AuthorTitleCitationSummaryYearkey Terms in Title
Henry J. Reske Verdict on Simpson Trial 81-NOV ABA Journal 48 (November, 1995) The acquittal of O.J. Simpson validated the Dream Team label of his lawyers, who exploited key weaknesses in the prosecution's case but raised jury doubts in places where many observers believed no doubt could exist. The jury's decision, reached in less than four hours, confounded many trial-watchers and experts who had long predicted a hung jury; Search Snippet: ...OBSERVERS SAY PROSECUTION LOST THE CASE OVER A BLOODY GLOVE, RACIST COP Henry J. Reske Copyright (c) 1995 by the American Bar... 1995  
Miriam H. Ruttenberg A Feminist Critique of Mandatory Arrest: an Anallysis of Race and Gender in Domestic Violence Policy 2 American University Journal of Gender & the Law 171 (Spring, 1994) Men have beaten their wives and partners for centuries with no retribution from the criminal justice system. Only recently has domestic violence been targeted by the government as a problem warranting criminal sanctions. For example, in the past two decades many states have enacted mandatory arrest statutes. These statutes are designed to send the... 1994  
Debra Ann Livingston Brutality in Blue: Community, Authority, and the Elusive Promise of Police Reform 92 Michigan Law Review 1556 (May, 1994) In January 1994, President Clinton invited Kevin Jett, a thirty- one-year-old New York City police officer who walks a beat in the northwest Bronx, to attend the State of the Union Address. Jett stood for Congress's applause as the President called for the addition of 100,000 new community police officers to walk beats across the nation. The crime... 1994 Yes
W. Brian Stack Criminal Procedure -- Confessions -- Waiver of Privilege Against Self-incrimination Held Invalid Due to Police Failure to Inform Suspect of Attorney's Attempt to Contact Him -- State V. Reed, 133 N.j. 237, 627 A.2d 630 (1993). 25 Seton Hall Law Review 353 (1994) Arguably the most fundamental purpose of the American judicial system is to determine the guilt or innocence of a person accused of committing a crime. One would expect that a full confession from the accused would be irrefutable proof of that person's guilt. This is not always true, however, because some confessions are inaccurate or made; Search Snippet: ...wAIveR of privilege against seLF-INCRIMINATION HELD INVALID DUE TO POLICE FAILURE TO INFORM SUSPECT OF ATTORNEY'S ATTEMPT TO CONTACT HIM... 1994 Yes
Bryan A. Stevenson , Ruth E. Friedman Deliberate Indifference: Judicial Tolerance of Racial Bias in Criminal Justice 51 Washington and Lee Law Review 509 (Spring, 1994) On April 22, 1987, a majority of the United States Supreme Court announced a startling and deeply disturbing opinion about race and the administration of criminal justice in the United States. Presented with overwhelming statistical evidence of racial bias in Georgia's use of the death penalty, the Court ruled in McCleskey v. Kemp that race-based... 1994  
Stephen D. Mastrofski, R. Richard Ritti, Jeffrey B. Snipes Expectancy Theory and Police Productivity in Dui Enforcement 28 Law and Society Review 113 (1994) This article drew on expectancy theory in industrial/organizational psychology to explain arrest productivity for driving under the influence (DUI) in a sample of Pennsylvania police officers. Expectancy theory is a cognitive model of motivation and performance based on workers' perceptions of their situation. Its major elements are estimated in a; Search Snippet: ...Review 1994 Organizational Theory and Police Arrests EXPECTANCY THEORY AND POLICE PRODUCTIVITY IN DUI ENFORCEMENT Stephen D. Mastrofski R. Richard Ritti... 1994 Yes
Tanya E. Coke Lady Justice May Be Blind, but Is She a Soul Sister? Race-neutrality and the Ideal of Representative Juries 69 New York University Law Review 327 (May, 1994) Conventional wisdom has it that Los Angeles burned in the spring of 1992 because of a damning videotape and a verdict of not guilty. The more precise source of public rage, however, was that the jury which acquitted four white police officers of beating black motorist Rodney King included no African Americans. Public protest following that and... 1994  
