AuthorTitleCitationSummaryYearkey Terms in Title or Summary
Olivia S. Callan HUMAN RIGHTS IN TEXAS: ANALYZING OPERATION LONE STAR THROUGH A HUMAN RIGHTS FRAMEWORK 34 Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law 265 (Spring, 2024) In 2021, Texas Governor Greg Abbott launched Operation Lone Star (OLS) under the guise of border security. For over three years, OLS has threatened the lives of migrants and U.S. citizens alike. While advocates have primarily challenged OLS under U.S. state and federal law, this Note examines arguments based on the U.S.'s international treaty... 2024  
April Guevara Espinoza HUMANIZING THE MEXICAN MIGRANT 20 Northwestern Journal of Law & Social Policy 1 (Fall, 2024) Given the past election season and craze about the immigration crisis, it is of paramount importance to reflect on how and why migrants, particularly Mexican migrants, are positioned as less than in our society. Immigration is more than a political platform issue; it concerns real people whose real lives are affected. Mexican migrants are used... 2024 Yes
Kenneth Williams IF BLACK LIVES REALLY MATTER, WE MUST END TRAFFIC STOPS! 30 William and Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice 309 (Winter, 2024) I. My Personal Experience II. Examples of Fatal Traffic Stops A. Patrick Lyoya B. Philando Castile C. Walter Scott D. Daunte Wright E. Jayland Walker III. Purposes of Traffic Stops A. Public Safety B. Revenue Source C. Pretextual Stops and Racial Profiling 1. Ferguson 2. Minneapolis D. Veil of Darkness E. Searches IV. Scotus, Pretextual Stops and... 2024  
Doug Rendleman ILLEGAL CONTRACTS AND AGREEMENTS: A NEW STANDARD FOR PROSTITUTION AND MARIJUANA AGREEMENTS 81 Washington and Lee Law Review 711 (Spring, 2024) Agreements exchanging sex for money and those involving marijuana may encounter illegality defenses in court. Granting a legal remedy for breach of an agreement that exchanges seriously illegal consideration would lower the court's public standing and endanger its legitimacy. On the other hand, the spectacle of a buyer claiming its own illegality... 2024  
Christopher Slobogin , Kate Weisburd ILLEGITIMATE CHOICES: A MINIMALIST(?) APPROACH TO CONSENT AND WAIVER IN CRIMINAL CASES 101 Washington University Law Review 1913 (2024) Current doctrine justifies many government searches, interrogations, and deprivations of liberty on the ground that the target of the action voluntarily agreed to it or waived applicable rights. The standard critiques of this doctrine--that these choices are often or always coerced, the result of an unconstitutional condition, or inherently... 2024  
Nathan Long IMMUNITY FOR ME BUT NOT FOR THEE: CONFRONTING LOUISIANA'S PROBLEMS WITH QUALIFIED IMMUNITY FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS 84 Louisiana Law Review 1123 (Spring, 2024) C1-2Table of Contents Introduction. 1124 I. Qualified Immunity and Its Origins. 1128 A. The Birth of Court-Made Qualified Immunity. 1130 B. The Policy Justifications for Allowing Qualified Immunity. 1134 C. Louisiana's Relationship with Qualified Immunity and Other Schemes of Limited Liability. 1139 D. Recent Attempts to Reform Government Official... 2024 Yes
Jack Glaser IMPLICIT BIAS, SCIENCE, AND THE RACIAL JUSTICE ACT 29 Berkeley Journal of Criminal Law 17 (2024) Introduction. 17 I. Implicit Bias is Real.. 18 II. Implicit Bias Measures Are Not Clinically Diagnostic Tools.. 19 III. Implicit Bias and the Racial Justice Act. 21 IV. A Note on Statistical Significance. 25 Conclusion. 26 2024  
Abby Ward IN DEFENSE OF PICKERING: WHEN A PUBLIC EMPLOYEE'S SOCIAL MEDIA SPEECH, PARTICULARLY POLITICAL SPEECH, CONFLICTS WITH THEIR EMPLOYER'S PUBLIC SERVICE 108 Minnesota Law Review 1643 (February, 2024) With the rise of social media and the United States' increasing political polarization, public employees take to social media to post about political issues such as race and policing. But when public employees make posts on political issues in an inflammatory or controversial way, public employers often discipline or fire the employee, fearing... 2024 Yes
