AuthorTitleCitationSummaryYearkey Terms in Title
  Interview with Former Governor Thomas H. Kean (R-nj), Member of President Clinton's Initiative on Race 4 Georgetown Public Policy Review 115 (Spring, 1999) The spring issue of The Georgetown Public Policy Review is focusing on the question of race relations, both in this country and abroad. Given your personal and professional history, what do the words race relations mean to you? Well, because of the generation I am from, race means to me the relationship between black and white in the United... 1999  
James L. Fennessy New Jersey Law and Police Response to the Exclusion of Minority Patrons from Retail Stores Based on the Mere Suspicion of Shoplifting 9 Seton Hall Constitutional Law Journal 549 (Spring, 1999) Imagine yourself shopping in a retail store. You are approached by a store clerk and told that you are no longer allowed in the store because you are suspected of shoplifting. The store employee maintains that the store is private property and that proof of criminal activity is not required in order to exclude you from the premises. The employee... 1999 Yes
Susan Bandes Patterns of Injustice: Police Brutality in the Courts 47 Buffalo Law Review 1275 (Fall 1999) Legal consequences often hinge on whether events or incidents are categorized as isolated or connected, individual or systemic, anecdotal or part of a larger pattern. Courts tend to portray incidents of police brutality as anecdotal, fragmented, and isolated rather than as part of a systemic, institutional pattern. Though numerous... 1999 Yes
Debra Livingston Police Reform and the Department of Justice: an Essay on Accountability 2 Buffalo Criminal Law Review 815 (1999) In 1994, Congress promulgated a significant piece of legislation that may prove to have an extremely important impact on the operation of local police departments. Section 14141 of Title 42, enacted as part of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, prohibits governmental authorities or those acting on their behalf from engaging... 1999 Yes
Trish Oberweis, Michael Musheno Policing Identities: Cop Decision Making and the Constitution of Citizens 24 Law and Social Inquiry 897 (Fall, 1999) We examine police decision making by focusing on police stories and drawing together contemporary thought about identities and police subculture. Our inquiry suggests that police decision making is both improvisational and patterned. Cops are moral agents who tag people with identities as they project identities of their own. They do engage in raw; Search Snippet: ...LAW AND SOCIAL INQUIRY Law and Social Inquiry Fall, 1999 POLICING IDENTITIES: COP DECISION MAKING AND THE CONSTITUTION OF CITIZENS Trish Oberweis [FNa1... 1999 Yes
AnnJanette Rosga, Ph.D. Policing the State 1999 Georgetown Journal of Gender and the Law 145 (Summer, 1999) It is a widespread but fatal trap--precisely, a trap of liberal opinion'-- to split analysis from action, and to assign the first to the instance of the long term, which never comes, and reserve only the second to what is practical and realistic in the short term. . Oscar Wilde once said that it is an outrage for reformers to spend time asking... 1999 Yes
David G. Savage Privacy Rights Pulled over 85-JUN ABA Journal 42 (June, 1999) The traditional police power to strictly enforce the traffic laws is fast becoming a license to freely search for drugs on the roadways. In recent years, the U.S. Supreme Court has given police officers greater leeway to stop cars, to detain drivers and their passengers, and to search the vehicles, all with the intent of finding illegal drugs. At; Search Snippet: ...1999 Substantive Law Supreme Court Report PRIVACY RIGHTS PULLED OVER Cops Get More Power to Search Personal Effects in Vehicles David... 1999  
David N. Dorfman Proving the Lie: Litigating Police Credibility 26 American Journal of Criminal Law 455 (Summer 1999) Table of Contents I. Introduction. 456 II. The Judicial Weighing of Police Credibility. 466 A. The Diminished Seriousness of Weighing Witness Credibility. 466 B. The Further Diminished Seriousness of Weighing Police Witness Testimony. 469 III. Other Scholarly Approaches to Police Lying. 474 A. Professor Skolnick: Institutional Reform and the... 1999 Yes
David Cole Race, Policing, and the Future of the Criminal Law 26-SUM Human Rights Rts. 2 (Summer, 1999) The fact that New York City Mayor Rudolph Giuliani and the Reverend Al Sharpton represent the opposing points of view in today's renewed debate over policing and race is a fitting reflection of the nationwide racial divide on this issue. It would be difficult to cast more extreme spokespersons for the competing viewpoints. It would also be... 1999 Yes