Linda Reyna Yanez , Alfonso Soto Local Police Involvement in the Enforcement of Immigration Law 1 Hispanic Law Journal 9 (1994) C1-6TABLE OF CONTENTS L1-6 I. L2-5,T5Introduction 11 II. L2-5,T5Risk of Civil Rights Violations 12 A. L3-5,T5Reported Incidents 13 1. L4-5,T5United States v. Perez-Castro 14 2. L4-5,T5Cervantez v. Withfield 14 B. L3-5,T5Constitutional Standards at Issue 15 1. L4-5,T5Search and Seizure Law 16 2. L4-5,T5Equal Protection 20 III. L2-5,T5Defining the; Search Snippet: ...WL 1026032 HISPANIC LAW JOURNAL Hispanic Law Journal 1994 LOCAL POLICE INVOLVEMENT IN THE ENFORCEMENT OF IMMIGRATION LAW Linda Reyna Yanez... 1994 Yes
Joan Zorza Must We Stop Arresting Batterers?: Analysis and Policy Implications of New Police Domestic Violence Studies 28 New England Law Review 929 (Summer, 1994) From 1985 to 1990 experiments were conducted to determine the relative deterrent value of three different police responses to domestic violence: (1) arrest of the abuser, (2) mediation between the parties, and (3) physical separation of the parties. These experiments followed a 1983 report of the National Institute for Justice finding that arrest... 1994 Yes
Kevin A. Fox, Nutan Christine Shah Natural Born Killers: the Assault Weapons Ban of the Crime Bill -- Legitimate Exercise of Congressional Authority to Control Violent Crime or Infringement of a Constitutional Guarantee? 10 Saint John's Journal of Legal Commentary 123 (Fall, 1994) The United States has seen a sharp increase in violent crime rates. Particularly alarming is the rising tide of gun violence in American society. Assault weapons are some of the most dangerous and frequently used firearms in the commission of these crimes. In an attempt to curb the proliferation of these powerful weapons, Congress passed the; Search Snippet: ...features at least 52 on screen killings); Robert D. McFadden, Police Say Murder Suspect Thinks TV Spied On Him, N.Y. Times... 1994  
Judge Arthur L. Burnett, Sr. Permeation of Race, National Origin and Gender Issues from Initial Law Enforcement Contact Through Sentencing: the Need for Sensitivity, Equalitarianism and Vigilance in the Criminal Justice System 31 American Criminal Law Review 1153 (Summer, 1994) This article takes a close look at the actual operation of the entire criminal justice system with reference to issues of racism, national origin and gender bias, from the initial police or law enforcement contact with the individual through the final process of sentencing the guilty offender. What is the remedy when, in the exercise of police... 1994  
Sa'id Wekili , Hyacinth E. Leus Police Brutality: Problems of Excessive Force Litigation 25 Pacific Law Journal 171 (January, 1994) LET ME BEGIN BY stating what should be obvious: Nothing is more essential to the health of our city--indeed to the very fabric of a democratic society--than the integrity of our police officers. If our citizens believe that the police are dishonest, they will be dishonest. If officers flout the law, respect for the law will be diminished, and the... 1994 Yes
Richard S. Jones Processing Civilian Complaints: a Study of the Milwaukee Fire and Police Commission 77 Marquette Law Review 505 (Spring, 1994) Today our world is brimming with increased racial tensions and negative police-community encounters. This comes in the aftermath of highly publicized cases of police abuse and public questions concerning the extent of police authority and discretion. These questions have led to a renewed interest in civilian review boards. Cities throughout the... 1994 Yes
Margalynne Armstrong Protecting Privilege: Race, Residence and Rodney King 12 Law & Inequality: A Journal of Theory and Practice 351 (June, 1994) The 1992 acquittal of the Los Angeles police officers who beat Rodney King, and the resulting devastation of an already ravaged community, is a parable that contains many different lessons about race in America. Although the verdict's most graphic illustrations are about the manner in which our criminal justice system abuses African Americans, the... 1994  
