AuthorTitleCitationSummaryYearkey Terms in Title or Summary
Samuel Walker , Morgan Macdonald An Alternative Remedy for Police Misconduct: a Model State "Pattern or Practice" Statute 19 George Mason University Civil Rights Law Journal 479 (Summer 2009) Section 14141 of the 1994 Violent Crime Control Act empowers the Attorney General of the United States to bring civil suits against law enforcement agencies where there is a pattern or practice of conduct by law enforcement officers . . . that deprives persons of rights, privileges, or immunities secured or protected by the Constitution or laws of... 2009 Yes
Stephen Clarke Arrested Oversight: a Comparative Analysis and Case Study of How Civilian Oversight of the Police Should Function and How it Fails 43 Columbia Journal of Law and Social Problems Probs. 1 (Fall, 2009) Police misconduct is a multi-faceted problem that no city can permanently solve, but every city must struggle with. Local politicians, courts and police departments generally do not do enough to punish and deter routine acts of police misconduct or to reform problematic police department policies. As a result, many municipalities across America... 2009 Yes
Stephen Clarke Arrested Oversight: a Comparative Analysis and Case Study of How Civilian Oversight of the Police Should Function and How it Fails 43 Columbia Journal of Law and Social Problems 1 (Fall, 2009) Police misconduct is a multi-faceted problem that no city can permanently solve, but every city must struggle with. Local politicians, courts and police departments generally do not do enough to punish and deter routine acts of police misconduct or to reform problematic police department policies. As a result, many municipalities across America; Search Snippet: ...ANALYSIS AND CASE STUDY OF HOW CIVILIAN OVERSIGHT OF THE POLICE SHOULD FUNCTION AND HOW IT FAILS Stephen Clarke [FNa1] Copyright... 2009 Yes
David Gespass Book Review: the Assassination of Fred Hampton the Assassination of Fred Hampton: How the Fbi and the Chicago Police Murdered a Black Panther by Jeffrey Haas; Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 2009. 424 Pages 66 National Lawyers Guild Review 125 (Summer, 2009) Fred Hampton was twenty-one years old in 1969, but already a leader in his Chicago community. At the time of his death, he was chairman of the Illinois Black Panther Party and an organizer of the Panthers' free lunch program and medical clinic. He taught political education classes daily and had negotiated a non-aggression pact among Chicago's... 2009 Yes
Elizabeth E. Joh Breaking the Law to Enforce It: Undercover Police Participation in Crime 62 Stanford Law Review 155 (December, 2009) Introduction. 156 I. Undercover Participation in Crime: An Overview. 160 A. The Difference Between Undercover and Conventional Policing. 160 B. The Contemporary Significance of Undercover Policing. 161 C. Types of Undercover Policing. 162 1. Surveillance. 163 2. Prevention. 163 3. Facilitation. 164 D. Participation in Crime. 165 1. Providing... 2009 Yes
K. Babe Howell Broken Lives from Broken Windows: the Hidden Costs of Aggressive Order-maintenance Policing 33 New York University Review of Law and Social Change 271 (2009) In this article I demonstrate that the aggressive policing of misdemeanor and lesser offenses results in a number of consequences that may ultimately be criminogenic. These effects can roughly be broken down into two categories: economic burdens and legitimacy costs. I conclude that while the impact of aggressive policing of minor offenses on crime... 2009 Yes
Lisa A. Skehill Cloaking Police Misconduct in Privacy: Why the Massachusetts Anti-wiretapping Statute Should Allow for the Surreptitious Recording of Police Officers 42 Suffolk University Law Review 981 (2009) The public should know what is going on. It has a right to know in detail what its guardians are doing in order that it may intelligently conclude as to whether they should be discharged, or slapped on the back with approval and have their pay raised. And the police on their part need the understanding of the public. They are thrown inevitably... 2009 Yes
M. Rhead Enion Constitutional Limits on Private Policing and the State's Allocation of Force 59 Duke Law Journal 519 (December, 2009) This Note argues that a variety of private police forces, such as university patrols and residential security guards, should be held to the constitutional limitations found in the Bill of Rights. These private police act as arms of the state by supplying force in response to a public demand for order and security. The state, as sovereign, retains... 2009 Yes