David Cole Race, Policing, and the Future of the Criminal Law 26-SUM Human Rights 2 (Summer, 1999) The fact that New York City Mayor Rudolph Giuliani and the Reverend Al Sharpton represent the opposing points of view in today's renewed debate over policing and race is a fitting reflection of the nationwide racial divide on this issue. It would be difficult to cast more extreme spokespersons for the competing viewpoints. It would also be; Search Snippet: ...2 1999 WL 820693 HUMAN RIGHTS Human Rights Summer, 1999 RACE, POLICING, AND THE FUTURE OF THE CRIMINAL LAW [FNa1] David Cole... 1999 Yes
Major Walter M. Hudson Racial Extremism in the Army 159 Military Law Review Rev. 1 (March 1, 1999) In the early morning hours of 7 December 1995, Michael James and Jackie Burden walked down Hall Street in Fayetteville, North Carolina, a neighborhood they knew well. Two men approached them, one of whom had a gun. He pointed the gun close to their heads and fired at least five times. By the following afternoon, Fayetteville police arrested two 82d... 1999  
Robin H. Gise Rethinking Mcclesky V. Kemp: How U.s. Ratification of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination Provides a Remedy for Claims of Racial Disparity in Death Penalty Cases 22 Fordham International Law Journal 2270 (June, 1999) Warren McClesky, an African-American man, was convicted of murdering a white police officer and sentenced to death in the Superior Court of Fulton County in Georgia in 1978. After making several appeals to the Supreme Court of Georgia, McClesky filed a writ of habeas corpus in federal district court in the Northern District of Georgia. His petition... 1999  
David Dante Troutt Screws, Koon, and Routine Aberrations: the Use of Fictional Narratives in Federal Police Brutality Prosecutions 74 New York University Law Review 18 (April 1, 1999) Depite periodic outcries in response to particular outrages, it remains notoriously difficult to prosecute police brutality. In this form-shattering Article, Professor Troutt attributes much of this difficulty to the overwhelming power of the stories mainstream American culture tells about the encounters leading to police violence. In this piece.... 1999 Yes
The Honorable Phyllis W. Beck ; Patricia A. Daly, Esq. State Constitutional Analysis of Pretext Stops: Racial Profiling and Public Policy Concerns 72 Temple Law Review 597 (Fall 1999) A unanimous United States Supreme Court made itself quite clear in Whren v. United States: motor vehicle stops based on pretext are not prohibited by the Fourth Amendment. The primary concern with pretext stops is that they facilitate racial profiling, the process of singling out drivers based on their race. Although the Supreme Court was careful... 1999  
Kevin C. Wille State V. Donis: the New Jersey Supreme Court Turns its Back While Police Conduct Random Mobile Data Terminal Searches 17 John Marshall Journal of Computer & Information Law 1235 (Summer 1999) On the night of January 24, 1994, Sergeant Kenneth Hawthorne of the West Windsor Police Department in New Jersey was conducting a routine patrol on U.S. Route 1. While driving northbound on Route 1, Sergeant Hawthorne came upon a 1986 Subaru driven by Mr. Mauro Donis (Donis). Sergeant Hawthorne testified that, although he did not witness any; Search Snippet: ...DONIS: THE NEW JERSEY SUPREME COURT TURNS ITS BACK WHILE POLICE CONDUCT RANDOM MOBILE DATA TERMINAL SEARCHES Kevin C. Wille Copyright... 1999 Yes
Anthony C. Thompson Stopping the Usual Suspects: Race and the Fourth Amendment 74 New York University Law Review 956 (October, 1999) In this Article, Professor Thompson addresses the constitutional and policy implications of racially motivated searches and seizures. He begins by showing that the Supreme Court's most recent pronouncement on the subject, Whren v. United States, which has been treated by scholars as a new direction in the Court's Fourth Amendment jurisprudence, is... 1999  
Karen Y. Vicks Supreme Court Gives Cops Green Light to Make Fourth Amendment Seizures of Passengers Without Individualized Suspicion: Maryland V. Wilson 9 Temple Political & Civil Rights Law Review 211 (Fall 1999) Throughout most of America's history, we have adhered to the Fourth Amendment's general rule that before an official may conduct a legal search and seizure, a warrant must be issued upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. Because the; Search Snippet: ...Civil Rights Law Review Fall 1999 Note SUPREME COURT GIVES COPS GREEN LIGHT TO MAKE FOURTH AMENDMENT SEIZURES OF PASSENGERS WITHOUT... 1999  