Michelle A. Travis Psychological Health Tests for Violence-prone Police Officers: Objectives, Shortcomings, and Alternatives 46 Stanford Law Review 1717 (July, 1994) The beating of Rodney King in Los Angeles focused public attention on the issue of police brutality and sparked a debate about how police departments might avoid similar incidents in the future. In this note, Michelle A. Travis examines one response: psychological tests that purport to identify and screen out potentially violent individuals before... 1994 Yes
Wendy Brown-Scott Race Consciousness in Higher Education: Does "Sound Educational Policy" Support the Continued Existence of Historically Black Colleges? 43 Emory Law Journal L.J. 1 (Winter, 1994) C1-3TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction. 3 II. The Need for Historically Black Public Colleges and Universities: Building Trust Through Education. 10 A. The Need for Historically Black Colleges. 10 B. What Went Wrong?. 13 C. Rectifying Pluralistic Ignorance. 20 1. A Short Story. 20 2. A Longer Version. 26 III. Challenging Subordination, Gaining... 1994  
Peter L. Davis Rodney King and the Decriminalization of Police Brutality in America: Direct and Judicial Access to the Grand Jury as Remedies for Victims of Police Brutality When the Prosecutor Declines to Prosecute 53 Maryland Law Review 271 (1994) This Article begins with the premise that, despite political rhetoric and occasional prosecutions to the contrary, police brutality has been effectively decriminalized in this country. The Article adopts the Rodney King case as the paradigm for examining this phenomenon. Scrutinizing the culture and semantics of police brutality, the author... 1994 Yes
John M. Copacino Suspicionless Criminal Seizures after Michigan Department of State Police V. Sitz 31 American Criminal Law Review 251 (Winter, 1994) I. Introduction. 215 II. Michigan Department of State Police v. Sitz. 218 III. The Appropriate Fourth Amendment Analysis. 221 A. The Conventional Approach vs. Reasonableness Balancing. 221 B. The New Era of Reasonableness Balancing. 224 1. Camara v. Municipal Court and its Progeny: Reasonableness Balancing in Civil Cases. 224 2. A Critique of; Search Snippet: ...Winter, 1994 SUSPICIONLESS CRIMINAL SEIZURES AFTER MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF STATE POLICE v. SITZ John M. Copacino [FNa1] Copyright (c) 1994 by... 1994 Yes
Jonathan Hangartner The Constitutionality of Large Scale Police Tactics: Implications for the Right of Intrastate Travel 14 Pace Law Review 203 (Spring 1994) Feeling thirsty on a hot summer night, you head out to the corner store for a soda. On your way home you see an old friend on the street. You stop and shake hands. The police move in. The officers lay you out on the pavement and search you as the neighbors watch. A helicopter clatters overhead shining a spotlight on the ground below. Hundreds of; Search Snippet: ...Law Review Spring 1994 Comment THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF LARGE SCALE POLICE TACTICS: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE RIGHT OF INTRASTATE TRAVEL Jonathan Hangartner... 1994 Yes
David Rudovsky The Impact of the War on Drugs on Procedural Fairness and Racial Equality 1994 University of Chicago Legal Forum 237 (1994) Twelve years ago, President Reagan declared yet another War on Drugs. Today, after the expenditure of billions of dollars on a policy built primarily on the coercion and punishment of drug distributors and users, the War on Drugs has failed to reduce significantly, much less eliminate, drugs as a problem in our society. There have been scattered... 1994  