Kimberly Jenkins Robinson IN MEMORIAM: PROFESSOR CHARLES J. OGLETREE, JR. 137 Harvard Law Review 2124 (June, 2024) Celebrating Charles Ogletree, Jr. comes naturally to so many people because he served not only as a tireless champion of equality and justice, but also as a devoted professor, mentor and friend. I write to celebrate another aspect of this legal luminary: his life as a scholar. Through his scholarship, Charles illuminated the varied manifestations... 2024  
Barry Friedman , Danielle Keats Citron INDISCRIMINATE DATA SURVEILLANCE 110 Virginia Law Review 1351 (October, 2024) Working hand-in-hand with the private sector, largely in a regulatory vacuum, policing agencies at the federal, state, and local levels are acquiring and using vast reservoirs of personal data. They are doing so indiscriminately, which is to say without any reason to suspect the individuals whose data they are collecting are acting unlawfully. And... 2024 Yes
Cory R. Liu , Anthony Pericolo INDIVIDUAL DIGNITY AS THE FOUNDATION OF AN INCLUSIVE SOCIETY 77 SMU Law Review 219 (Winter, 2024) In Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President & Fellows of Harvard College, the Supreme Court considered voluminous evidence that Harvard discriminated against Asian Americans to keep the racial composition of its student body similar year after year. The Court held that Harvard engaged in unlawful discrimination, providing clarity to an area... 2024  
Iris Cardenas , Laurie M. Graham , Marcela Sarmiento Mellinger , Laura Ting INDIVIDUALS WHO EXPERIENCE INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE AND THEIR ENGAGEMENT WITH THE LEGAL SYSTEM: CRITICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR AGENCY AND POWER 27 Journal of Health Care Law and Policy 113 (2024) This Article explores the complexities of intimate partner violence (IPV) victim-survivors' engagement with the legal system, emphasizing the need for culturally responsive and trauma-informed legal interventions. It highlights how intersectional identities and systemic factors shape the experience and decisions of a victim-survivor regarding... 2024  
Shayak Sarkar INTERNAL REVENUE'S EXTERNAL BORDERS 112 California Law Review 1645 (October, 2024) The mandate of tax agencies seems clear: to secure revenue for the government and ensure taxpayer compliance. Yet for decades, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has regularly facilitated violent immigration enforcement. Scholars and the public have paid significant attention to the state and local policing of immigration law. But the role of tax... 2024 Yes
Yan Fang INTERNET TECHNOLOGY COMPANIES AS EVIDENCE INTERMEDIARIES 110 Virginia Law Review 1227 (September, 2024) Search warrants, subpoenas, and other forms of compulsory legal process are essential for legal parties to gather evidence. Internet technology companies increasingly control wide-ranging forms of evidence, yet little is known about how these companies fulfill their compulsory legal obligations. This Article presents an original study of internet... 2024  
Christopher Lau INTERRUPTING GUN VIOLENCE 104 Boston University Law Review 769 (April, 2024) Who protects us from you? --KRS-One Against the backdrop of declining crime rates, gun violence and gun-related homicides have only risen over the last three years. Just as it historically has, the brunt of that violence has been borne by poor Black and brown communities. These communities are especially impacted: they are not only far more likely... 2024  
Jens T. Theilen INTERSECTIONALITY'S TRAVELS TO INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 45 Michigan Journal of International Law 233 (2024) Over the last two decades, references to intersectionality have become increasingly common in international human rights law. Many human rights bodies now make use of intersectionality in some form, and scholars propose more widespread and in-depth intersectional analysis as a way to better capture how human rights are realized or violated. Against... 2024  