Deborah Brake The Cruelest of the Gender Police: Student-to-student Sexual Harassment and Anti-gay Peer Harassment under Title Ix 1 Georgetown Journal of Gender and the Law 37 (Fall, 1999) I. Title IX's Treatment of Peer Sexual Harassment: Why Does School Inaction Discriminate on the Basis of Sex?. 43 A. Before Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education: The Lower Courts' Approaches to Discrimination. 44 B. The Meaning of Discrimination in Davis: Did the School Cause the Discrimination?. 47 C. School Inaction Causes the... 1999 Yes
Nancy Egan The Police Response to Spouse Abuse: a Selective, Annotated Bibliography 91 Law Library Journal 499 (Summer, 1999) Background on the traditional governmental responses to spouse abuse and brief periods of reform, as well as the rationale for a bibliography annotating materials concerning the police response to spouse abuse, are provided. The bibliography is arranged in four sections: (1) empirical research, (2) criminal justice commentary, (3) feminist; Search Snippet: ...796755 LAW LIBRARY JOURNAL Law Library Journal Summer, 1999 THE POLICE RESPONSE TO SPOUSE ABUSE: A SELECTIVE, ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY [FNa1] Nancy... 1999 Yes
Paul Butler (Color) Blind Faith: the Tragedy of Race, Crime, and the Law 111 Harvard Law Review 1270 (March, 1998) When you don't know when you have been spit on, it does not matter too much what else you think you know. Ruth Shays Half of the young black men residing in Washington, D.C.--the capital of the freest nation in the world--are in prison or under the supervision of the criminal courts. This ugly fact was reported a few months after Randall Kennedy... 1998  
Christopher Hall Challenging Selective Enforcement of Traffic Regulations after the Disharmonic Convergence: Whren V. United States, United States V. Armstrong, and the Evolution of Police Discretion 76 Texas Law Review 1083 (April, 1998) Once upon a time, being black and behind the wheel was a crime on Volusia County, Florida's stretch of Interstate 95. The books carried no law forbidding such a thing, of course, but to the hundreds of African-American motorists stopped on I-95 in the early 1990s it certainly might have seemed that way. In an investigative report detailing the... 1998 Yes
By Natsu Taylor Saito Crossing the Border: the Interdependence of Foreign Policy and Racial Justice in the United States 1 Yale Human Rights and Development Law Journal 53 (1998) P1 Scholars, social activists, and policy makers often regard the United States' foreign policy as it relates to human rights and its domestic policy with respect to race as distinct areas, separated by the nation's border. Although this border exists geographically, through the assertion of jurisdiction, and in the recognition of citizenship, is... 1998  
Bruce L. Benson, David W. Rasmussen, Iljoong Kim, Florida State University, Soong Sil University, Seoul, South Korea Deterrence and Public Policy: Trade-offs in the Allocation of Police Resources 18 International Review of Law & Economics 77 (March, 1998) A large econometric literature has tested the implications of Becker's (1968) pathbreaking article on the economics of crime. This literature typically focuses on a supply of crime-specific offenses, hypothesizing that the crime rate is related to the probability and severity of punishment for the crime, the expected benefits from the criminal; Search Snippet: ...DETERRENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY: TRADE-OFFS IN THE ALLOCATION OF POLICE RESOURCES Bruce L. Benson David W. Rasmussen Florida State University... 1998 Yes
John J. Donohue III Did Miranda Diminish Police Effectiveness? 50 Stanford Law Review 1147 (April, 1998) The question of whether the Supreme Court's 1966 Miranda decision has significantly hampered law enforcement is fascinating from both a substantive and a methodological perspective. On the substantive front, Professors Paul Cassell and Richard Fowles observe that Justice John Harlan's Miranda dissent insightfully warned that the majority decision... 1998 Yes
Robert S. Chang Dreaming in Black and White: Racial-sexual Policing in the Birth of a Nation, the Cheat, and Who Killed Vincent Chin? 5 Asian Law Journal 41 (May, 1998) Professor Chang observes that Asians are often perceived as interlopers in the nativistic American family. This conception of a nativist family is White in composition and therefore accords a sense of economic and sexual entitlement to Whites, ironically, even if particular beneficiaries are recent immigrants. Transgressions by those perceived... 1998 Yes