Robin K. Magee The Myth of the Good Cop and the Inadequacy of Fourth Amendment Remedies for Black Men: Contrasting Presumptions of Innocence and Guilt 23 Capital University Law Review 151 (1994) C1-3Table of Contents L1-2Introduction 153 I. The Myth of the Good Cop. 160 A. The Exclusionary Rule Cases. 161 B. Pretextual Activity. 167 C. Deference, Discretion, and Esteeming Police and Their Decisions. 172 1. Discretion and deference: defined. 173 a. Discretion. 174 i. identifying and scrutinizing the quantum of evidence under Terry as an; Search Snippet: ...Capital University Law Review 1994 THE MYTH OF THE GOOD COP AND THE INADEQUACY OF FOURTH AMENDMENT REMEDIES FOR BLACK MEN... 1994  
Joseph D. McNamara The Police and Violent Crime 51 Washington and Lee Law Review 491 (Spring, 1994) I am twenty-two years old and quite conscious of the newness of my blue uniform, leather gunbelt, and other equipment cops carry. I know I look like a rookie, but there's not much I can do about it. I am five feet, eight inches tall, the minimum height for a New York policeman, and cursed with a baby face that makes me look seventeen. It is Harlem,... 1994 Yes
Julie M. Marcus Up Against the Wall: Municipal Liability for Police Brutality under Respondeat Superior 18 Southern Illinois University Law Journal 655 (Spring, 1994) Police officers exercise the most awesome and dangerous power that a democratic state possesses with respect to its residentsthe power to use lawful force to arrest and detain them. Accompanying this formidable power is the inherent potential for abuse. Accordingly, the legal system and the community at large have long wrestled with the problem... 1994 Yes
John P. Crank Watchman and Community: Myth and Institutionalization in Policing 28 Law and Society Review 325 (1994) The author uses a conceptual framework grounded in theory of institutional process to assess developments in the theory of community-based policing. He suggests that two contemporary myths in policingthe myth of the police watchman and the myth of communityprovide core elements the theory. Both liberal and conservative advocates for reform have... 1994 Yes
Douglas U. Rosenthal When K-9s Cause Chaos--an Examination of Police Dog Policies and Their Liabilities 11 New York Law School Journal of Human Rights 279 (Spring, 1994) With a nick, nack, paddy whack, throw your dog a [suspect]. Although this nursery rhyme distortion grossly oversimplifies the law enforcement tactics employed by K-9 division police officers, nonetheless, the amount of force permissible in a K-9 assisted arrest has come under increasing scrutiny. More specifically, an intense controversy has... 1994 Yes
Douglas L. Colbert Bifurcation of Civil Rights Defendants: Undermining Monell in Police Brutality Cases 44 Hastings Law Journal 499 (March, 1993) C1-3Table of Contents I. The Historical Imperative Behind Section 1983. 510 A. The Civil Rights Act of 1866. 511 B. The Enforcement Act of 1871. 513 II. Judicial Construction of Section 1983. 518 A. Monroe v. Pape. 519 B. Monell v. Department of Social Services. 521 C. Owen v. City of Independence. 523 D. Recent Supreme Court Decisions. 525 III.... 1993 Yes
Drew Patrick Gannon First Amendment Public Forum Analysis: Restrictions on the Right to Receive Information Upheld in Kreimer V. Bureau of Police 97 Dickinson Law Review 411 (Winter, 1993) In Kreimer v. Bureau of Police for the Town of Morristown, the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit reversed a district court's decision which held unconstitutional a set of regulations pertaining to patron conduct in a public library that had closed its doors to a homeless man. In rejecting the district court's standard of review,... 1993 Yes
Sally Gross-Farina Fit for Duty? Cops, Choirpractice, and Another Chance for Healing 47 University of Miami Law Review 1079 (March, 1993) I. Introduction. 1080 II. Booze and the Badge. 1086 A. The Police/Alcohol Link. 1087 1. alcoholism's impact on society. 1087 2. police alcoholism. 1089 B. Alcoholism--The Disease. 1095 1. a fatal slippery slope. 1095 2. religion, genetics and the swat call-out. 1097 C. Alcoholism--Dynamics and Police Culture. 1099 1. the squad's disease. 1101 2; Search Snippet: ...of Miami Law Review March, 1993 Comment FIT FOR DUTY? COPS, CHOIRPRACTICE, AND ANOTHER CHANCE FOR HEALING Sally Gross-Farina Copyright... 1993  
