceful initiatives directed at noncitizens and their communities. Several of these measures raise grave civil rights concerns. Quite apart from investigations prompted by individualized leads, officials have singled out Arab, Muslim, and South Asian immigrants... |
2004 |
Yes |
| Keith S. Hampton |
Stranded in the Wasteland of Unregulated Roadway Police Powers: Can "Reasonable Officers" Ever Rescue Us? |
35 Saint Mary's Law Journal 499 (2004) |
I. Introduction. 500 II. The Expanding Superhighway of PolicePowers. 500 III. The Uniqueness of Automobile Stops. 513 IV. The Rise of the Pretext Doctrine. 514 V. State and Federal Courts Grapple with the Pretext Problem. 518 VI. Commentators' Analyses: Subjective Approach, the Reasonable Officer Test, and Hard Choices. 527 VII. The Supreme... |
2004 |
Yes |
| Steven D. Zansberg, Pamela Campos |
Sunshine on the Thin Blue Line: Public Access to Police Internal Affairs Files |
22-FALL Communications Lawyer 34 (Fall, 2004) |
Across the nation, cities are beset by angry allegations that police officers are abusive and out of control. Communities are torn apart by allegations of racial profiling or driving while black traffic stops. The video images of Rodney King being beaten by Los Angeles Police Department officers are recycled and rebroadcast each time a police... |
2004 |
Yes |
| Kathryn R.L. Rand, Steven Andrew Light |
Teaching Race Without a Critical Mass: Reflections on Affirmative Action and the Diversity Rationale |
54 Journal of Legal Education 316 (September, 2004) |
Here at the University of North Dakota, as across the country, affirmative action is a contentious and controversial issue, even after the U.S. Supreme Court's recent decision upholding the use of race-conscious university admissions policies in Grutter v. Bollinger. Teaching topics related to race at a school like UND presents particular... |
2004 |
|
| Michael M. Hethmon |
The Chimera and the Cop: Local Enforcement of Federal Immigration Law |
8 University of the District of Columbia Law Review 83 (Fall 2004) |
Iobates sent Bellerophon away with orders to kill the Chimera that none might approach; a thing of immortal make, not human, lion-fronted and snake behind, a goat in the middle, and snorting out the breath of the terrible flame of bright fire. -- Homer, Iliad 6.179-182. The questions of if, when, and how local police can enforce federal immigration; Search Snippet: ...Nation's Capital The Treatment of Immigrants: THE CHIMERA AND THE COP: LOCAL ENFORCEMENT OF FEDERAL IMMIGRATION LAW Michael M. Hethmon [FNa1... |
2004 |
|
| Jay Rothman, Randi Land |
The Cincinnati Police-community Relations Collaborative |
18-WTR Criminal Justice 35 (Winter, 2004) |
In early 2001, Cincinnati, Ohio, found itself confronted with accusations of racial profiling and increased tension between the African American community and the police, culminating in an outbreak of civil unrest. Thrust into an unwanted limelight, the city was challenged to look at alternative ways for resolving this conflict, which resulted in... |
2004 |
Yes |
| Elizabeth E. Joh |
The Paradox of Private Policing |
95 Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 49 (Fall 2004) |
Most people think of security as some unarmed fat guy that can't speak English at the 7-Eleven. . . . That's not us at all. We're very policelike, even though we are security officers. -- Security guard employed by Intervention Agency, a security firm. Those who worry about the encroaching powers of the public police in the war against terrorism; Search Snippet: ...and Criminology Fall 2004 Criminal Law THE PARADOX OF PRIVATE POLICING Elizabeth E. Joh [FNa1] Copyright (c) 2004 Northwestern University, School... |
2004 |
Yes |
| Markus Dirk Dubber |
The Power to Govern Men and Things: Patriarchal Origins of the Police Power in American Law |
52 Buffalo Law Review 1277 (Fall 2004) |
This article explores the genealogy of the police power, the most expansive, least definite, and yet least scrutinized, of governmental powers. For centuries, it has been a commonplace that the power to police is, and must be from its very nature, incapable of any very exact definition or limitation. Upon the police power, the most essential,... |
2004 |
Yes |
| Paul Frymer, John D. Skrentny |
The Rise of Instrumental Affirmative Action: Law and the New Significance of Race in America |
36 Connecticut Law Review 677 (Spring, 2004) |