Taylor Elyse Mills INTERSECTIONALLY-INFORMED ADVOCACY: A STRUCTURAL JUSTICE ACCOUNT OF WRONGFUL CONVICTIONS FOR SEXUAL VIOLENCE 31 UCLA Journal of Gender & Law 221 (Summer, 2024) C1-2Table of Contents Introduction. 222 I. Defining the Scope of the Problem. 225 II. Racial Discrimination Against Men of Color In Sexual Violence Cases. 227 A. A History of Racial Discrimination. 228 B. Structural Racism at Each Stage of the Criminal Justice System. 230 1. Eyewitnesses. 231 2. Police Officer Conduct. 231 3. Other Actors: Juries,... 2024 Yes
Jordan M. Hyatt , Nathan W. Link , Kathleen Powell , Steven L. Chanenson INTO THE WEEDS: CONSIDERING SUPPORT FOR AND THE INTRICACIES OF CANNABIS LEGALIZATION IN NEW JERSEY 21 Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law 205 (September, 2024) Despite widespread political polarization regarding many social issues, often including drug policy, some form of marijuana legalization has become a reality in most American states. This is consistent with broad public support, as is often reflected in public opinion polling. However, support for these general legalization efforts may mask complex... 2024  
David Goodwin INTOXICATED SCOOTERING: RETHINKING ELECTRIC SCOOTER LIABILITY IN WASHINGTON STATE 99 Washington Law Review 953 (October, 2024) Abstract: The widespread acceptance of electric scooters has transformed the landscape of urban transportation. Yet, the emerging phenomenon of intoxicated scootering poses unanswered questions of liability and accountability. New research indicates that a third of traumatic electric scooter injuries are associated with intoxicated scootering. This... 2024 Yes
Michael A. Hardy INTRODUCTION 52 Urban Lawyer 471 (2024) The United States finds itself at a crossroad when it comes to issues of equity and fairness in criminal justice matters and particularly policing in 21st-century America. The rise of the Black Lives Matter movement and the explosion of wrongful deaths in civilian and police encounters have turned the nation's attention to look more closely at the... 2024 Yes
Audrey L. Cerfoglio, Emily M. Petrie, Monica K. Miller IS "REASONABLE" REASONABLE? A CONTENT ANALYSIS ON JUDGES' PERCEPTIONS OF THE 'REASONABLE PERSON' STANDARD 57 UIC Law Review 743 (Summer, 2024) The reasonable person standard (RPS) is applied to cases in various ways including sexual harassment, police use of force, negligence, and stand your ground cases. Because the standard of reasonableness is subjective, disparities in sentencing are prevalent in such cases. To explain these disparities, we apply psychological concepts of... 2024 Yes
Bennett Liebman JIM CROW & THE REGULATION OF BOXING IN NEW YORK STATE 74 Syracuse Law Review 23 (2024) Abstract. 24 Introduction. 24 I. The State of New York Boxing Law Before 1911. 26 II. The Frawley Law. 29 III. The Rise of Black Prize Fighters. 31 IV. New York State Formally Bans Mixed Bouts. 35 V. The Aftermath of the Mixed Bout Rule in New York. 38 VI. Mixed Bouts Approved. 41 VII. Mixed Bouts After Boxing's Reauthorization. 43 A. The Walker... 2024  
Vivian Slu JUST BECAUSE AN EXPERT SAYS SO, THAT DOESN'T MEAN IT IS ALWAYS TRUE: THE ENACTMENT OF SENATE BILL 467 AND ITS EFFECT ON THE USE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT GANG EXPERT TESTIMONY 51 Western State Law Review 263 (Spring, 2024) Since the 2016 landmark case of People v. Sanchez, courts and legislature have continuously grappled for more appropriate standards in evaluating gang expert testimony. Faulty forensic and scientific evidence are still recognized as the second most common cause for wrongful convictions. Gang experts, often law enforcement, proffer such evidence by... 2024 Yes
Gregory Brazeal JUSTICE THEATER IN THE CRIMINAL LAW CURRICULUM 45 Cardozo Law Review 1723 (August, 2024) For the last half-century, law students have been required to take a criminal law course that ostensibly trains them to think critically about the justifications for criminal punishment. The same students have then gone on to serve as central actors in a system of mass incarceration that millions of Americans today view as profoundly unjust. How... 2024  
Mitchell F. Crusto JUVENILE JUSTICE & DIMINISHED CRIMINAL CULPABILITY 78 University of Miami Law Review 670 (Spring, 2024) When regulating the bad, albeit illegal, choices made by minors, the law is conflicted. On the one hand, we have a clear national policy to ensure the safety of and to promote the positive development of our young people, yet we simultaneously criminalize minors who make bad choices. This conundrum raises a quintessential jurisprudential flaw in... 2024  