Kelly Perigoe Exclusion of Evidence for Failure to Advise Suspects of the Right to Counsel and to Silence Before Custodial Police Interrogation: Comparing the United States and Canadian Doctrines and the Reasons for Their Difference in Scope 14 UCLA Journal of International Law and Foreign Affairs 503 (Fall 2009) This comment compares the exclusion of evidence following the violation of a suspect's right to be advised of the rights to counsel and to remain silent in the United States and Canada, governed by Miranda in the United States and Charter Sections 10(b) and 7 in Canada. Identifying the key scenarios in which the US doctrine results in less... 2009 Yes
Michael A. Stoll Ex-offenders, Criminal Background Checks, and Racial Consequences in the Labor Market 1 University of Chicago Legal Forum 381 (2009) One of the dramatic social transformations in the United States over the past two decades has been the rapid rise in the prison population. Between 1980 and 2000, the U.S. prison population increased four-fold from 300 thousand to over 1.2 million. Including those in local jails, over 2 million individuals are currently incarcerated. At these... 2009  
David A. Harris How Accountability-based Policing Can Reinforce-or Replace-the Fourth Amendment Exclusionary Rule 7 Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law 149 (Fall, 2009) In Hudson v. Michigan, a knock-and-announce case, Justice Scalia's majority opinion came close to jettisoning the Fourth Amendment exclusionary rule. The immense costs of the rule, Scalia said, outweigh whatever benefits might come from it. Moreover, police officers and police departments now generally follow the dictates of the Fourth Amendment,... 2009 Yes
Evan N. Turgeon National Security, Policing, and the Fourth Amendment: a New Perspective on Hiibel 27 Buffalo Public Interest Law Journal 23 (2008-2009) In Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial Dist. Ct., the U.S. Supreme Court held Nevada's stop-and-identify statute constitutional in a 5-4 decision. Unlike the decision itself, the scholarly response to Hiibel has been entirely one-sided and entirely critical of the majority. Commentators, both on and off the Court's bench, have argued that permitting a police... 2009 Yes
Clive Walker Neighbor Terrorism and the All-risks Policing of Terrorism 3 Journal of National Security Law & Policy 121 (2009) Debate continues as to the transformations in terrorism evidenced by the September 11 attacks and since that time. Some, including the former U.S. President, point to changes in the nature of terrorism and argue that September 11 constituted a wholly new form of terrorism that demanded a novel response. Given the prior events of the World Trade... 2009 Yes
Abby Sullivan On Thin Ice: Cracking down on the Racial Profiling of Immigrants and Implementing a Compassionate Enforcement Policy 6 Hastings Race and Poverty Law Journal 101 (Winter 2009) Since 2006 the United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) has increasingly conducted workplace and residence raids as a prominent mechanism for the enforcement of immigration laws. According to the Immigration Policy Center, a nonprofit immigration think tank, the immigration reform debate's heavy focus on undocumented immigration... 2009  
Sameer Bajaj Policing the Fourth Amendment: the Constitutionality of Warrantless Investigatory Stops for past Misdemeanors 109 Columbia Law Review 309 (March, 2009) In the 1985 case of United States v. Hensley, the Supreme Court ruled that the Fourth Amendment permits police officers to perform warrantless investigatory stops for completed felonies. However, Hensley explicitly declined to address whether the Fourth Amendment allows such stops to investigate suspicion of completed misdemeanors. Since then,... 2009 Yes
I. Bennett Capers Policing, Race, and Place 44 Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 43 (Winter 2009) Most Americans live in neighborhoods and communities segregated along racial lines, and take this segregation for granted. To the extent they view their communities as racially segregated at all, they assume that this segregation is largely the result of individual choice, socio-economic status, or perhaps a remnant of de jure segregation. The... 2009 Yes
Michael S. Scott Progress in American Policing? Reviewing the National Reviews 34 Law and Social Inquiry 171 (Winter, 2009) National Research Council. 2004. Fairness and Effectiveness in Policing: The Evidence, ed. Wesley Skogan and Kathleen Frydl (Committee to Review Research on Police Policy and Practices and Committee on Law and Justice, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education). Washington, DC: National Academies Press. Pp. xvi + 432. $49.95 cloth.... 2009 Yes