Paul G. Cassell , Richard Fowles Handcuffing the Cops? A Thirty-year Perspective on Miranda's Harmful Effects on Law Enforcement 50 Stanford Law Review 1055 (April, 1998) After the Supreme Court's 1966 decision in Miranda v. Arizona, critics charged that it would handcuff the cops. In this article, Professors Cassell and Fowles find this claim to be supported by FBI data on crime clearance rates. National crime clearance rates fell precipitously in the two years immediately after Miranda and have remained at lower; Search Snippet: ...LAW REVIEW Stanford Law Review April, 1998 Article HANDCUFFING THE COPS? A THIRTY-YEAR PERSPECTIVE ON MIRANDA'S HARMFUL EFFECTS ON LAW... 1998  
Kate Greenwood I. Investigation and Police Practices 86 Georgetown Law Journal 1309 (June, 1998) The Sixth Amendment requires that defendants have assistance of counsel during certain postindictment identification procedures. The Fifth Amendment Due Process Clause prohibits identification testimony that derives from impermissibly suggestive procedures that may lead to an irreparably mistaken identification. Right to Counsel. In United States... 1998 Yes
Jeremy J. Calsyn, Brian C. Hale, Heidi Kranz, Maura R. Grossman, Nam E. Kim I. Investigation and Police Practices 86 Georgetown Law Journal 1214 (June, 1998) Under the Fourth Amendment, every search or seizure by a government agent must be reasonable. The Supreme Court has generally interpreted this requirement to mean that an arrest or search must be based on probable cause and executed pursuant to a warrant. There are, however, many exceptions to the probable cause and warrant requirements, including; Search Snippet: ...Twenty-Seventh Annual Review of Criminal Procedure I. INVESTIGATION AND POLICE PRACTICES Warrantless Searches and Seizures Jeremy J. Calsyn Brian C... 1998 Yes
AndrĂ© Douglas Pond Cummings Just Another Gang: "When the Cops Are Crooks Who Can You Trust?" 41 Howard Law Journal 383 (Winter 1998) [N]early 80 officers carrying guns, sledgehammers and crowbars stormed the [ [ [dwelling] ... . Rushing through [one woman's] door, police began kicking her, while a visiting male friend ... was knocked to the floor, handcuffed, and then thrown like a cord of wood through the open door and onto ... [the] parched front lawn ... . The lawn was; Search Snippet: ...Law Journal Winter 1998 Comment JUST ANOTHER GANG: WHEN THE COPS ARE CROOKS WHO CAN YOU TRUST? [FN1] AndrĂ© Douglas Pond... 1998  
Robert J. Sampson, Dawn Jeglum Bartusch Legal Cynicism and (Subcultural?) Tolerance of Deviance: the Neighborhood Context of Racial Differences 32 Law and Society Review 777 (1998) We advance here a neighborhood-level perspective on racial differences in legal cynicism, dissatisfaction with police, and the tolerance of various forms of deviance. Our basic premise is that structural characteristics of neighborhoods explain variations in normative orientations about law, criminal justice, and deviance that are often confounded... 1998  
Julie Gannon Shoop National Survey Suggests Racial Disparity in Police Use of Force 34-JAN Trial 97 (January, 1998) An estimated 45 million U.S. residents--about one in five--have some form of face-to-face contact with police every year, according to a recent Justice Department survey. In about 1 percent of those cases, police threaten or actually use force during the encounter, and the preliminary numbers suggest that officers may be more likely to use force on... 1998 Yes
Jennifer L. Morton Pipkin V. Pennsylvania State Police: Supreme Court of Pennsylvania Holds That a Probationary State Trooper Does Not Have an Enforceable Property Interest in Continued Employment 7 Widener Journal of Public Law 499 (1998) In Pipkin v. Pennsylvania State Police, the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania held that a probationary state trooper did not have an enforceable property interest in his continued employment with the Pennsylvania State Police (PSP). Because the court found that Pipkin did not have a property interest in continued employment, the decision to terminate; Search Snippet: ...Decisions Administrative Procedure and Administrative Agencies PIPKIN V. PENNSYLVANIA STATE POLICE: SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA HOLDS THAT A PROBATIONARY STATE TROOPER... 1998 Yes
Rosanna Cavallaro Police and Thieves 96 Michigan Law Review 1435 (May, 1998) Whatever it is, you should clean up this city here because this city here is like an open sewer, you know? It's full of filth and scum, and sometimes I can hardly take it. What is it about New York City that has, in the last few years, spawned a series of books attacking the criminal justice system and describing a community in which victims'... 1998 Yes
