AuthorTitleCitationSummaryYearkey Terms in Title or Summary
Christopher Hall Challenging Selective Enforcement of Traffic Regulations after the Disharmonic Convergence: Whren V. United States, United States V. Armstrong, and the Evolution of Police Discretion 76 Texas Law Review 1083 (April, 1998) Once upon a time, being black and behind the wheel was a crime on Volusia County, Florida's stretch of Interstate 95. The books carried no law forbidding such a thing, of course, but to the hundreds of African-American motorists stopped on I-95 in the early 1990s it certainly might have seemed that way. In an investigative report detailing the... 1998 Yes
By Natsu Taylor Saito Crossing the Border: the Interdependence of Foreign Policy and Racial Justice in the United States 1 Yale Human Rights and Development Law Journal 53 (1998) P1 Scholars, social activists, and policy makers often regard the United States' foreign policy as it relates to human rights and its domestic policy with respect to race as distinct areas, separated by the nation's border. Although this border exists geographically, through the assertion of jurisdiction, and in the recognition of citizenship, is... 1998  
Bruce L. Benson, David W. Rasmussen, Iljoong Kim, Florida State University, Soong Sil University, Seoul, South Korea Deterrence and Public Policy: Trade-offs in the Allocation of Police Resources 18 International Review of Law & Economics 77 (March, 1998) A large econometric literature has tested the implications of Becker's (1968) pathbreaking article on the economics of crime. This literature typically focuses on a supply of crime-specific offenses, hypothesizing that the crime rate is related to the probability and severity of punishment for the crime, the expected benefits from the criminal; Search Snippet: ...DETERRENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY: TRADE-OFFS IN THE ALLOCATION OF POLICE RESOURCES Bruce L. Benson David W. Rasmussen Florida State University... 1998 Yes
John J. Donohue III Did Miranda Diminish Police Effectiveness? 50 Stanford Law Review 1147 (April, 1998) The question of whether the Supreme Court's 1966 Miranda decision has significantly hampered law enforcement is fascinating from both a substantive and a methodological perspective. On the substantive front, Professors Paul Cassell and Richard Fowles observe that Justice John Harlan's Miranda dissent insightfully warned that the majority decision... 1998 Yes
Robert S. Chang Dreaming in Black and White: Racial-sexual Policing in the Birth of a Nation, the Cheat, and Who Killed Vincent Chin? 5 Asian Law Journal 41 (May, 1998) Professor Chang observes that Asians are often perceived as interlopers in the nativistic American family. This conception of a nativist family is White in composition and therefore accords a sense of economic and sexual entitlement to Whites, ironically, even if particular beneficiaries are recent immigrants. Transgressions by those perceived... 1998 Yes
Paul G. Cassell , Richard Fowles Handcuffing the Cops? A Thirty-year Perspective on Miranda's Harmful Effects on Law Enforcement 50 Stanford Law Review 1055 (April, 1998) After the Supreme Court's 1966 decision in Miranda v. Arizona, critics charged that it would handcuff the cops. In this article, Professors Cassell and Fowles find this claim to be supported by FBI data on crime clearance rates. National crime clearance rates fell precipitously in the two years immediately after Miranda and have remained at lower; Search Snippet: ...LAW REVIEW Stanford Law Review April, 1998 Article HANDCUFFING THE COPS? A THIRTY-YEAR PERSPECTIVE ON MIRANDA'S HARMFUL EFFECTS ON LAW... 1998  
Kate Greenwood I. Investigation and Police Practices 86 Georgetown Law Journal 1309 (June, 1998) The Sixth Amendment requires that defendants have assistance of counsel during certain postindictment identification procedures. The Fifth Amendment Due Process Clause prohibits identification testimony that derives from impermissibly suggestive procedures that may lead to an irreparably mistaken identification. Right to Counsel. In United States... 1998 Yes
Jeremy J. Calsyn, Brian C. Hale, Heidi Kranz, Maura R. Grossman, Nam E. Kim I. Investigation and Police Practices 86 Georgetown Law Journal 1214 (June, 1998) Under the Fourth Amendment, every search or seizure by a government agent must be reasonable. The Supreme Court has generally interpreted this requirement to mean that an arrest or search must be based on probable cause and executed pursuant to a warrant. There are, however, many exceptions to the probable cause and warrant requirements, including; Search Snippet: ...Twenty-Seventh Annual Review of Criminal Procedure I. INVESTIGATION AND POLICE PRACTICES Warrantless Searches and Seizures Jeremy J. Calsyn Brian C... 1998 Yes
