AuthorTitleCitationSummaryYearkey Terms in Title
Sharad Goel, Maya Perelman, Ravi Shroff, David Alan Sklansky Combatting Police Discrimination in the Age of Big Data 20 New Criminal Law Review 181 (Spring, 2017) The exponential growth of available information about routine police activities offers new opportunities to improve the fairness and effectiveness of police practices. We illustrate the point by showing how a particular kind of calculation made possible by modem, large-scale datasets--determining the likelihood that stopping and frisking a... 2017 Yes
Nora V. Demleitner Commodifying Policing: a Recipe for Community-police Tensions 51 Georgia Law Review 1047 (Summer, 2017) C1-2Table of Contents I. Introduction. 1048 II. Police Funding: The Impact of Neoliberalism. 1050 III. Alternative Revenue Sources for Police and Related Agencies. 1052 A. ASSET FORFEITURES. 1053 B. CITATIONS: FINES FOR TRAFFIC AND MUNICIPAL VIOLATIONS. 1057 C. COURT FEES. 1062 D. GOVERNMENT GRANTS AND EQUIPMENT FREEBIES. 1068 IV. Performance... 2017 Yes
Dr. Cedric L. Alexander Community Policing as a Counter to Bias in Policing: a Personal Perspective 126 Yale Law Journal Forum 381 (January 31, 2017) Some forty years ago, I was a very young black man living in the Florida panhandle. My dream was to get into law enforcement, but I first needed to get into the state academy, which required the endorsement of a Florida police executive. The chief of the Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University Police Department--a black chief in an... 2017 Yes
Grace E. Leeper Conditional Spending and the Need for Data on Lethal Use of Police Force 92 New York University Law Review 2053 (December, 2017) When it wants to be, the federal government is good at counting things. It tracks average daily caffeine intake (300 milligrams per adult older than twenty-two in 2008), weekly instances of the flu (875 reported by public health laboratories in the week ending January 14, 2017), monthly production of hens' eggs (8.97 billion in December 2016), and; Search Snippet: ...SPENDING AND THE NEED FOR DATA ON LETHAL USE OF POLICE FORCE Grace E. Leeper [FNa1] Copyright © 2017 by Grace E... 2017 Yes
Jonathan Abel Cops and Pleas: Police Officers' Influence on Plea Bargaining 126 Yale Law Journal 1730 (April, 2017) Police officers play an important, though little-understood, role in plea bargaining. This Essay examines the many ways in which prosecutors and police officers consult, collaborate, and clash with each other over plea bargaining. Using original interviews with criminal justice officials from around the country, this Essay explores the mechanisms; Search Snippet: ...1532350 YALE LAW JOURNAL Yale Law Journal April, 2017 Essay COPS AND PLEAS: POLICE OFFICERS' INFLUENCE ON PLEA BARGAINING Jonathan Abel [FNa1] Copyright © 2017... 2017 Yes
Andrew Stokes Cops for Hire: Reforming Regulation of Private Police in Washington State 16 Seattle Journal for Social Justice 561 (Fall, 2017) In late 2015, some residents of Seattle, Washington believed their neighborhoods were experiencing a crime epidemic. The Seattle Police Department was seen as slow to respond to some crimes, including property crimes and drug use. In response, residents pooled their resources to hire private police to patrol their neighborhoods. The private police... 2017 Yes
I. Glenn Cohen , Harry S. Graver Cops, Docs, and Code: a Dialogue Between Big Data in Health Care and Predictive Policing 51 U.C. Davis Law Review 437 (December, 2017) C1-2Table of Contents I. Everything Some Things You Wanted to Know About Predictive Analytics in Policing and Health Care in Fewer than 1700 Words. 440 A. Predictive Policing. 440 B. Predictive Analytics in Health Care. 445 II. What Can the Doc and Cop Teach Each Other?. 447 A. Big Data and Equality. 447 B. Role Disruption, Training Gaps, and... 2017 Yes
Thomas E. Reifer, University of San Diego Crook County: Racism and Injustice in America's Largest Criminal Court. By Nicole Gonzalez Van Cleve. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2016. 272 Pp. $24.00 Hardcover 51 Law and Society Review 204 (March, 2017) Crook County is a powerful sociological exploration of the largest unified criminal courthouse in the United States--Cook County, Chicago--a telling excavation of America's separate and unequal system of racialized criminal (in)justice. Based on 10 years of ethnographic fieldwork, Van Cleve dramatically reveals the role of the courts, and what she... 2017  