Matthew V. Hess Good Cop-bad Cop: Reassessing the Legal Remedies for Police Misconduct 1993 Utah Law Review 149 (1993) We will not make justices, constables, sheriffs or bailiffs who do not know the law of the land and mean to observe it well. Magna Carta, 1215 A.D. Law enforcement occupies an important position in contemporary American society. Police officers are charged with enforcing the law, pursuing violators, and providing security for the public. In... 1993 Yes
Stanley Z. Fisher Just the Facts, Ma'am: Lying and the Omission of Exculpatory Evidence in Police Reports 28 New England Law Review Rev. 1 (Fall, 1993) C1-3Table of Contents I. Introduction. 2 II. The Reasons for Misleading Reports. 6 A. Introduction. 6 B. Police Lying and Deception. 9 C. The Place of Exculpatory Evidence in Police Reports: Police Norms and Practices. 17 1. Scholarship on Police Investigation Practices. 18 2. The Questionnaire. 22 3. Training Materials and Instruction. 26 D.... 1993 Yes
Stanley Z. Fisher Just the Facts, Ma'am: Lying and the Omission of Exculpatory Evidence in Police Reports 28 New England Law Review 1 (Fall, 1993) C1-3Table of Contents I. Introduction. 2 II. The Reasons for Misleading Reports. 6 A. Introduction. 6 B. Police Lying and Deception. 9 C. The Place of Exculpatory Evidence in Police Reports: Police Norms and Practices. 17 1. Scholarship on Police Investigation Practices. 18 2. The Questionnaire. 22 3. Training Materials and Instruction. 26 D; Search Snippet: ...FACTS, MA'AM: LYING AND THE OMISSION OF EXCULPATORY EVIDENCE IN POLICE REPORTS Stanley Z. Fisher [FNa] Copyright (c) 1993 by the... 1993 Yes
Nancy J. King Postconviction Review of Jury Discrimination: Measuring the Effects of Juror Race on Jury Decisions 92 Michigan Law Review 63 (October, 1993) In the spring of 1992, a state jury with no black members acquitted four white police officers charged with using excessive force to restrain black motorist Rodney King. Many Americans who had watched the relentlessly televised videotape of the officers delivering sixty-one baton blows in eighty-one seconds found the acquittals incredible. Some... 1993  
Patricia G. Steinhoff Pursuing the Japanese Police 27 Law and Society Review 827 (1993) David H. Bayley, Forces of Order: Policing Modern Japan. 2d ed. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991. xvi+193 pp. $38.00 cloth; $13.00 paper. Peter J. Katzenstein & Yutaka Tsujinaka, Defending the Japanese State: Structure, Norms and the Political Responses to Terrorism and Violent Social Protest in the 1970s and 1980s. Cornell East Asian; Search Snippet: ...Law and Society Review 1993 Review Essay PURSUING THE JAPANESE POLICE Patricia G. Steinhoff [FNa1] Copyright (c) 1993 by The Law... 1993 Yes
Sheri Lynn Johnson Racial Imagery in Criminal Cases 67 Tulane Law Review 1739 (June, 1993) I. The Prevalence and Perniciousness of Racial Imagery in Criminal Cases. 1743 A. The Source and Setting of Racial Imagery. 1743 1. Pretrial Publicity. 1744 2. Before the Evidence-Voir Dire and Opening Statements. 1745 3. Testimony. 1746 4. Closing Arguments and Jury Instructions. 1748 5. Deliberations. 1749 B. Specific Stereotypes and Fears. 1750... 1993  
Joseph F. Sheley Structural Influences on the Problem of Race, Crime, and Criminal Justice Discrimination 67 Tulane Law Review 2273 (June, 1993) I. Introduction. 2273 II. Differential Crime Rates. 2275 III. Criminal Justice System Discrimination. 2276 VI. Policy Rooted in Causes. 2279 V. Structural Sources of Criminal Justice Bias. 2287 VI. Conclusion. 2290 1993  