Rachel A. Harmon Promoting Civil Rights Through Proactive Policing Reform 62 Stanford Law Review Rev. 1 (December, 2009) Reducing police misconduct requires substantial institutional reform in our nation's police departments. Yet traditional legal means for deterring misconduct, such as civil suits under § 1983 and the exclusionary rule, have proved inadequate to force departmental change. 42 U.S.C. § 14141 was passed in 1994 to allow the Justice Department to sue... 2009 Yes
Rachel A. Harmon Promoting Civil Rights Through Proactive Policing Reform 62 Stanford Law Review 1 (December, 2009) Reducing police misconduct requires substantial institutional reform in our nation's police departments. Yet traditional legal means for deterring misconduct, such as civil suits under § 1983 and the exclusionary rule, have proved inadequate to force departmental change. 42 U.S.C. § 14141 was passed in 1994 to allow the Justice Department to sue; Search Snippet: ...Law Review December, 2009 Article PROMOTING CIVIL RIGHTS THROUGH PROACTIVE POLICING REFORM Rachel A. Harmon [FNa1] Copyright (c) 2009 the Board... 2009 Yes
Mario L. Barnes Reflection on a Dream World: Race, Post-race and the Question of Making it over 11 Berkeley Journal of African-American Law & Policy Pol'y 6 (2009) We Dream A World A world I dream where black or white, Whatever race you be, Will share the bounties of the earth And every man is free Fifteen years ago, as a third-year law student, I published my book note in the inaugural issue of the African-American Law and Policy Report (ALPR). The note was inspired both by the book reviewed--Derrick Bell's,... 2009  
  Retreat: the Supreme Court and the New Police 122 Harvard Law Review 1706 (April, 2009) On a fall evening a few years ago, New York City police officer Edward Conlon found himself conducting surveillance alone on the rooftop of a walkup apartment building in the South Bronx. He knew there were drug dealers in the building, and as he heard a dog barking angrily, he peered through the darkness at the staircase leading below, wondering... 2009 Yes
Judith A.M. Scully Rotten Apple or Rotten Barrel?: the Role of Civil Rights Lawyers in Ending the Culture of Police Violence 21 National Black Law Journal 137 (2009) I. The Police Culture of Violence. 139 A. Police Officers As Repeat Offenders. 140 B. Police Culture Generally. 141 II. Addressing Police Violence. 141 A. Police Officers As Repeat Offenders. 142 B. Police Culture Generally. 144 1. 42 U.S.C. Section 1983. 144 2. The Efficacy of §1983. 146 3. Drawbacks of §1983 in the Police Violence Context. 147 4.... 2009 Yes
Tracey Meares The Legitimacy of Police among Young African-american Men 92 Marquette Law Review 651 (Summer 2009) Introduction by Dean Joseph D. Kearney It is a privilege for me to introduce the George and Margaret Barrock Lecture. Permit me to begin by saying a few words about the individuals in whose memory this lecture stands. While I would do this in any event, it is especially appropriate to do so this year, for this is the inaugural Barrock Lecture.... 2009 Yes
Delores Jones-Brown The Right to Life? Policing, Race, and Criminal Injustice 36-SPG Human Rights 6 (Spring, 2009) Editor's Note: An earlier version of this article was presented at the 2007 meeting of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences. The author originally discussed the Grant, Tolan, and Johnson cases at thecrimereport.org/2009/01/30/race-and-the-police-can-a-black-president-change-the-game. The author would like to thank doctoral fellow Nicole; Search Snippet: ...HUMAN RIGHTS Human Rights Spring, 2009 THE RIGHT TO LIFE? POLICING, RACE, AND CRIMINAL INJUSTICE Delores Jones-Brown [FNa1] Copyright © 2009 by... 2009 Yes
Roxanne Watson The Status of Criminal Libel in Grenada after Worme V. Commissioner of Police 14 Communication Law and Policy 177 (Spring, 2009) In January 2004, the Privy Council, the final court of appeal for all British Caribbean states, held that a criminal libel statute providing for the two-year imprisonment of publishers libeling government officials was constitutional and consistent with a democratic society. Over the years, the constitutionality of criminal libel laws in the United; Search Snippet: ...OF CRIMINAL LIBEL IN GRENADA AFTER WORME v. COMMISSIONER OF POLICE Roxanne Watson [FNa1] Copyright © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC... 2009 Yes
Kenneth R. Davis Wheel of Fortune: a Critique of the "Manifest Imbalance" Requirement for Race-conscious Affirmative Action under Title Vii 43 Georgia Law Review 993 (Summer, 2009) In the struggle for racial equality, voluntary affirmative action stands as a unique remedy. Most efforts to expand civil rights have come as government commands. The post-Civil War constitutional amendments stemmed from the federal policy to provide basic rights to the newly freed slaves. In Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court hastened... 2009  