Elizabeth J. Andonova, J.D. Cycle of Misconduct: How Chicago Has Repeatedly Failed to Police its Police 10 DePaul Journal for Social Justice 1 (Winter, 2017) This article is being republished with the express consent of The National Lawyers Guild. This article was originally published in the National Lawyers Guild Summer 2016 Review, Volume 73, Number 2. That document can be found at: https://www.nlg.org/nlg-review/wpcontent/uploads/sites/2/2016/11/NLGRev-73-2-final-digital.pdf. The DePaul Journal for; Search Snippet: ...Article CYCLE OF MISCONDUCT: HOW CHICAGO HAS REPEATEDLY FAILED TO POLICE ITS POLICE Elizabeth J. Andonova , J.D. [FNa1] Copyright © 2017 by DePaul University... 2017 Yes
Taylor Pugliese Dangerous Intersection: Protecting People with Mental Disabilities from Police Brutality During Arrests Using the Americans with Disabilities Act 46 Hofstra Law Review 765 (Winter 2017) He has a TBI .. He's not going to do anything to you guys. He just took his medicine, are some of the last words that Rakeyia Scott shouted at police officers before they shot and killed her husband. Rakeyia's husband, Keith, suffered from a traumatic brain injury (TBI) he obtained in a motorcycle crash the previous year. Keith Scott's death... 2017 Yes
Cristal Harris Dark Innocence: Retraining Police with Mindfulness Practices to Aid in Squelching Implicit Bias 51 University of San Francisco Law Review 103 (2017) I was suddenly woken to yells and screams. I shared a bunk bed with my cousin. I had not heard much except Leonard Brown! It ain't him! She ain't him! My eyes went ablaze searching around frantically. Dreams broken to reality. There were guns everywhere. Men like giants. Deadly black pieces of metal drawn, ready to shoot at whoever dared move... 2017 Yes
Blanche Bong Cook Death-dealing Imaginations: Racial Profiling, Criminality, and Black Innocence 63 Wayne Law Review Rev. 9 (Spring, 2017) In 1988, the George H. W. Bush campaign saturated the media airways with images, ads, and commercials featuring nightmarish, boogieman-like, and dog-whistling images of Willie Horton. Horton had raped a white female while he was temporarily released from prison on a weekend furlough program, where he was already serving a life sentence for... 2017  
Stephen Rushin, Griffin Edwards De-policing 102 Cornell Law Review 721 (March, 2017) Critics have long claimed that when the law regulates police behavior it inadvertently reduces officer aggressiveness, thereby increasing crime. This hypothesis has taken on new significance in recent years as prominent politicians and law enforcement leaders have argued that increased oversight of police officers in the wake of the events in... 2017 Yes
Andrew S. Baer Dignity Restoration and the Chicago Police Torture Reparations Ordinance 92 Chicago-Kent Law Review 769 (2017) Focusing on a high-profile police torture scandal from 1970s and 1980s Chicago, this essay expands on Bernadette Atuahene's theory of dignity takings and dignity restoration by foregrounding the agency of dignity takers and dignity restorers. Section II summarizes Atuahene's model and reviews how scholars have borrowed, applied, and extended her... 2017 Yes
Andrew D. Selbst Disparate Impact in Big Data Policing 52 Georgia Law Review 109 (Fall, 2017) Data-driven decision systems are taking over. No institution in society seems immune from the enthusiasm that automated decision-making generates, including--and perhaps especially--the police. Police departments are increasingly deploying data mining techniques to predict, prevent, and investigate crime. But all data mining systems have the... 2017 Yes
Jennifer K. Wagner Dna, Racial Disparities, and Biases in Criminal Justice: Searching for Solutions 27 Albany Law Journal of Science and Technology 95 (2017) [W]e remain imprisoned by the past as long as we deny its influence in the present. ~Justice Brennan The human genome underlies the fundamental unity of all members of the human family, as well as the recognition of their inherent dignity and diversity. ~Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights I. Maryland v. King. 99 Facts... 2017  