André Douglas Pond Cummings Just Another Gang: "When the Cops Are Crooks Who Can You Trust?" 41 Howard Law Journal 383 (Winter 1998) [N]early 80 officers carrying guns, sledgehammers and crowbars stormed the [ [ [dwelling] ... . Rushing through [one woman's] door, police began kicking her, while a visiting male friend ... was knocked to the floor, handcuffed, and then thrown like a cord of wood through the open door and onto ... [the] parched front lawn ... . The lawn was; Search Snippet: ...Law Journal Winter 1998 Comment JUST ANOTHER GANG: WHEN THE COPS ARE CROOKS WHO CAN YOU TRUST? [FN1] André Douglas Pond... 1998  
Robert J. Sampson, Dawn Jeglum Bartusch Legal Cynicism and (Subcultural?) Tolerance of Deviance: the Neighborhood Context of Racial Differences 32 Law and Society Review 777 (1998) We advance here a neighborhood-level perspective on racial differences in legal cynicism, dissatisfaction with police, and the tolerance of various forms of deviance. Our basic premise is that structural characteristics of neighborhoods explain variations in normative orientations about law, criminal justice, and deviance that are often confounded... 1998  
Julie Gannon Shoop National Survey Suggests Racial Disparity in Police Use of Force 34-JAN Trial 97 (January, 1998) An estimated 45 million U.S. residents--about one in five--have some form of face-to-face contact with police every year, according to a recent Justice Department survey. In about 1 percent of those cases, police threaten or actually use force during the encounter, and the preliminary numbers suggest that officers may be more likely to use force on... 1998 Yes
Jennifer L. Morton Pipkin V. Pennsylvania State Police: Supreme Court of Pennsylvania Holds That a Probationary State Trooper Does Not Have an Enforceable Property Interest in Continued Employment 7 Widener Journal of Public Law 499 (1998) In Pipkin v. Pennsylvania State Police, the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania held that a probationary state trooper did not have an enforceable property interest in his continued employment with the Pennsylvania State Police (PSP). Because the court found that Pipkin did not have a property interest in continued employment, the decision to terminate; Search Snippet: ...Decisions Administrative Procedure and Administrative Agencies PIPKIN V. PENNSYLVANIA STATE POLICE: SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA HOLDS THAT A PROBATIONARY STATE TROOPER... 1998 Yes
Rosanna Cavallaro Police and Thieves 96 Michigan Law Review 1435 (May, 1998) Whatever it is, you should clean up this city here because this city here is like an open sewer, you know? It's full of filth and scum, and sometimes I can hardly take it. What is it about New York City that has, in the last few years, spawned a series of books attacking the criminal justice system and describing a community in which victims'... 1998 Yes
Marshall Miller Police Brutality 17 Yale Law and Policy Review 149 (1998) It is as much the duty of Government to render prompt justice against itself in favor of its citizens as it is to administer the same between private individuals. Abraham Lincoln. In early August 1997, reports surfaced of a police brutality scandal in New York City. Newspapers across the country reported that Abner Louima, a Haitian immigrant to; Search Snippet: ...AND POLICY REVIEW Yale Law and Policy Review 1998 Note POLICE BRUTALITY Marshall Miller [FNd1] Copyright (c) 1998 Yale Law and... 1998 Yes
Mark Iris Police Discipline in Chicago: Arbitration or Arbitrary? 89 Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 215 (Fall 1998) In many jurisdictions in the United States, the final word in disciplinary actions involving police officers is not had by the chief of police, the mayor, or a civilian review board, but by an arbitrator. Using binding arbitration as a means of resolving disputes over attempts to fire or suspend sworn officers is very common, especially in many... 1998 Yes
Madelyn Daley Resendez Police Discretion and the Redefinition of Reasonable under the Fourth Amendment: Maryland V. Wilson, 519 U.s. 408 (1997) 23 Southern Illinois University Law Journal 193 (Fall 1998) The right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures, guaranteed by the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution, is a right known by virtually every U.S. citizen, and is firmly entrenched as a fundamental expectation by all Americans. In recent years, however, the need to crack down on crime and the ongoing war on drugs have also become; Search Snippet: ...LAW JOURNAL Southern Illinois University Law Journal Fall 1998 Casenote POLICE DISCRETION AND THE REDEFINITION OF REASONABLE UNDER THE FOURTH AMENDMENT... 1998 Yes