Frank Rudy Cooper Who's the Man?: Masculinities Studies, Terry Stops, and Police Training 18 Columbia Journal of Gender and Law 671 (2009) We men have some strange rituals. One occurs on the basketball court. A player will make a move around a defender and score a basket. Then he'll shout, who's the man? He wants his opponent to say, You are the man. This episode is a paradigmatic description of how masculinities work. Men often act with the goal of impressing other men. We gain... 2009 Yes
  Yes Virginia, There Is a Police Code of Silence: Prosecuting Police Officers and the Police Subculture 45 Criminal Law Bulletin 4 (2009) Associate Professor. Department of Sociology, Saint Xavier University, & Practicing Civil Rights Attorney; JD, 1995, New England School of Law; Ph.D.[Sociology of Law], 1994, American University. Presently: Post Doctoral Fulbright Fellow\Lecturer, University of Akureyri, Iceland, Faculty of Law; Former Washington D.C. [MPD] Policeman & United; Search Snippet: ...Spring 2009 Criminal Law Bulletin Yes Virginia, There is a Police Code of Silence: Prosecuting Police Officers and the Police Subculture Christopher Cooper[ * Introduction This Article argues that... 2009 Yes
Lucia Zedner, University of Oxford Against Prediction: Profiling, Policing, and Punishing in an Actuarial Age. By Bernard E. Harcourt. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. Pp. Viii, 336. $55.00 (Cloth), $25.00 (Paper) 11 New Criminal Law Review 359 (Spring, 2008) Books about statistics rarely make compelling reading. Against Prediction is an exception. Harcourt's impassioned critique of actuarial justice is a page-turner. Beautifully written, engaging, and a model of clarity even when expounding the most technical aspects of statistical modelling, this book tackles with great verve one of the most important... 2008 Yes
American Bar Association American Bar Association Policy 104d: Cross-racial Identification 37 Southwestern University Law Review 917 (2008) RESOLVED, That the American Bar Association urges federal, state, local, and territorial jurisdictions to recognize that in particular cases cross-racial identification may increase the risk of erroneous conviction. FURTHER RESOLVED, That the American Bar Association urges federal, state, local, and territorial jurisdictions to seek to assure that,... 2008  
Maria Fernanda Parra-Chico An Up-close Perspective: the Enforcement of Federal Immigration Laws by State and Local Police 7 Seattle Journal for Social Justice 321 (Fall/Winter 2008) The attacks of September 11, 2001, evoked a debate over whether, and to what extent, the federal government should employ the resources and efforts of local law enforcement agencies to carry out U.S. immigration law mandates. Today, state and local governments--working closely with federal authorities-- are enacting laws and ordinances seeking to... 2008 Yes
Joseph O. Oluwole , Preston C. Green, III Charter Schools: Racial-balancing Provisions and Parents Involved 61 Arkansas Law Review Rev. 1 (2008) For years, legal scholars have tried to determine the constitutionality of charter-school racial-balancing provisions. Since the United States Supreme Court had not ruled on the constitutionality of racial-balancing policies at the elementary- and secondary-education levels, however, scholars often had to rely on decisions of the federal district... 2008  
Dr. Julie Ringelheim Collecting Racial or Ethnic Data for Antidiscrimination Policies: a U.s.-europe Comparison 10 Rutgers Race & the Law Review 39 (Special Edition 2008) With the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam, a new Article 13 was inserted in the Treaty of Rome, conferring on the European Community the competence to take action to combat discrimination based not only on sex, but also on racial or ethnic origin, religious belief, disability, age, and sexual orientation. This marked a turning point for the European... 2008  
  Criminal Law -- Fourth Amendment -- Ninth Circuit Considers Community's Racial Tension with Police in Finding Illegal Seizure and Lack of Voluntary Consent. -- United States V. Washington, 490 F.3d 765 (9th Cir. 2007). 121 Harvard Law Review 1669 (April, 2008) The traditional story of Fourth Amendment search and seizure doctrine involves a complex compromise between public safety and the constitutional right to personal liberty. Although the choice of viewpoint is often left out of the story, much also depends on whose perspective--police officers' or civilians'--a judge employs for search and seizure... 2008 Yes