The Supreme Court's 5-4 decision in Grutter v. Bollinger makes clear that affirmative action policies in the United States are not going to disappear anytime soon. At the same time, the legal arguments defended in the case reflect a significant evolution in how the law understands affirmative action and, more broadly, the use of race in selection... |
2004 |
|
| Carol Daugherty Rasnic |
The U.s. Supreme Court on Affirmative Action: Are Some of Us "More Equal" than Others? (With Some Comparisons to Post-good Friday Agreement Police Hiring in Northern Ireland) |
7 Scholar: St. Mary's Law Review on Minority Issues 23 (Fall 2004) |
I. Introduction. 23 II. Pre-Grutter Supreme Court Affirmative Action Decisions. 24 III. Grutter v. Bollinger. 42 IV. Some Comparisons with Policing in Post-Good Friday Agreement Northern Ireland. 62 V. Conclusion. 69 |
2004 |
Yes |
| Robert D. Crutchfield |
Warranted Disparity? Questioning the Justification of Racial Disparity in Criminal Justice Processing |
36 Columbia Human Rights Law Review 15 (Fall 2004) |
For more than twenty-five years, academic criminologists have engaged in a debate over whether there are substantial racial disparities in imprisonment in the United States, and, if so, the extent and nature of these disparities. For the most part, scholars have focused on how much disparity there is and have not really questioned the existence of... |
2004 |
|
| Suzanne Meiners |
A Tale of Political Alienation of Our Youth: an Examination of the Potential Threats on Democracy Posed by Incomplete "Community Policing" Programs |
7 U.C. Davis Journal of Juvenile Law & Policy 161 (Winter, 2003) |
Lesean is a sixteen-year-old high school student in Brooklyn. Having grown up in one of the nation's toughest housing projects, he was delighted to find out that he was going to be spending most of his free time during the 2000-2001 school year talking about privacy rights and police-citizen interactions. I know Lesean because he was a member of... |
2003 |
Yes |
| Sarah Oliver |
Atwater V. City of Lago Vista: the Disappearing Fourth Amendment and its Impact on Racial Profiling |
5 Journal of Law & Social Challenges Challenges 1 (Summer 2003) |
Racial profiling--any police-initiated action that relies on race, ethnicity or national origin rather than behavior or other objective criteria--is generally viewed as repugnant in a democratic, law-based society. The United States Supreme Court, in the recently decided Atwater v. City of Lago Vista, eliminated, without discussion or... |
2003 |
|
| Leslye E. Orloff, Mary Ann Dutton, Giselle Aguilar Hass, Nawal Ammar |
Battered Immigrant Women's Willingness to Call for Help and Police Response |
13 UCLA Women's Law Journal 43 (Fall/Winter 2003) |
This Article examines the barriers that battered immigrant women face when contacting the police for assistance in stopping or escaping intimate partner violence. It analyzes partial results from a large-scale research project undertaken by Ayuda, Inc. from 1992 to 1995 meant to assess the needs of immigrant Latinas in the Washington D.C.... |
2003 |
Yes |
| Lenese C. Herbert |
Bête Noire: How Race-based Policing Threatens National Security |
9 Michigan Journal of Race and Law 149 (Fall 2003) |
FOREWORD. 150 INTRODUCTION. 155 I. Couverture: The Fourth Amendment: Doctrine of the Free. 159 II. Excluez: The Face of Those not yet Unseen -- African Americans and the Black Bill of Rights. 163 A. Slavery, Violence, and the Institution of Slavery. 164 B. Policing Freedmen. 168 C. Petit Apartheid: Policing Them Not Us . 170 III.... |
2003 |
Yes |
| R. Richard Banks |
Beyond Profiling: Race, Policing, and the Drug War |
56 Stanford Law Review 571 (December, 2003) |
Introduction. 572 I. The Campaign Against Racial Profiling. 574 A. Consensus and Data Collection. 574 B. The Innocence Emphasis. 576 C. The Irrationality Claim. 577 1. Self-fulfilling prophecy and survey data claims.. 577 2. Hit rates argument.. 578 II. The Ambiguity of the Evidence. 580 A. Limitations of Self-Fulfilling Prophecy and Survey Data... |
2003 |
Yes |
| Camille A. Nelson |
Breaking the Camel's Back: a Consideration of Mitigatory Criminal Defenses and Racism-related Mental Illness |
9 Michigan Journal of Race and Law 77 (Fall 2003) |
INTRODUCTION. 77 I. Critical Psychology and Racism as Abuse. 83 A. Stress and Distress. 80 B. Coping. 98 C. The Humiliation Dynamic. 102 II. Criminal Law Defenses Capable of Critical Psychology Infusion. 108 A. Provocation. 110 B. Extreme Emotional Disturbance. 117 C. Diminished Capacity. 121 III. Concerns With Infusion -- Identity,... |
2003 |
|
| Merrick Bobb |