Cynthia Godsoe KINSHIP CARE AND ADOPTION MYOPIA 76 Rutgers University Law Review 689 (Spring, 2024) C1-2Table of Contents Introduction. 690 I. Adoption Myopia. 698 A. History of White Saviorism & Aiming to Recreate the Normative Mainstream Nuclear Family. 699 B. Narrow View of Permanency Equated with Adoption. 704 C. Federal Funding Prioritizing Adoption. 709 II. Ill-Fit & Harm to Kinship Families. 711 A. Adoption's Poor Fit. 712 1. Problematic... 2024  
Jonathan S. Masur , Aurélie Ouss , John Rappaport LABOR MOBILITY AND THE PROBLEMS OF MODERN POLICING 99 New York University Law Review 128 (April, 2024) We document and discuss the implications of a striking feature of modern American policing: the stasis of police labor forces. Using an original employment dataset assembled through public records requests, we show that, after the first few years on a job, officers rarely change employers, and intermediate officer ranks are filled almost... 2024 Yes
Louise Grégoire LAW ENFORCEMENT USE OF FACIAL RECOGNITION--A COMPARATIVE APPROACH BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND EUROPE TO TACKLE THE RACIAL BIAS OF FACIAL RECOGNITION AGAINST PEOPLE OF COLOR 39 American University International Law Review 415 (2024) I. INTRODUCTION. 416 II. FACIAL RECOGNITION USE BY LAW ENFORCEMENT AND ITS THREAT TO PEOPLE OF COLOR. 418 A. Racial Bias Within the Technology. 419 B. The Reinforcement of Racial Bias Within Law Enforcement. 424 III. HUMAN RIGHTS' IMPACTS. 427 A. Right to Privacy. 427 B. The Right of Assembly and Free Speech. 429 IV. THE INSUFFICIENCIES OF THE... 2024 Yes
Rachel Kincaid LAW SCHOOLS: WANT TO HELP BEND THE ARC OF THE MORAL UNIVERSE TOWARD JUSTICE? HIRE LAW PROFESSORS WITH PUBLIC SERVICE EXPERIENCE 58 University of Richmond Law Review 605 (Symposium 2024) We are living in momentous times. Social justice and the legitimacy of our political systems are at the forefront of many people's minds. Demands for change--sometimes revolutionary change--abound in response to myriad crises: the murders of Tyre Nichols, George Floyd, Ahmaud Arbery, and Breonna Taylor; mass incarceration and the criminalization of... 2024  
Emmanuel Mauleón LEGAL ENDEARMENT: AN UNMARKED BARRIER TO TRANSFORMING POLICING, PUBLIC SAFETY, AND SECURITY 112 California Law Review 755 (June, 2024) The problems of racialized policing have come into renewed focus over the past decade. The advent of viral bystander videos has not only forced a popular confrontation with moments of both routine and extraordinary policing violence but also sparked protests, uprisings, and grassroots movements to challenge current practices in policing and... 2024 Yes
Ric Simmons LEGAL VIGILANTES 61 American Criminal Law Review 157 (Spring, 2024) Recent years have seen a series of high-profile cases of private individuals using lethal force in their purported attempts to enforce the criminal law. But these self-appointed private enforcers, such as Kyle Rittenhouse or the killers of Ahmaud Arbery, are only the most extreme cases of a vast amount of vigilante activity that occurs in the... 2024  
Abel Rodríguez LETHAL IMMIGRATION ENFORCEMENT 109 Cornell Law Review 465 (January, 2024) Increasingly, U.S. immigration law and policy perpetuate death. As more people become displaced globally, death provides a measurable indicator of the level of racialized violence inflicted on migrants of color. Because of Clintonera policies continued today, deaths at the border have reached unprecedented rates, with more than two migrant deaths... 2024  
Kristen Paige Green LETTERS TO SOLEIL: REPRODUCTIVE REPARATIONS AS BLACK MATERNAL JUSTICE 112 Georgetown Law Journal 1543 (June, 2024) C1-3Table of Contents L1-2Introduction . L31544 I. State of Black Maternal Mortality. 1546 a. state of black pregnancy. 1547 b. state of black childbirth. 1550 c. state of black postpartum. 1552 II. Maternity and Misogynoir. 1554 a. othering the black mother. 1554 b. labeling the black mother. 1556 c. commodifying the black mother. 1560 III. Modern... 2024  