David E. Aaronson Cross-racial Identification of Defendants in Criminal Cases 23-SPG Criminal Justice Just. 4 (Spring, 2008) While testifying on the stand during a recent misdemeanor trial in Maryland, a Hispanic eyewitness pointed to the defense table and identified a young African American as the perpetrator. The eyewitness, however, got it wrong. The young man he identified as the perpetrator was actually a law student who was representing the defendant--also African... 2008  
Lee Demetrius Walker, Richard W. Waterman Elections as Focusing Events: Explaining Attitudes Toward the Police and the Government in Comparative Perspective 42 Law and Society Review 337 (June, 2008) Traditional views hold that citizens' attitudes toward the police are driven by local concerns. We contend that public attitudes toward the police are responsive to systematic and periodic national-level political factors. In particular, we show that national elections as a focusing event alter periodically the determinants of attitudes toward the... 2008 Yes
Bela August Walker Fractured Bonds: Policing Whiteness and Womanhood Through Race-based Marriage Annulments 58 DePaul Law Review Rev. 1 (Fall 2008) In 1924, Leonard Kip Rhinelander filed for an annulment from his wife of only five weeks, Alice Beatrice Jones. Leonard asked the court to annul his marriage on grounds of fraud, asserting that Alice was of colored blood and had concealed this fact. The story was splashed across newspapers throughout the nation. One academic of the period... 2008 Yes
Bela August Walker Fractured Bonds: Policing Whiteness and Womanhood Through Race-based Marriage Annulments 58 DePaul Law Review 1 (Fall 2008) In 1924, Leonard Kip Rhinelander filed for an annulment from his wife of only five weeks, Alice Beatrice Jones. Leonard asked the court to annul his marriage on grounds of fraud, asserting that Alice was of colored blood and had concealed this fact. The story was splashed across newspapers throughout the nation. One academic of the period; Search Snippet: ...LAW REVIEW DePaul Law Review Fall 2008 Articles FRACTURED BONDS: POLICING WHITENESS AND WOMANHOOD THROUGH RACE-BASED MARRIAGE ANNULMENTS Bela August Walker [FNa1] Copyright (c) 2008... 2008 Yes
Ariela Gross History, Race, and Prediction: Comments on Harcourt's Against Prediction 33 Law and Social Inquiry 235 (Winter, 2008) Harcourt, Bernard E. 2007. Against Prediction: Profiling, Policing, and Punishing in an Actuarial Age. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Pp. viii + 336. $25.00 paper. This article reviews Bernard Harcourt's Against Prediction: Profiling, Policing, and Punishing in an Actuarial Age (2007). It places the rise of actuarialism in criminal law in... 2008  
Andrea J. Ritchie, Esq., Joey L. Mogul, Esq. In the Shadows of the War on Terror: Persistent Police Brutality and Abuse of People of Color in the United States 1 DePaul Journal for Social Justice 175 (Spring 2008) A report prepared for the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination on the occasion of its review of the The United States of America's Second and Third Periodic Report to the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination December 2007 I. Introduction. 177 II. Use of Excessive Force (Articles 1, 2 and 5). 180 A.... 2008 Yes
  Judge Orders Police Database Produced 14 CITYLAW 78 (July/August, 2008) The N.Y. Civil Liberties Union sought database with information on stops and searches. When a police officer forcibly stops or searches civilians, it must record the information on a UF-250 form that identifies the race and gender of the individual, the reason for the stop, as well as identifying information about the officer making the stop. In; Search Snippet: ...2008 DECISIONS OF INTEREST TORTS NYPD / FOIL JUDGE ORDERS POLICE DATABASE PRODUCED Copyright (c) 2008 by Center for New York... 2008 Yes
Tom R. Tyler , Jeffrey Fagan Legitimacy and Cooperation: Why Do People Help the Police Fight Crime in Their Communities? 6 Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law 231 (Fall, 2008) Past research indicates that legitimacy encourages compliance with the law. This study extends consideration of the influence of legitimacy by exploring its impact on cooperation with the police and with neighbors to combat crime in one's community. It uses a panel study design and focuses upon the residents of New York City. The study finds that... 2008 Yes