Jackson Polansky , Henry F. Fradella Does "Precrime" Mesh with the Ideals of U.s. Justice?: Implications for the Future of Predictive Policing 15 Cardozo Public Law, Policy and Ethics Journal 253 (Spring, 2017) 254 Introduction. 254 A. Contemporary Predictive Policing. 256 B. From Predictive Policing to Precrime?. 258 I. Getting Ahead of Crime Using Technology. 260 A. Imperfect Databases and Probable Cause. 262 B. Other Imperfect Tools of Technology Used in Predictive Policing. 266 C. Imperfect Informants and Probable Cause. 268 II. Precrime and; Search Snippet: ...IDEALS OF U.S. JUSTICE?: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FUTURE OF PREDICTIVE POLICING Jackson Polansky [FNa1] Henry F. Fradella [FNaa1] Copyright © 2017 by... 2017 Yes
Shad E. Christman Excessive Force Cases and Incidents of Deadly Police Force Ignite Possibilities for Change in Eighth Circuit § 1983 Law 62 South Dakota Law Review 418 (2017) Numerous recent instances of the use of deadly police force against members of minority communities has started a burning nationwide discussion about the criminal culpability of police officers. Closely related to this discussion is the civil liability of police officers who are accused of using excessive force. Several contentious cases in the... 2017 Yes
Kendal Harden Exposure to Police Brutality Allows for Transparency and Accountability of Law Enforcement 33 John Marshall Journal of Information Technology & Privacy Law 75 (2017) In 2014, 23 years since a bystander filmed the beating of Rodney King, another filming of police brutality took place, this time captured with a personal cell phone, ending in tragedy. On July 17, 2014, Eric Garner was approached by two plain clothed police officers regarding the sale of untaxed cigarettes. As the officers approached Mr. Garner,... 2017 Yes
Rinat Kitai-Sangero Extending Miranda: Prohibition on Police Lies Regarding the Incriminating Evidence 54 San Diego Law Review 611 (Summer, 2017) C1-2Table of Contents I. Introduction. 612 II. Using Deceit and Lies During Interrogation and Its Justifications. 613 A. Using Deceit and Lies. 613 B. Lies Concerning the Incriminating Evidence. 619 III. Arguments Against Using Lies. 622 A. The Slippery Slope Argument and Legitimizing Lies. 623 B. Harm to the Relationship of Trust Between Citizens; Search Snippet: ...Diego Law Review Summer, 2017 Article EXTENDING MIRANDA: PROHIBITION ON POLICE LIES REGARDING THE INCRIMINATING EVIDENCE Rinat Kitai-Sangero [FNa1] Copyright... 2017 Yes
Peter J. Boettke, Liya Palagashvili, Ennio E. Piano Federalism and the Police: an Applied Theory of "Fiscal Attention" 49 Arizona State Law Journal 907 (Fall, 2017) Policing in America has made a drastic transformation over the mid-twentieth century. Local police agencies today are more federally funded, they dress like the military, they police more federal initiatives, and the constitutional and fiscal boundaries between local police and the federal government have been blurred. At the same time, conflicts... 2017 Yes
Elizabeth E. Joh Feeding the Machine: Policing, Crime Data, & Algorithms 26 William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal 287 (December, 2017) Police departments are increasingly turning to big data tools to answer some familiar questions. Where will the next crime occur? Which person is likely to commit that next crime, and who will be the victim? What threat does that driver sitting in his stopped car pose? Traditionally, the police have answered these questions with a mixture of... 2017 Yes
SpearIt Firepower to the People! Gun Rights & the Law of Self-defense to Curb Police Misconduct 85 Tennessee Law Review 189 (Fall, 2017) Introduction to an Ongoing Crisis in Criminal Justice. 190 I. Exercising Self-Defense Under Law of Color. 194 A. Race Matters to Everyone. 194 B. A Logical Absurdity. 199 II. Gun Rights Logic. 201 A. Legislative Responses to Mass Shootings. 201 B. Protecting the Person: Model Penal Code & Majority Views. 204 i. Self Defense: Reasonable Belief,... 2017 Yes
Connie Felix Chen Freeze, You're on Camera: Can Body Cameras Improve American Policing on the Streets and at the Borders? 48 University of Miami Inter-American Law Review 141 (Spring, 2017) In the United States, recent killings of civilians by law enforcement have propelled body cameras to the forefront of solutions to the epidemic of police misconduct. Preliminary studies suggest that body cameras create a win-win situation for both the police and the public by producing a civilizing effect on all parties involved. The problem,... 2017 Yes