Civilian Oversight of the Police in the United States |
22 Saint Louis University Public Law Review 151 (2003) |
More than ten years have elapsed since the Rodney King incident where officers of the Los Angeles Police Department were recorded on a bystander's videotape beating an African-American motorist senseless with their batons. Since then there has been wave upon wave of controversial incidents rocking the foundations of U.S. law enforcement. Events in... |
2003 |
Yes |
| Abigail Caplovitz |
Drafting Limits: Statute Text and the Police Discretion to Define Disorder |
5 Journal of Law & Social Challenges 93 (Summer 2003) |
Police violence is the People's violence: with their golden badges, guns, and nightsticks, police legitimately force others to obey the People's laws. This tremendous power is fundamentally discretionary in its exercise, rendering it nearly absolute. A core problem of civil society is structuring police power to check and balance itself without... |
2003 |
Yes |
| Robert S. Chang |
Essay: (Racial) Profiles in Courage, or Can We Be Heroes Too? |
66 Albany Law Review 349 (2003) |
Racial profiling usually conjures up images of police officers acting on negative stereotypes concerning the criminality of people of color and subjecting them to greater surveillance and state-sponsored violence than to those who do not possess such physical attributes. This type of negative affirmative action is practiced by police, prosecutors,... |
2003 |
|
| Laura J. Hickman , Sally S. Simpson |
Fair Treatment or Preferred Outcome? The Impact of Police Behavior on Victim Reports of Domestic Violence Incidents |
37 Law and Society Review 607 (September, 2003) |
This research is an exploratory test of two hypotheses emerging from debates about how police behavior may influence domestic violence victim reporting. From a procedural justice perspective, victims should be more apt to report victimization when previous encounters with police are viewed as procedurally fair. From a distributive justice; Search Snippet: ...General Interest FAIR TREATMENT OR PREFERRED OUTCOME? THE IMPACT OF POLICE BEHAVIOR ON VICTIM REPORTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE INCIDENTS [FNa1] Laura... |
2003 |
Yes |
| Steven Puro |
Federal Responsibility for Police Accountability Through Criminal Prosecution |
22 Saint Louis University Public Law Review 95 (2003) |
Federal criminal prosecution of law enforcement officers' violations of individuals' civil rights is a traditional way to remedy law enforcement misconduct. The U.S. Department of Justice has significant interactions with state and local officials in these processes. There was increased emphasis on U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division,... |
2003 |
Yes |
| Donna Coker |
Foreword: Addressing the Real World of Racial Injustice in the Criminal Justice System |
93 Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 827 (Fall 2003) |
Reading Supreme Court decisions in criminal cases often feels like falling down the rabbit hole: a bizarre adventure where nothing is what the Court says it is and circular reasoning passes for analysis. In the Court's Fourth Amendment jurisprudence, there is a tendency . . . to pretend that the world we all know is not the world in which law... |
2003 |
|
| Andrew E. Taslitz |
Foreword: the Political Geography of Race Data in the Criminal Justice System |
66-SUM Law and Contemporary Problems Probs. 1 (Summer 2003) |
Several months ago, there was a heated discussion on CrimProf, the listserv for criminal law professors, about the disproportionate representation of minorities in the criminal justice system. Few participants in this online discussion contested the reality that racial and ethnic minorities, especially African Americans, make up a far larger... |
2003 |
|
| Stephen B. Presser |
Have We Overreacted to the Fear of Racial Profiling? |
29 No. 4 Litigation 29 (Summer, 2003) |
Racial profiling is a practice now almost universally condemned. The term conjures up images of insensitive, jack-booted, bullwhip-wielding police bent on carrying out bigoted oppression of innocent citizens merely because of the color of their skin or their ethnic affiliation. Politicians seized upon the issue, as did civil liberties... |
2003 |
|
| Samuel R. Sommers , Phoebe C. Ellsworth |
How Much Do We Really Know about Race and Juries? A Review of Social Science Theory and Research |
78 Chicago-Kent Law Review 997 (2003) |