Anthony A. Braga, David Hureau, Christopher Winship Losing Faith? Police, Black Churches, and the Resurgence of Youth Violence in Boston 6 Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law 141 (Fall, 2008) Boston received national acclaim for its innovative approach to preventing youth violence in the 1990s. The well-known Operation Ceasefire initiative was an interagency violence prevention intervention that focused enforcement and social service resources on a small number of gang-involved offenders at the heart of the city's youth violence; Search Snippet: ...Law Fall, 2008 Symposium Legitimacy and Criminal Justice LOSING FAITH? POLICE, BLACK CHURCHES, AND THE RESURGENCE OF YOUTH VIOLENCE IN BOSTON... 2008 Yes
Tomer Blumkin, Yoram Margalioth , Ben-Gurion University, Department of Economics, Buchmann Faculty of Law, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel On Terror, Drugs and Racial Profiling 28 International Review of Law & Economics 194 (September, 2008) JEL classification: K14 K42 Keywords: Racial profiling Statistical discrimination Terror Equity-efficiency trade-off We show that for racial profiling (defined as policy rules that employ statistical discrimination based on racial attributes) to be efficient in fighting ordinary crime, it needs to focus on the racial composition of marginal... 2008  
David Alan Sklansky, University of California, Berkeley Police and Community in Chicago: a Tale of Three Cities. By Wesley G. Skogan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. Pp. 360. $35.00 Cloth 42 Law and Society Review 233 (March, 2008) Few efforts at police reform can ever have been evaluated as intensively, over as many years, as community policing in Chicago. Skogan and his team of researchers began studying Chicago's community policing initiative in 1992, before it was even launched. Over the next 12 years they monitored more than one thousand neighborhood meetings, surveyed... 2008 Yes
Badi Hasisi Police, Politics, and Culture in a Deeply Divided Society 98 Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 1119 (Spring 2008) This Article deals with minorities' perceptions of the police in deeply divided societies. These societies are generally characterized by political disagreements, and the literature shows that most researchers emphasize the centrality of the political variable in order to understand police-minority interactions. This Article acknowledges the... 2008 Yes
Theodore P. Gerber, Sarah E. Mendelson Public Experiences of Police Violence and Corruption in Contemporary Russia: a Case of Predatory Policing? 42 Law and Society Review Rev. 1 (March, 2008) Predatory policing occurs where police officers mainly use their authority to advance their own material interests rather than to fight crime or protect the interests of elites. These practices have the potential to seriously compromise the public's trust in the police and other legal institutions, such as courts. Using data from six surveys and... 2008 Yes
Theodore P. Gerber, Sarah E. Mendelson Public Experiences of Police Violence and Corruption in Contemporary Russia: a Case of Predatory Policing? 42 Law and Society Review 1 (March, 2008) Predatory policing occurs where police officers mainly use their authority to advance their own material interests rather than to fight crime or protect the interests of elites. These practices have the potential to seriously compromise the public's trust in the police and other legal institutions, such as courts. Using data from six surveys and; Search Snippet: ...Review March, 2008 Article of General Interest PUBLIC EXPERIENCES OF POLICE VIOLENCE AND CORRUPTION IN CONTEMPORARY RUSSIA: A CASE OF PREDATORY POLICING? Theodore P. Gerber Sarah E. Mendelson [FNa1] Copyright © 2008 by... 2008 Yes
Harvey Gee Race and the American Criminal Justice System: Three Arguments about Criminal Law, Social Science, and Criminal Procedure 85 University of Detroit Mercy Law Review 115 (Winter 2008) The last two years have witnessed a two-year rise in the rate of violent crime in large United States metropolitan cities. Simultaneously, the rate of incarceration in the United States is continuing to rise at unprecedented rates. The Sentencing Project notes that the number of people in prisons and jails increase[ed] from 330,000 in 1972 to 2.1... 2008  
Robert M. Entman , Kimberly A. Gross Race to Judgment: Stereotyping Media and Criminal Defendants 71-FALL Law and Contemporary Problems 93 (Autumn 2008) The media's coverage of the Duke lacrosse story generated controversy from the very beginning. Early on, criticism came from those who felt that the media mistreated the accuser; later, critics wondered why coverage failed to direct more attention to the weakness of the prosecution's case. And throughout, critics suggested that the media mistreated... 2008  
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