Tom R. Tyler From Harm Reduction to Community Engagement: Redefining the Goals of American Policing in the Twenty-first Century 111 Northwestern University Law Review 1537 (2017) Society would gain if the police moved away from the goal of harm reduction via crime reduction and toward promoting the economic, social, and political vitality of American communities. Research suggests that the police can contribute to this goal if they design and implement their policies and practices in ways that promote public... 2017 Yes
Michael Tonry From Policing to Parole: Reconfiguring American Criminal Justice 46 Crime and Justice Just. 1 (2017) No one would have purposely created criminal justice systems like those that now exist in the United States. Few informed people would disagree with the following litany of problems: laws that criminalize behaviors that should not be criminal and by weakening traditional mens rea requirements make it too easy to convict morally innocent people; ... 2017 Yes
Michael Tonry From Policing to Parole: Reconfiguring American Criminal Justice 46 Crime and Justice 1 (2017) No one would have purposely created criminal justice systems like those that now exist in the United States. Few informed people would disagree with the following litany of problems: laws that criminalize behaviors that should not be criminal and by weakening traditional mens rea requirements make it too easy to convict morally innocent people; ; Search Snippet: ...WL 1968052 CRIME AND JUSTICE Crime and Justice 2017 FROM POLICING TO PAROLE: RECONFIGURING AMERICAN CRIMINAL JUSTICE Michael Tonry Copyright © 2017... 2017 Yes
Jason Mazzone, Stephen Rushin From Selma to Ferguson: the Voting Rights Act as a Blueprint for Police Reform 105 California Law Review 263 (April, 2017) The Voting Rights Act of 1965 revolutionized access to the voting booth. Rather than responding to claims of voter suppression through litigation against individual states or localities, the Voting Rights Act introduced a coverage formula that preemptively regulated a large number of localities across the country. In doing so, the Voting Rights Act... 2017 Yes
Devon W. Carbado From Stop and Frisk to Shoot and Kill: Terry V. Ohio's Pathway to Police Violence 64 UCLA Law Review 1508 (December, 2017) Much of the debate about race and police violence against African Americans center on a question about causation: What precisely causes police violence against African Americans? For some, the answer is decidedly simple: rogue police officers acting outside of the boundaries of the law. For others, the answer is far more complex and implicates a... 2017 Yes
Devon W. Carbado From Stopping Black People to Killing Black People: the Fourth Amendment Pathways to Police Violence 105 California Law Review 125 (February, 2017) The years 2014 to 2016 likely will go down as a significant if not watershed period in the history of U.S. race relations. Police killing of African Americans has engendered further conversations about race and policing. Yet, in most of the discussions about these tragic deaths, little attention has been paid to a significant dimension of the... 2017 Yes
Isabella Nascimento Hands Up, Don't Shoot: the Use of Deadly Force by Police Against Racial Minorities in the United States 24 U.C. Davis Journal of International Law and Policy 63 (Fall, 2017) Recently, the U.S. has attracted negative attention because of the prevalence of the use of deadly force by police against Black Americans. The public--both national and international--have criticized the U.S.'s culture of police impunity, claiming that it is in violation of various international human rights treaties. This Comment analyzes the... 2017 Yes
Stephen L. Braga, Professor of Law, University of Virginia School of Law Holloman V. Markowski 36 Developments in Mental Health Law L. 1 (Fall, 2017) This past court term, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit decided the case of Holloman v. Markowski, No. 15-1878 (4th Cir. Oct. 7, 2016). Four years earlier, Marcella Holloman's mentally ill son Maurice Johnson (Johnson) was shot to death by two officers of the Baltimore Police Department (BPD). Holloman sued the officers... 2017  
Stephen L. Braga, Professor of Law, University of Virginia School of Law Holloman V. Markowski 36 Developments in Mental Health Law 1 (Fall, 2017) This past court term, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit decided the case of Holloman v. Markowski, No. 15-1878 (4th Cir. Oct. 7, 2016). Four years earlier, Marcella Holloman's mentally ill son Maurice Johnson (Johnson) was shot to death by two officers of the Baltimore Police Department (BPD). Holloman sued the officers; Search Snippet: ...Article HOLLOMAN v. MARKOWSKI An Opportunity for Further Reflection on Police Encounters with People in Mental Health Crisis Stephen L. Braga... 2017  