Chris Braeske The Drug War Comes to a Highway near You: Police Power to Effectuate Highway "Narcotics Checkpoints" under the Federal and State Constitutions 11 Law & Inequality: A Journal of Theory and Practice 449 (June, 1993) On the night of July 30, 1992, law enforcement authorities set up a narcotics checkpoint on Interstate 35W south of Minneapolis, Minnesota, randomly stopping 650 cars. This checkpoint led to drug charges against seven people for possessing small amounts of marijuana. While Minnesota authorities have previously used this tactic to facilitate... 1993 Yes
Alison L. Patton The Endless Cycle of Abuse: Why 42 U.s.c. § 1983 Is Ineffective in Deterring Police Brutality 44 Hastings Law Journal 753 (March, 1993) When a police officer uses excessive force against an individual, that individual can sue the officer for violating her civil rights under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Section 1983 actions seek damages or injunctions against abusive police techniques. Years after Congress enacted section 1983, attorneys, legislators and citizens are questioning the statute's... 1993 Yes
Paul Hoffman The Feds, Lies, and Videotape: the Need for an Effective Federal Role in Controlling Police Abuse in Urban America 66 Southern California Law Review 1453 (May, 1993) I. INTRODUCTION. 1455 II. THE FACE OF POLICE ABUSE IN LOS ANGELES. 1461 A. The Rodney King Beating. 1461 B. The Social and Political Context of Police Abuse in Los Angeles. 1462 C. The Landscape of Police Abuse in Los Angeles. 1471 1. Excessive Force. 1473 2. Operation Hammer. 1475 3. Pretext Stops. 1476 4. Abuses by the LASD. 1478 5. Bad Apples'... 1993 Yes
Amy B. Bloom A. Racial Classifications in Consent Decree Permissible to Ameliorate past Effects of Racial Discrimination-stuart V. Roache, 951 F.2d 446 (1st Cir.1991), Cert. Denied, 112 S.ct. 1948 (1992) 26 Suffolk University Law Review 850 (Fall, 1992) The Fourteenth Amendment's guarantee of equal treatment to all citizens permits only those racial classifications that withstand strict scrutiny analysis. In Stuart v. Roache, the Court of Appeals for the First Circuit considered whether a consent decree that favored minority police officers for promotions solely because of their race remained... 1992  
Eric S. Connuck Constitutional Law: the Viability of Section 1983 Actions in Response to Police Misconduct 1990 Annual Survey of American Law 747 (April, 1992) Section 1983 of the Civil Rights Act provides redress for allegations of police misconduct. It provides an aggrieved individual with a federal cause of action against both the offending police officer and the municipality for their constitutional torts. Because it is extremely intrusive upon individual liberties, police conduct involving the... 1992 Yes
David Rudovsky Police Abuse: Can the Violence Be Contained? 27 Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 465 (Summer, 1992) Thirty years ago, in Monroe v. Pape, the United States Supreme Court first addressed the question of whether or not abuses committed by state police officers were subject to suit under the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871, popularly known as Section 1983. Monroe presented allegations of police abuse in a quintessential form: several heavily armed police... 1992 Yes
Kevin P. Jenkins Police Use of Deadly Force Against Minorities: Ways to Stop the Killing 9 Harvard BlackLetter Journal J. 1 (Spring, 1992) May I ask what we are killing him for when he steals an automobile and runs off with it? Are we killing him for stealing the automobile? If we catch him and try him, we throw every protection around him. We say he cannot be tried until 12 men of the grand jury indict him, and then he cannot be convicted until 12 men of the petit jury have proved... 1992 Yes
Kevin P. Jenkins Police Use of Deadly Force Against Minorities: Ways to Stop the Killing 9 Harvard BlackLetter Journal 1 (Spring, 1992) May I ask what we are killing him for when he steals an automobile and runs off with it? Are we killing him for stealing the automobile? If we catch him and try him, we throw every protection around him. We say he cannot be tried until 12 men of the grand jury indict him, and then he cannot be convicted until 12 men of the petit jury have proved; Search Snippet: ...Spring, 1992 Criminal Law: The Quest for Change and Equality POLICE USE OF DEADLY FORCE AGAINST MINORITIES: WAYS TO STOP THE... 1992 Yes