Wayne C. Beyer, Assistant Corporation Counsel, District of Columbia; J.D., Georgetown University Law Center, 1977; M.A.T., Harvard University, 1970; A.B., Dartmouth College, 1967. Police Misconduct: Claims and Defenses under the Fourteenth Amendment Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses 30 Urban Lawyer 65 (Winter, 1998) Second to the Fourth Amendment's protection from unreasonable searches and seizures, the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses furnish the greatest protection from police abuse. The Fourteenth Amendment provides in part: nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor... 1998 Yes
Margaret Raymond Police Policing Police: Some Doubts 72 Saint John's Law Review 1255 (Summer-Fall 1998) Professor Fyfe has three things to say about Terry v. Ohio. He argues persuasively that Terry authorizes a necessary and often effective investigative tool. He contends that this tool, subject to broad discretion, is often abused. He also claims that the best answer to such abuses is to involve police chiefs in developing and enforcing policies; Search Snippet: ...John's Law Review Summer-Fall 1998 Terry On the Job POLICE POLICING POLICE: SOME DOUBTS Margaret Raymond [FNa1] Copyright (c) 1998 St. John's... 1998 Yes
Eric Blumenson , Eva Nilsen Policing for Profit: the Drug War's Hidden Economic Agenda 65 University of Chicago Law Review 35 (Winter 1998) Table of Contents Introduction. 36 I. The Drug War Dividend. 42 A. Federal Aid to Drug Law Enforcement. 42 B. Forfeiture and Asset Distribution. 44 II. The Conflict of Interest Objections to Self-Financing Police Agencies. 56 A. The Due Process Objection. 57 B. Policy Objections. 76 III. The Accountability Objections to Self-Financing Police; Search Snippet: ...LAW REVIEW University of Chicago Law Review Winter 1998 Article POLICING FOR PROFIT: THE DRUG WAR'S HIDDEN ECONOMIC AGENDA Eric Blumenson... 1998 Yes
Kathleen M. O'Day Pretextual Traffic Stops: Protecting Our Streets or Racist Police Tactics? 23 University of Dayton Law Review 313 (Winter, 1998) C1-3Table of Contents Page I. Introduction. 313 II. Background. 315 III. Analysis. 317 A. Pretextual Traffic Stops Violate Minority Citizens' Fourth Amendment Rights. 317 1. Police Officers Must Have Probable Cause to Initially Stop the Automobile. 318 2. Reasonable Articulable Suspicion During Pretextual Traffic Stops. 322 3. Pretextual Traffic... 1998 Yes
William J. Stuntz Race, Class, and Drugs 98 Columbia Law Review 1795 (November, 1998) Urban crack markets have received more police attention than markets for cocaine powder, and crack buyers and sellers have received harsher punishments than powder buyers and sellers. Crack defendants are largely black; powder defendants are not. Some say this divide is simply racist. Others say the system actually helps black communities by... 1998  
Pamela S. Karlan Race, Rights, and Remedies in Criminal Adjudication 96 Michigan Law Review 2001 (June, 1998) Once upon a time, back before the Warren Court, criminal procedure and racial justice were adjacent hinterlands in constitutional law's empire. In 1954, the fifth edition of Dowling's constitutional law casebook contained one chapter on procedural due process in which six of the eight cases were about criminal justice, and three of those--Powell... 1998  
Viet D. Dinh Races, Crime, and the Law 111 Harvard Law Review 1289 (March, 1998) Randall Kennedy has written an impressive book, one worthy of a scholar doing the smartest work in the area of race. But because the racial conflict upon which it mainly focuses is the white-black confrontation (p. xii), the book misses a golden opportunity to expand the conversation about race to its proper contemporary sphere. Although... 1998  
Susan M. Maxwell Racial Classifications under Strict Scrutiny: Policy Considerations and the Remedial-plus Approach 77 Texas Law Review 259 (November, 1998) Despite the volume and breadth of case law and literature in recent years concerning race and equal protection, federal decisions on challenges to explicit affirmative action programs have left ambiguity as to whether, and when, race may ever appropriately be considered in the spheres of public employment and education. As a result of this... 1998  