Marshall Miller Police Brutality 17 Yale Law and Policy Review 149 (1998) It is as much the duty of Government to render prompt justice against itself in favor of its citizens as it is to administer the same between private individuals. Abraham Lincoln. In early August 1997, reports surfaced of a police brutality scandal in New York City. Newspapers across the country reported that Abner Louima, a Haitian immigrant to; Search Snippet: ...AND POLICY REVIEW Yale Law and Policy Review 1998 Note POLICE BRUTALITY Marshall Miller [FNd1] Copyright (c) 1998 Yale Law and... 1998 Yes
Mark Iris Police Discipline in Chicago: Arbitration or Arbitrary? 89 Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 215 (Fall 1998) In many jurisdictions in the United States, the final word in disciplinary actions involving police officers is not had by the chief of police, the mayor, or a civilian review board, but by an arbitrator. Using binding arbitration as a means of resolving disputes over attempts to fire or suspend sworn officers is very common, especially in many... 1998 Yes
Madelyn Daley Resendez Police Discretion and the Redefinition of Reasonable under the Fourth Amendment: Maryland V. Wilson, 519 U.s. 408 (1997) 23 Southern Illinois University Law Journal 193 (Fall 1998) The right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures, guaranteed by the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution, is a right known by virtually every U.S. citizen, and is firmly entrenched as a fundamental expectation by all Americans. In recent years, however, the need to crack down on crime and the ongoing war on drugs have also become; Search Snippet: ...LAW JOURNAL Southern Illinois University Law Journal Fall 1998 Casenote POLICE DISCRETION AND THE REDEFINITION OF REASONABLE UNDER THE FOURTH AMENDMENT... 1998 Yes
Wayne C. Beyer, Assistant Corporation Counsel, District of Columbia; J.D., Georgetown University Law Center, 1977; M.A.T., Harvard University, 1970; A.B., Dartmouth College, 1967. Police Misconduct: Claims and Defenses under the Fourteenth Amendment Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses 30 Urban Lawyer 65 (Winter, 1998) Second to the Fourth Amendment's protection from unreasonable searches and seizures, the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses furnish the greatest protection from police abuse. The Fourteenth Amendment provides in part: nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor... 1998 Yes
Margaret Raymond Police Policing Police: Some Doubts 72 Saint John's Law Review 1255 (Summer-Fall 1998) Professor Fyfe has three things to say about Terry v. Ohio. He argues persuasively that Terry authorizes a necessary and often effective investigative tool. He contends that this tool, subject to broad discretion, is often abused. He also claims that the best answer to such abuses is to involve police chiefs in developing and enforcing policies; Search Snippet: ...John's Law Review Summer-Fall 1998 Terry On the Job POLICE POLICING POLICE: SOME DOUBTS Margaret Raymond [FNa1] Copyright (c) 1998 St. John's... 1998 Yes
Eric Blumenson , Eva Nilsen Policing for Profit: the Drug War's Hidden Economic Agenda 65 University of Chicago Law Review 35 (Winter 1998) Table of Contents Introduction. 36 I. The Drug War Dividend. 42 A. Federal Aid to Drug Law Enforcement. 42 B. Forfeiture and Asset Distribution. 44 II. The Conflict of Interest Objections to Self-Financing Police Agencies. 56 A. The Due Process Objection. 57 B. Policy Objections. 76 III. The Accountability Objections to Self-Financing Police; Search Snippet: ...LAW REVIEW University of Chicago Law Review Winter 1998 Article POLICING FOR PROFIT: THE DRUG WAR'S HIDDEN ECONOMIC AGENDA Eric Blumenson... 1998 Yes
Kathleen M. O'Day Pretextual Traffic Stops: Protecting Our Streets or Racist Police Tactics? 23 University of Dayton Law Review 313 (Winter, 1998) C1-3Table of Contents Page I. Introduction. 313 II. Background. 315 III. Analysis. 317 A. Pretextual Traffic Stops Violate Minority Citizens' Fourth Amendment Rights. 317 1. Police Officers Must Have Probable Cause to Initially Stop the Automobile. 318 2. Reasonable Articulable Suspicion During Pretextual Traffic Stops. 322 3. Pretextual Traffic... 1998 Yes
William J. Stuntz Race, Class, and Drugs 98 Columbia Law Review 1795 (November, 1998) Urban crack markets have received more police attention than markets for cocaine powder, and crack buyers and sellers have received harsher punishments than powder buyers and sellers. Crack defendants are largely black; powder defendants are not. Some say this divide is simply racist. Others say the system actually helps black communities by... 1998  