Jeremy Rabkin Racial Progress and Constitutional Roadblocks 34 William and Mary Law Review 75 (Fall, 1992) Civil rights has been a fierce political and ideological battleground over the past two decades. Advocates of a color blind Constitution condemn group entitlements as subverting individual rights and national cohesion. Defenders of racial preference policies, on the other hand, insist that only sustained government measures, including race... 1992  
Josephine Chow Sticks and Stones Will Break My Bones, but Will Racist Humor?: a Look Around the World at Whether Police Officers Have a Free Speech Right to Engage in Racist Humor 14 Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Journal 851 (October, 1992) Batten down the hatches, several thousand Zulus approaching from the North. We have his oriental buddy for 11364. Great . make sure u burn him if he's on felony probation . by the way does he need any breaking. Hi . just got mexercise for the night. Above are just a few examples of what police call blue humor. Covering the gamut of... 1992 Yes
Allen T. McGlynn The Constitutional Ramifications of Calling a Police Officer an "Asshole." 16 Southern Illinois University Law Journal 741 (Spring, 1992) A citizen's qualified right to speak out against the government and its agents is a cornerstone of the freedom of speech guaranteed by the First Amendment. Because an individual's right to free speech and the government's inherent distaste for criticism often collide, courts have had ample opportunities to explore the scope of protections offered... 1992 Yes
Tracey L. McCain The Interplay of Editorial and Prosecutorial Discretion in the Perpetuation of Racism in the Criminal Justice System 25 Columbia Journal of Law and Social Problems 601 (Summer, 1992) The United States Constitution guarantees individuals charged with crimes a fair trial. The Constitution, however, does not guarantee that a suspect will not be stigmatized as a criminal before she is charged with a crime. Blind faith has been placed on safeguards within the courtroom and the trial process to protect the innocent, but these... 1992  
Darlene Ricker Behind the Silence 77-JUL ABA Journal 45 (July, 1991) The home video exploded on the nation's consciousness in early March: a display of official savagery like nothing the country has seen since Bull Connor. For seven minutes, the nation watched Los Angeles Police Sgt. Stacey Koon pull the wires of his stun gun and step out of the way of Officers Theodore Briseno, Timothy Wind and Laurence Powell so... 1991  
  Defining a Seizure -- Police Chases and Bus Sweeps: Florida V. Bostick and California V. Hodari D. 105 Harvard Law Review Association 297 (November, 1991) Efforts to curb the distribution of illegal drugs have led to the use of controversial investigative tactics by police departments. Although law enforcement officers occasionally succeed in discovering narcotics, defendants frequently argue that these tactics violate the Fourth Amendment's prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures; Search Snippet: ...and Seizure 105 Harv. L. Rev. 77 DEFINING A SEIZURE -- POLICE CHASES AND BUS SWEEPS: FLORIDA v. BOSTICK AND CALIFORNIA v... 1991 Yes
Lauren L. McFarlane Domestic Violence Victims V. Municipalities: Who Pays When the Police Will Not Respond? 41 Case Western Reserve Law Review 929 (1991) DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IS the most common type of assault in this country. With an estimated three to four million American women abused by husbands or intimate partners each year, domestic violence has become the primary cause of injury to women in the United States. Domestic assaults typically become more frequent and severe as time passes, sometimes... 1991 Yes
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