Sarah Ryan LIBERTY AND EQUALITY UNDER THE FIRST AMENDMENT: SCRUTINIZING BOOK BANS THROUGH AN EQUAL PROTECTION FRAMEWORK 90 Brooklyn Law Review 299 (Fall, 2024) The dissemination of ideas can accomplish nothing if otherwise willing addressees are not free to receive and consider them. It would be a barren marketplace of ideas that had only sellers and no buyers. In May of 2022, Vicki Baggett, a language arts teacher, submitted a Request for the Reconsideration of Educational Media, objecting to the use... 2024  
Sandra Wachter LIMITATIONS AND LOOPHOLES IN THE EU AI ACT AND AI LIABILITY DIRECTIVES: WHAT THIS MEANS FOR THE EUROPEAN UNION, THE UNITED STATES, AND BEYOND 26 Yale Journal of Law and Technology 671 (2024) Predictive and generative artificial intelligence (AI) have both become integral parts of our lives through their use in making highly impactful decisions. AI systems are already deployed widely--for example, in employment, healthcare, insurance, finance, education, public administration, and criminal justice. Yet severe ethical issues, such as... 2024  
Nadav Shoked LOCAL IN A PECULIAR WAY: THE POLICE FORCE IN AMERICAN LAW 172 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 1291 (April, 2024) This Article sets out to pinpoint the locus of control over the police. Running the police force is one of the most important tasks assigned to local governments in America. Yet heretofore policing has not been analyzed through the lens of local government law. Through a review of state statutes, this Article reveals that the reigning notion that... 2024 Yes
Zygmont Pines Magical Thinking and Appearance-Based Recusal 13 British Journal of American Legal Studies 67 (Spring, 2024) This article is a critical analysis of a fundamental judicial ethic, the appearance of impartiality, an increasingly important public issue that is poorly understood and woefully underexamined in jurisprudence and academic literature. The ethic is pivotal to the determination of judicial disqualification, a/k/a recusal, and the public's fragile... 2024  
Laura Molik MARTIN SOSTRE--ENEMY OF THE STATE 42 Minnesota Journal of Law & Inequality 125 (Spring, 2024) L1-2Table of Contents Introduction--Remembering Martin Sostre. 125 I. From the Army to Attica. 137 II. The Pro Se Prisoner. 141 III. The Buffalo Bookstores. 146 IV. The Motley Cases. 155 Conclusion--Sostre's Living Legacy. 175 2024  
Prithika Balakrishnan MASS SURVEILLANCE AS RACIALIZED CONTROL 71 UCLA Law Review 478 (July, 2024) Incarceration has become the norm for those who assert their innocence. A staggering number of defendants are incarcerated prior to the adjudication of their cases--a reality that has become a central paradox of an American criminal justice system which holds axiomatic the presumption of innocence. Recent attempts to address pretrial mass... 2024  
Felicia Mulholland MENTAL HEALTH IN PRISON: THE UNINTENDED BUT CATASTROPHIC EFFECTS OF DEINSTITUTIONALIZATION 39 Touro Law Review 363 (2024) The degree of civilization in a society can be judged by entering its prisons. --Fyodor Dostoevsky Prisons and jails are not adequately equipped to manage the ever-growing population of mentally ill inmates. Despite deinstitutionalization efforts, prisons have steadily become the new psychiatric hospitals and unfortunately, because of the lack of... 2024 Yes
Marcia M. Ziegler MENTAL HEALTH RESPONSE TO 911 CALLS: DEFUNDING THE POLICE, NOW WITH ALL OF THE DANGER AND NONE OF THE PROTECTION 27 University of the District of Columbia Law Review 111 (Spring, 2024) On January 2, 2023, Sassie Smith walked six blocks from her home to a Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) station to get help for her husband. Takar Smith, having been previously diagnosed with schizophrenia, was talking to himself and making nonsensical remarks, a sign that he was having an episode and needed intervention. Sassie intended to... 2024 Yes