Pamela S. Karlan Race, Rights, and Remedies in Criminal Adjudication 96 Michigan Law Review 2001 (June, 1998) Once upon a time, back before the Warren Court, criminal procedure and racial justice were adjacent hinterlands in constitutional law's empire. In 1954, the fifth edition of Dowling's constitutional law casebook contained one chapter on procedural due process in which six of the eight cases were about criminal justice, and three of those--Powell... 1998  
Viet D. Dinh Races, Crime, and the Law 111 Harvard Law Review 1289 (March, 1998) Randall Kennedy has written an impressive book, one worthy of a scholar doing the smartest work in the area of race. But because the racial conflict upon which it mainly focuses is the white-black confrontation (p. xii), the book misses a golden opportunity to expand the conversation about race to its proper contemporary sphere. Although... 1998  
Susan M. Maxwell Racial Classifications under Strict Scrutiny: Policy Considerations and the Remedial-plus Approach 77 Texas Law Review 259 (November, 1998) Despite the volume and breadth of case law and literature in recent years concerning race and equal protection, federal decisions on challenges to explicit affirmative action programs have left ambiguity as to whether, and when, race may ever appropriately be considered in the spheres of public employment and education. As a result of this... 1998  
Bernard E. Harcourt Reflecting on the Subject: a Critique of the Social Influence Conception of Deterrence, the Broken Windows Theory, and Order-maintenance Policing New York Style 97 Michigan Law Review 291 (November, 1998) Introduction. 292 I. Order-Maintenance Policing: A Critical Description. 301 A. Background. 301 B. The Broken Windows Essay. 302 C. The Social Influence Conception of Deterrence. 305 II. The Lack of Social Science Evidence. 308 A. Replicating Skogan's Study. 309 B. The Sampson and Cohen Study. 329 C. New York City's Falling Crime Rates. 331 D. An... 1998 Yes
Tracey Maclin Terry V. Ohio's Fourth Amendment Legacy: Black Men and Police Discretion 72 Saint John's Law Review 1271 (Summer-Fall 1998) It's harder to work in these neighborhoods now than it used to be because we send the kids to school and teach them about rights and then put them back in the neighborhood. I think we ought to either get rid of these neighborhoods or stop teaching these kids about their rights. --Police officer's response to blacks who resist patrol tactics... 1998 Yes
James J. Fyfe Terry: an Ex-cop's View 72 Saint John's Law Review 1231 (Summer-Fall 1998) Law enforcement officers cannot function simply as agents who respond to the scenes of crimes and accidents after they have occurred. The police role always has and always will be based primarily upon the performance of tasks designed to minimize or prevent such incidents from happening. If there is a unanimous view among cops, it is the belief; Search Snippet: ...Summer-Fall 1998 Terry On the Job TERRY: AN EX- COP'S VIEW James J. Fyfe [FNa1] Copyright (c) 1998 St. John's... 1998  
Gabriel J. Chin , Scott C. Wells The "Blue Wall of Silence" as Evidence of Bias and Motive to Lie: a New Approach to Police Perjury 59 University of Pittsburgh Law Review 233 (Winter 1998) Ah, the cops are far more complex than criminals. For they contain explosive contradictions within themselves. Supposed to be law-enforcers, they tend to conceive of themselves as the law. They are more responsible than the average man, they are more infantile. They are attached umbilically to the concept of honesty, they are profoundly corrupt.... 1998 Yes
Jerome H. Skolnick The Color Line of Punishment 96 Michigan Law Review 1474 (May, 1998) If the color line, (in W.E.B. Du Bois's 1903 phrase and prophecy) was to be the twentieth century's greatest challenge for the domestic life and public policy of the United States, the law has had much to do with drawing its shape. No surprise, this. By now, legal theorists accept that law does not advance in preordained fashion, immune from the... 1998  
Mary I. Coombs The Constricted Meaning of "Community" in Community Policing 72 Saint John's Law Review 1367 (Summer-Fall 1998) In a conference in which the dominant approach has been approving of the Terry doctrine and contemporary police practices, I want to play a somewhat contrarian role. Substantive criminal laws forbidding relatively harmless behaviors can serve the police as a substitute for the authority to carry out Terry stops, as Tracey Meares and Debra... 1998 Yes
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