Bernard E. Harcourt Reflecting on the Subject: a Critique of the Social Influence Conception of Deterrence, the Broken Windows Theory, and Order-maintenance Policing New York Style 97 Michigan Law Review 291 (November, 1998) Introduction. 292 I. Order-Maintenance Policing: A Critical Description. 301 A. Background. 301 B. The Broken Windows Essay. 302 C. The Social Influence Conception of Deterrence. 305 II. The Lack of Social Science Evidence. 308 A. Replicating Skogan's Study. 309 B. The Sampson and Cohen Study. 329 C. New York City's Falling Crime Rates. 331 D. An... 1998 Yes
Tracey Maclin Terry V. Ohio's Fourth Amendment Legacy: Black Men and Police Discretion 72 Saint John's Law Review 1271 (Summer-Fall 1998) It's harder to work in these neighborhoods now than it used to be because we send the kids to school and teach them about rights and then put them back in the neighborhood. I think we ought to either get rid of these neighborhoods or stop teaching these kids about their rights. --Police officer's response to blacks who resist patrol tactics... 1998 Yes
James J. Fyfe Terry: an Ex-cop's View 72 Saint John's Law Review 1231 (Summer-Fall 1998) Law enforcement officers cannot function simply as agents who respond to the scenes of crimes and accidents after they have occurred. The police role always has and always will be based primarily upon the performance of tasks designed to minimize or prevent such incidents from happening. If there is a unanimous view among cops, it is the belief; Search Snippet: ...Summer-Fall 1998 Terry On the Job TERRY: AN EX- COP'S VIEW James J. Fyfe [FNa1] Copyright (c) 1998 St. John's... 1998  
Gabriel J. Chin , Scott C. Wells The "Blue Wall of Silence" as Evidence of Bias and Motive to Lie: a New Approach to Police Perjury 59 University of Pittsburgh Law Review 233 (Winter 1998) Ah, the cops are far more complex than criminals. For they contain explosive contradictions within themselves. Supposed to be law-enforcers, they tend to conceive of themselves as the law. They are more responsible than the average man, they are more infantile. They are attached umbilically to the concept of honesty, they are profoundly corrupt.... 1998 Yes
Jerome H. Skolnick The Color Line of Punishment 96 Michigan Law Review 1474 (May, 1998) If the color line, (in W.E.B. Du Bois's 1903 phrase and prophecy) was to be the twentieth century's greatest challenge for the domestic life and public policy of the United States, the law has had much to do with drawing its shape. No surprise, this. By now, legal theorists accept that law does not advance in preordained fashion, immune from the... 1998  
Mary I. Coombs The Constricted Meaning of "Community" in Community Policing 72 Saint John's Law Review 1367 (Summer-Fall 1998) In a conference in which the dominant approach has been approving of the Terry doctrine and contemporary police practices, I want to play a somewhat contrarian role. Substantive criminal laws forbidding relatively harmless behaviors can serve the police as a substitute for the authority to carry out Terry stops, as Tracey Meares and Debra... 1998 Yes
David M. Fine The Violence Against Women Act of 1994: the Proper Federal Role in Policing Domestic Violence 84 Cornell Law Review 252 (November, 1998) Introduction. 253 I. The Constitutionality of VAWA. 259 A. The Main Provisions of VAWA. 259 B. Federal Criminal Statutes, the Commerce Clause, and Lopez. 262 1. Interstate/Intrastate Distinctions. 264 2. The Jurisdictional Nexus. 267 3. Deference to Congress Under the Rational Basis Test. 267 4. Resulting Framework for Post-Lopez Constitutional; Search Snippet: ...AGAINST WOMEN ACT OF 1994: THE PROPER FEDERAL ROLE IN POLICING DOMESTIC VIOLENCE David M. Fine [FNd1] Copyright (c) 1998 Cornell... 1998 Yes
Nkechi Taifa Codification or Castration? The Applicability of the International Convention to Eliminate All Forms of Racial Discrimination to the U.s. Criminal Justice System 40 Howard Law Journal 641 (Spring 1997) I. Introduction. 642 II. Blacks Have Historically Appealed to International Bodies for Vindication of Basic Human Rights. 643 III. An Overview of CERD, Focusing on Its Criminal Justice Provisions and U.S. Reservations, Understandings and Declarations. 648 IV. Institutionalized Racism in the Criminal Justice System Violates The Letter and Spirit of... 1997  
Christopher Slobogin Deceit, Pretext, and Trickery: Investigative Lies by the Police 76 Oregon Law Review 775 (Winter 1997) a lie is a statement meant to deceive. Many police, like many other people, lie occasionally, and some police, like some other people, lie routinely and pervasively. Police lie to protect innocent victims, as in hostage situations, and they tell placebo lies to assure or placate worried citizens. They tell lies to project nonexistent authority,; Search Snippet: ...1997 Article DECEIT, PRETEXT, AND TRICKERY: INVESTIGATIVE LIES BY THE POLICE Christopher Slobogin [FNa1] Copyright (c) 1997 University of Oregon; Christopher... 1997 Yes