Alison J. Kanosky , Department of American Studies, California State University, Fullerton, USA MILITARIZED POLICING IN THE HINTERLANDS: A BLACKWATER TRAINING GROUND AND THE CULTURAL CONCEPTIONS OF SECURITY 47 PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review 135 (November, 2024) Research in recent decades shows that private military and security contractors have reshaped the tenor and reach of US military power abroad while also accelerating the militarization of domestic policing. Previous work on militarized policing has primarily centered on urban environments. This article examines Blackwater North, a facility in a... 2024 Yes
Paul J. Larkin , Charles D. Stimson , Thomas W. Spoehr MILITARY NECESSITY AND RACIAL DISCRIMINATION 22 Georgetown Journal of Law & Public Policy 547 (Summer, 2024) C1-3Table of Contents L1-2Introduction . L3548 I. The Military Service Academies' Admissions Policies. 552 A. The Federal Service Academies. 552 B. Oversight and Admissions. 555 C. Nominations and Appointments to Military Academies. 556 D. Admission to the USCGA and USMMA. 559 E. Additional Rules Requiring Race as a Consideration. 560 II. The... 2024  
Yoav Sapir , Guy Rubinstein MINIMALIST CRIMINAL COURTS 101 Washington University Law Review 1955 (2024) For many penal abolitionists, criminal courts have been complicit in mass incarceration. This Article argues that, unlike abolitionists, criminal justice minimalists should consider criminal courts part of the solution rather than the problem. Minimalist scholars have focused on advancing wide-scale public policy proposals, such as extensive... 2024  
Alexandra Natapoff MISDEMEANOR DECLINATION: A THEORY OF INTERNAL SEPARATION OF POWERS 102 Texas Law Review 937 (April, 2024) Millions of times every year, American prosecutors make the all-important decision whether to decline or file formal criminal charges after police have made an arrest. This declination decision determines whether an arrest will become a full-fledged criminal case and thus whether an individual arrestee will become a defendant. It establishes the... 2024 Yes
Julia Feron MISSING THE MARK: HOW MIRANDA FAILS TO CONSIDER A MINOR'S MIND 52 Hofstra Law Review 785 (Spring, 2024) A teenage boy from Brooklyn was arrested and taken to an interrogation room. There, with his mother present, a police officer read him his Miranda rights and asked him if he wanted to talk. The boy very clearly answered: No. The officer then left the room briefly. Upon returning, the officer asked the boy's mother if she wanted to ask the boy... 2024 Yes
Angela Onwuachi-Willig MOVING BEYOND STATEMENTS AND GOOD INTENTIONS IN U.S. LAW SCHOOLS 75 Alabama Law Review 691 (2024) Introduction. 692 I. The Challenges to Becoming Antiracist Institutions. 699 II. Building the Pathway to Antiracist Lawyering. 709 Conclusion. 714 2024  
Harvey Gee MOVING FORWARD TOGETHER: ASIAN AMERICANS AND ALLYSHIP IN A NON-BLACK-AND-WHITE AMERICA 58 University of San Francisco Law Review 172 (2024) Last term, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned four decades of precedent when it effectively ended the use of affirmative action in the historical decision Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President and Fellows of Harvard College (SFFA v. Harvard). A 6-3 conservative supermajority held that the admissions programs used by Harvard College and the... 2024  
Joseph Hummel MUSIC OF THE LAW: A WIGMORIAN PLAYLIST FOR A MODERN ERA 59 Tulsa Law Review 301 (Spring, 2024) I. Introduction. 302 II. The Evolution of law and Literature and Music's Place (or Lack Thereof) Within It. 303 III. Music and its Relation to the Law. 312 A. Music and the Law. 312 B. But after all, what is served by such a list?. 314 i. The Law Governing Music, and the Music Governing Law. 314 ii. Justifications and Professional Goals:... 2024  
Daniel W. Xu NARROWING THE POLICE ACCOUNTABILITY GAP IN CIVIL RIGHTS PROSECUTIONS 73 Emory Law Journal 961 (2024) The absence of police accountability has never been more visible. High-profile police brutality has resulted in high-profile disappointment, where culpable officers walk away undisciplined, unprosecuted, and undeterred from committing the same atrocity again. Such impunity has exposed longstanding deficiencies within the United States' two-tiered... 2024 Yes
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