The past decade has witnessed numerous high-profile criminal trials in which controversial verdicts have been attributed to race--the race of the defendant, the racial composition of a jury, an attorney playing the race card, and so on. A predominantly Black jury's acquittal of O.J. Simpson and White jurors' leniency in the police brutality cases... |
2003 |
|
| Eric L. Muller |
Inference or Impact? Racial Profiling and the Internment's True Legacy |
1 Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law 103 (Fall, 2003) |
In the debate about racial and ethnic profiling in the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks, critics of the administration's policies have frequently argued that the government has made the same fundamental error as the Roosevelt administration made when it forced 110,000 Japanese Americans into camps during World War II. This is a powerful... |
2003 |
|
| Michael Rowan |
Leaving No Stone Unturned: Using Rico as a Remedy for Police Misconduct |
31 Florida State University Law Review 231 (Fall, 2003) |
Rodney King was about police abuse, O.J. was about police incompetence, and Rampart is about police corruption. It's not a bad apple. The barrel itself is rotten. A little over a decade ago, the videotaped beating of Rodney King merely confirmed what many Los Angeles residents had long since determined-the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) was a... |
2003 |
Yes |
| Holly James McMickle |
Letting Doj Lead the Way: Why Doj's Pattern or Practice Authority Is the Most Effective Tool to Control Racial Profiling |
13 George Mason University Civil Rights Law Journal 311 (Spring 2003) |
During the past thirty years, the concept of racial profiling in America has emerged, evolved, and been shaped by the courts. From the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to recent cases before the Supreme Court, race has played a role in the way the Court reviews police conduct and officers' treatment of citizens. The civil rights violations that result from... |
2003 |
|
| Illya Lichtenberg |
Police Discretion and Traffic Enforcement: a Government of Men? |
50 Cleveland State Law Review 425 (2002-2003) |
If Jefferson were writing the Declaration of Independence today he would undoubtedly be besieged to include an assertion of the inalienable right to the pursuit of happiness' in an automobile. I. Introduction. 426 II. Police Discretion and Traffic Enforcement: The Law. 427 III. Police Discretion In Traffic Enforcement And Judicial Review. 430 A.... |
2003 |
Yes |
| Kapila Juthani |
Police Treatment of Domestic Violence and Sexual Abuse: Affirmative Duty to Protect Vs. Fourth Amendment Privacy |
59 New York University Annual Survey of American Law 51 (2003) |
On May 7, 1998, at 2:00 a.m., Shannon Schieber screamed for help as she was attacked in her apartment. A neighbor called the police for assistance. In response to the neighbor's Priority 1 emergency call, two police officers arrived at the apartment building where the neighbor stood ready to assist. The officers knocked on Schieber's door.... |
2003 |
Yes |
| Lawrence Rosenthal |
Policing and Equal Protection |
21 Yale Law and Policy Review 53 (Winter 2003) |
For urban policing, it is the best of times and the worst of times. The innovative policing techniques that have come into widespread use over the past decade are credited by many with producing significant reductions in urban crime. The vocal and numerous critics of these tactics, however, claim that the cure has been worse than the disease. In... |
2003 |
Yes |
| Erik Luna |
Race, Crime, and Institutional Design |
66-SUM Law and Contemporary Problems 183 (Summer 2003) |
Minorities are gravely over-represented in every stage of the criminal process--from pedestrian and automobile stops, to searches and seizures, to arrests and convictions, to incarceration and capital punishment. This Symposium provides a timely survey of the issue, with a particular focus on the importance of collecting data which addresses racial... |
2003 |
|
| Kathryn R. Urbonya |
Rhetorically Reasonable Police Practices: Viewing the Supreme Court's Multiple Discourse Paths |
40 American Criminal Law Review 1387 (Fall, 2003) |
This Article analyzes the United States Supreme Court's numerous and shifting rhetorical discourse paths for declaring whether particular governmental practices constituted unreasonable searches or seizures under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. It examines how the Court has manipulated classic discourse paths arising from... |
2003 |
Yes |