Jeffrey S. Adler Dennis C. Rousey, Policing the Southern City: New Orleans, 1805–1889. Baton Rouge: Lousiana State University Press, 1996. Xiii, 226 Pp. $35.00. 41 American Journal of Legal History 490 (October, 1997) The cities of the Deep South, according to Dennis C. Rousey, were innovators in policing. Many of the reforms usually attributed to New York City's police, including the adoption of uniforms and wages, appeared first in urban centers with large slave populations. Over the course of the nineteenth century, political forces, particularly those tied; Search Snippet: ...of Legal History October, 1997 Book Review DENNIS C. ROUSEY, POLICING THE SOUTHERN CITY: NEW ORLEANS, 18051889. BATON ROUGE: LOUSIANA... 1997 Yes
Jennifer A. Larrabee Dwb (Driving While Black) and Equal Protection: the Realities of an Unconstitutional Police Practice 6 Journal of Law & Policy 291 (1997) On May 8, 1992, Robert L. Wilkins, an African-American graduate of Harvard Law School and a public defender in Washington, D.C., was traveling through western Maryland in a rented red Cadillac. Wilkins and his family were returning home from a funeral which they had attended in Chicago. Just before dawn, their car was stopped for speeding by... 1997 Yes
Robert J. Cottrol Hard Choices and Shifted Burdens: American Crime and American Justice at the End of the Century 65 George Washington Law Review 506 (March, 1997) The nineties have proven to be particularly unkind to once prevailing liberal norms in criminal justice. The Warren Court's broad readings of the procedural provisions of the Bill of Rights, particularly the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Amendments, weakened--although not fatally so--by the Burger Court, have been reexamined by the Rehnquist Court in a... 1997  
Michael Musheno Interrogating Richard Leo's Claims about Police Scholarship 31 Law and Society Review 389 (1997) In a recent issue of Law & Society Review, Richard Leo (1996) takes full advantage of the intellectual freedom given to review essayists in Police Scholarship for the Future: Resisting the Pull of the Policy Audience. He claims that most of police scholarship of the 1990s is impoverished theoretically and often not worth reading (p. 865) and; Search Snippet: ...Review 1997 Review Essay Note INTERROGATING RICHARD LEO'S CLAIMS ABOUT POLICE SCHOLARSHIP Michael Musheno [FNa1] Copyright (c) 1997 by The Law... 1997 Yes
Scot Wortley, John Hagan, Ross Macmillan Just Des(s)erts? The Racial Polarization of Perceptions of Criminal Injustice 31 Law and Society Review 637 (1997) Sociologists have long been interested in how reactions to deviance influence social order and consensus. However, classic statements on this subject present contrasting hypotheses. This article extends previous work by examining how the extensive media coverage of an interracial homicide influences public attitudes toward the criminal justice... 1997  
Barbara Fedders Lobbying for Mandatory-arrest Policies: Race, Class, and the Politics of the Battered Women's Movement 23 New York University Review of Law and Social Change 281 (1997) During my three years as a volunteer with a community-based organization for battered women, we tried, through education and grass-roots organizing, to convince police departments to implement policies that would lead to more arrests of men who perpetrate domestic violence. We believed that the problem of violence between intimate partners... 1997  
Surell Brady Municipal Liability for Police Misconduct: Experiences in the Eighth Circuit 23 William Mitchell Law Review 81 (1997) I. Introduction. 81 II. Congressional Intent to Provide A Federal Remedy for Local Governments' Failure to Safeguard Individual Civil Rights. 84 III. The Supreme Court's Reluctance to Hold Municipalities Liable under Section 1983. 85 A. Monroe v. Pape. 85 B. Monell v. Department of Social Services. 86 C. The Fallacy of Monroe and Monell's... 1997 Yes
Debra Livingston Police Discretion and the Quality of Life in Public Places: Courts, Communities, and the New Policing 97 Columbia Law Review 551 (April, 1997) The advent of community and problem-oriented policing--the so-called quality-of-life policing philosophies--raises complex questions concerning police discretion in addressing minor street misconduct and judicial response to that discretion. In this Article, Debra Livingston addresses these questions by reassessing the ways in which courts have... 1997 Yes