Eleanor Lumsden How Much Is Police Brutality Costing America? 40 University of Hawaii Law Review 141 (Winter 2017) L1-2INTRODUCTION . L3142 I. A BRIEF HISTORY OF POLICING. 145 II. FEDERAL LAW. 155 A. The United States Constitution. 155 B. Federal Statutory Law. 158 III. THE COMMON LAW OF TORTS. 162 IV. THE COSTS OF POLICE BRUTALITY. 165 A. Direct, Current Costs. 165 1. Costs to Victims. 165 2. Broken Homes and Families. 172 B. Indirect, Current Costs. 174 1.... 2017 Yes
John Rappaport How Private Insurers Regulate Public Police 130 Harvard Law Review 1539 (April, 2017) C1-3CONTENTS L1-2Introduction . L31541 I. The Provision of Police Liability Insurance. 1550 A. Conceptual Overview of Liability Insurance. 1551 B. The 1980s Insurance Crisis and the Rise of Intergovernmental Risk Pools. 1555 C. The Contemporary Market for Police Liability Insurance. 1558 1. Commercial Insurance, Risk Pooling, and Self-Insurance.... 2017 Yes
Kimberly Barsamian Kahn, Joel S. Steele, Jean M. McMahon, Greg Stewart , Portland State University How Suspect Race Affects Police Use of Force in an Interaction over Time 41 Law and Human Behavior 117 (April, 2017) Although studies often find racial disparities in policing outcomes, less is known about how suspect race biases police interactions as they unfold. This study examines what is differentially occurring during police-suspect interactions for White, Black, and Latino suspects across time. It is hypothesized that racial bias may be more evident... 2017 Yes
L. Song Richardson Implicit Racial Bias and Racial Anxiety: Implications for Stops and Frisks 15 Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law 73 (Fall, 2017) I. Introduction. 74 II. Implicit Racial Bias and Racial Anxiety. 75 A. Judgments of Suspicion: The Influence of Implicit Racial Bias. 75 1. Increased Scrutiny. 76 2. Biased Evaluations of Ambiguous Behaviors. 76 B. Interactions: The Influence of Racial Anxiety. 78 III. Implications for Policing and the Fourth Amendment. 81 A. Acting on Racial... 2017  
Rachel Moran In Police We Trust 62 Villanova Law Review 953 (2017) IN the opening episode of the extraordinary 2016 documentary O.J.: Made in America, Joe Saltzman--a professor at the University of Southern California during the 1960s, when O.J. Simpson played football there--weighs in on the issue of Los Angeles police officers' maltreatment of black and brown Los Angeleños during that time period. I didn't... 2017 Yes
Jamila Jefferson-Jones Introduction to Symposium Issue: Race and Police Power 85 UMKC Law Review 539 (Spring, 2017) In the nearly three years that have passed since the shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, activists, reformers, politicians, legal commentators, and the general public are still grappling with the question of what progress, if any, has been made to address issues of race and police misconduct. This symposium issue explores the topic of... 2017 Yes
Nicholas J. Johnson Lawful Gun Carriers (Police and Armed Citizens): License, Escalation, and Race 80 Law and Contemporary Problems 209 (2017) We take lawful gun carriers for granted--at least some of them. We are acclimated to armed men and women in uniforms. We accept that those people are charged with enforcing rules that our society has agreed on, including the possibility that state agents might use guns to enforce those rules. In a broad range of circumstances, we validate the... 2017 Yes
Katherine J. Bies Let the Sunshine In: Illuminating the Powerful Role Police Unions Play in Shielding Officer Misconduct 28 Stanford Law and Policy Review 109 (2017) Introduction. 110 I. Arguments for and Against Police Officer Misconduct Confidentiality Laws. 113 A. Overview of Confidentiality Legislation. 114 B. The Argument for Confidentiality. 115 C. Countervailing Public Interest: Transparency and Accountability. 117 1. Accountable and Transparent Decision-making. 118 2. Trust and Community Relations. 119... 2017 Yes
  Litigating Police Misconduct: Does the Litigation Process Matter? Does it Work? 11 Northwestern Journal of Law & Social Policy 366 (Fall, 2017) TRANSCRIPT OF PROCEEDINGS held at Northwestern University School of Law, Thorne Auditorium, 375 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, on the 13th day of November, A.D. 2015, at 11:00 a.m. MODERATOR: MR. LOCKE E. BOWMAN, Clinical Professor of Law at Northwestern University School of Law, and Executive Director of the Roderick and Solange MacArthur... 2017 Yes
Azadeh Shahshahani Local Police Entanglement with Immigration Enforcement in Georgia 2017 Cardozo Law Review de novo 105 (2017) C1-2Table of Contents Introduction. 105 I. Section 287(g). 106 II. House Bill 87. 111 III. Secure Communities. 113 IV. Priority Enforcement Program. 116 Conclusion. 118 2017 Yes
Francis X. Shen Minority Mens Rea: Racial Bias and Criminal Mental States 68 Hastings Law Journal 1007 (June, 2017) The American criminal justice system relies upon jurors to regularly decode the mental states of criminal defendants. These determinations are often of black and Hispanic defendants, making minority mens rea a centerpiece of the justice process. This Article presents an empirical investigation of how jury eligible subjects decode minority mens... 2017  
Andrew C. Hanna Municipal Liability and Police Training for Mental Illness: Causes of Action and Feasible Solutions 14 Indiana Health Law Review 221 (2017) C1-3Table of Contents I. Introduction. 222 A. The Issue. 223 B. Roadmap. 227 II. Background. 228 A. Law Enforcement as First Responders. 228 B. Deinstitutionalization. 232 C. Current Police Training for Mental Illness. 234 D. Deadly Consequences. 236 III. Municipal Liability. 238 A. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). 238 1. Causes of; Search Snippet: ...REVIEW Indiana Health Law Review 2017 Note MUNICIPAL LIABILITY AND POLICE TRAINING FOR MENTAL ILLNESS: CAUSES OF ACTION AND FEASIBLE SOLUTIONS... 2017 Yes
Jelani Jefferson Exum Nearsighted and Colorblind: the Perspective Problems of Police Deadly Force Cases 65 Cleveland State Law Review 491 (2017) In dealing with the recently publicized instances of police officers' use of deadly force, some reform efforts have been focused on the entities that are central to the successful prosecutions of police--the prosecutor and the grand jury. Some have suggested special, independent prosecutors for these cases so that the process of deciding whether to... 2017 Yes
Jeffrey Fagan , Elliott Ash New Policing, New Segregation: from Ferguson to New York 106 Georgetown Law Journal Online 33 (2017) In popular and political culture, many observers credit nearly twenty-five years of declining crime rates to the New Policing. Breaking with a past tradition of reactive policing, the New Policing emphasizes advanced statistical metrics, new forms of organizational accountability, and aggressive tactical enforcement of minor crimes. The... 2017 Yes
Lindsey de Stefan No Man Is above the Law and No Man Is below It: How Qualified Immunity Reform Could Create Accountability and Curb Widespread Police Misconduct 47 Seton Hall Law Review 543 (2017) In recent months, it has been difficult to ignore the overwhelming presence of police violence in the media. Hardly a month has gone by without headlines asserting use of excessive force, brutality, or other misconduct in some corner of the United States. It seems that no region of the nation has been unaffected by the violence, with civilian... 2017 Yes
Jeremy Dunham, Holly Lawford-Smith, University of Sheffield, Department of Philosophy, j.dunham@sheffield.ac.uk, University of Sheffield, Department of Philosophy, h.lawford-smith@sheffield.ac.uk Offsetting Race Privilege 11 Journal of Ethics & Social Philosophy Phil. 1 (January, 2017) ON SATURDAY, AUGUST 9, 2014, Michael Brown was shot - six times - and killed by Darren Wilson, a white police officer in Ferguson, Missouri (see e.g., Buchanan et al. (2014)). Since that date, Ferguson has been the center of a movement in the United States against what amounts to modern racial separation. Brown was the fourth unarmed black man to... 2017  
Cynthia H. Conti-Cook Open Data Policing 106 Georgetown Law Journal Online Online 1 (2017) More than any other promised police reform, the public would benefit from the government adopting an open data philosophy towards police accountability data. Open data in the context of public policy is the philosophy that when the government provides people access to its process, decision-making, and data, a more effective ecosystem for... 2017 Yes
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39