Wayne C. Beyer Police Misconduct: Defense Not Reaching the Merits under 42 U.s.c. § 1983 29 Urban Lawyer 475 (Summer, 1997) Assistant Corporation Counsel, District of Columbia; J.D., Georgetown University Law Center, 1977; M.A.T., Harvard University, 1970; A.B., Dartmouth College, 1967. This article is devoted to defenses that are procedural rather than substantive in nature, since they do not reach the merits of the plaintiff's 42 U.S.C. § 1983 suit. These are... 1997 Yes
Jeannine Bell Policing Hatred: Police Bias Units and the Construction of Hate Crime 2 Michigan Journal of Race and Law 421 (Spring 1997) Much of the scholarly debate about hate crime laws focuses on a discussion of their constitutionality under the First Amendment. Part of a larger empirical study of police methods of investigating hate crimes, this Note attempts to shift thinking in this area beyond the existing debate over the constitutionality of hate crime legislation to a... 1997 Yes
Maria L. Marcus Policing Speech on the Airwaves: Granting Rights, Preventing Wrongs 15 Yale Law and Policy Review 447 (1997) When a speaker expresses general revolutionary rhetoric or denigrates various domestic enemies, the speech is protected as a necessary byproduct of a vibrant democracy. Such expression has historically come from both left- and right-wing perspectives. Suppose, however, that a media personality on radio or television repeatedly informs the... 1997 Yes
By Sean Hecker Race and Pretextual Traffic Stops: an Expanded Role for Civilian Review Board 28 Columbia Human Rights Law Review 551 (Spring 1997) From the New Jersey Turnpike to the I-95 corridor between Delaware and Florida, empirical studies strongly suggest that police single out minority, particularly African-American, motorists for traffic stops. These studies have not unearthed a new phenomenon, but they instead support the long-standing belief in minority communities that persons of... 1997  
Angela J. Davis Race, Cops, and Traffic Stops 51 University of Miami Law Review 425 (January, 1997) I. The Discriminatory Nature of Pretextual Traffic Stops. 427 II. Whren v. United States. 432 A. The Arrested Motorist. 435 B. The Motorist Who is Not Arrested. 438 IV. Conclusion. 442; Search Snippet: ...LAW REVIEW University of Miami Law Review January, 1997 Essay RACE, COPS, AND TRAFFIC STOPS Angela J. Davis [FNa] Copyright (c) 1997... 1997  
Julian V. Roberts, Anthony N. Doob Race, Ethnicity, and Criminal Justice in Canada 21 Crime and Justice 469 (1997) The relationship between crime and race or ethnicity has important implications for Canada. The constitution affirms the country's multicultural heritage. As in other Western nations, certain minorities are overrepresented in the prison population. Aboriginal and black offenders account for a disproportionate number of admissions. There has not... 1997  
Reuben M. Greenberg Race, the Criminal Justice System, and Community-oriented Policing 20 Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy 397 (Winter, 1997) The impact of race on the distribution of punishment in the criminal justice system has been the source of intense debate in contemporary legal scholarship. The very nature of the question whether blacks are treated fairly by the criminal justice system suggests that somehow blacks may be shortchanged or cheated by the imposition of the death; Search Snippet: ...for All? Racial Minorities, Crime Victims, and the Local Community RACE, THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM, AND COMMUNITY-ORIENTED POLICING Reuben M. Greenberg [FNa1] Copyright (c) 1997 Harvard Society for... 1997 Yes
Robert J. Sampson, Janet L. Lauritsen Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Crime and Criminal Justice in the United States 21 Crime and Justice 311 (1997) Although racial discrimination emerges some of the time at some stages of criminal justice processing--such as juvenile justice--there is little evidence that racial disparities result from systematic, overt bias. Discrimination appears to be indirect, stemming from the amplification of initial disadvantages over time, along with the social... 1997  
Charles Smith Racism and Community Planning: Building Equity or Waiting for Explosions 8 Stanford Law and Policy Review 61 (Summer, 1997) Regional and local strategies for achieving racial integration have not received much attention in academic research, institutional policy debate, or community discourse. The ambiguity of and relative unease with the term integration, particularly in the context of race relations, as well as the impact of racism itself on academics, policymakers,... 1997  
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