AuthorTitleCitationSummaryYearkey Terms in Title
Angela J. Davis Racial Fairness in the Criminal Justice System: the Role of the Prosecutor 39 Columbia Human Rights Law Review 202 (Fall 2007) There are many complex reasons for the unwarranted racial disparities that plague the American criminal justice system, but one of the most significant contributing factors is the exercise of prosecutorial discretion, especially at the charging and plea bargaining stages of the process. Few prosecutors consciously favor criminal defendants or... 2007  
Marc Mauer Racial Impact Statements as a Means of Reducing Unwarranted Sentencing Disparities 5 Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law 19 (Fall, 2007) The extreme racial disparities in rates of incarceration in the United States result from a complex set of factors. Among these are sentencing and drug policies which, intended or not, produce disproportionate racial/ethnic effects. In retrospect, it is clear that many of these effects could have been predicted prior to the adoption of the... 2007  
George C. Thomas III Regulating Police Deception During Interrogation 39 Texas Tech Law Review 1293 (Summer, 2007) I wish to begin with four premises in place. I have defended these premises elsewhere, most recently in my forthcoming book, The Supreme Court on Trial, and want to build on them in this Essay. First, far too many innocent defendants are convicted of crime, a figure that I estimate as between 18,000 and 180,000 per year if we include guilty pleas... 2007 Yes
Neil F. Carlson , Leonard M. Baynes Rethinking the Discourse on Race: a Symposium on How the Lack of Racial Diversity in the Media Affects Social Justice and Policy 21 Saint John's Journal of Legal Commentary 575 (Spring-Summer 2007) Executive Summary. 578 Introduction. 579 Race and Representation: How the Media Shape and Misshape Race in America. 581 Framing Race: How Media Shape the Discourse at the Nexus of Race and Public Policy. 589 Media Production: Diversity in the Newsroom and the Culture of News Production. 592 The Political Economy of the Media: How Economics and... 2007  
Sepideh Esmaili Searching for a Needle in a Haystack: the Constitutionality of Police Dna Dragnets 82 Chicago-Kent Law Review 495 (2007) Shannon Kohler was given a choice when he was approached by the Baton Rouge Police. He could either allow the police to swab the inside of his mouth to analyze his DNA or he could refuse and, according to the police, be subjected to a court order and public speculation that he was a serial killer. The police warned that the court order would most... 2007 Yes
Reed Collins Strolling While Poor: How Broken-windows Policing Created a New Crime in Baltimore 14 Georgetown Journal on Poverty Law and Policy 419 (Fall, 2007) As the practice of zero-tolerance policing strategies has surged across American cities, there has been no shortage of law review articles questioning the legality of the stop and frisk tactics used by many police officers, who often hold only vague suspicions of misconduct by the people they accost and search on the street. In an article... 2007 Yes
Ryan D. King The Context of Minority Group Threat: Race, Institutions, and Complying with Hate Crime Law 41 Law and Society Review 189 (March, 2007) A wealth of research suggests a direct association between minority group size and government social control, such as arrest or imprisonment rates. Prior work in this vein, however, gives scant attention to (1) types of law that explicitly address intergroup conflict and (2) regional variation in the salience of minority group threat. At the same... 2007  
Eugene Kim The New York City Police Department's Random Bag Search Policy: Withstanding Fourth Amendment Scrutiny Is Only the First Step in Combating Terrorism 37 Seton Hall Law Review 561 (2007) September 11, 2001 (9/11) will be remembered as a turning point in American history. When the terrorist attacks occurred, the United States had been enjoying a significant period of overall national prosperity and relative peace on the home front. 9/11 signified that global terrorism would be taken to new extremes and that nobody was safe. At the... 2007 Yes
Samuel Estreicher The Non-preferment Principle and the "Racial Tiebreaker" Cases 2007 Cato Supreme Court Review 239 (2006-2007) Preferment by race, when resorted to by the State, can be the most divisive of policies, containing within it the potential to destroy confidence in the Constitution and the idea of equality. --Justice Anthony Kennedy, dissenting in Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306, 388 (2003) In the Supreme Court's recent pass at affirmative action, the... 2007  
Albert W. Alschuler The Upside and Downside of Police Hunches and Expertise 4 Journal of Law, Economics & Policy 115 (Fall, 2007) Howard Margolis captured the essence of epistemology, the study of knowledge, when he wrote, [W]e recognize patterns in making sense of the world; we use patterns to guide activity in the world. Every word, every concept, every statement of fact, every paradigm, and every theory reflects a tentative perception of a pattern in experience or... 2007 Yes
Andrew D. Black The War on People: Reframing "The War on Drugs" by Addressing Racism Within American Drug Policy Through Restorative Justice and Community Collaboration 46 University of Louisville Law Review 177 (Fall 2007) Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly affects all indirectly. Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. One of every three African-American men between the ages of twenty and twenty-nine are under the control of the... 2007  
Steven R. Morrison Will to Power, Will to Reality, and Racial Profiling: How the White Male Dominant Power Structure Creates Itself as Law Abiding Citizen Through the Creation of Black as Criminal 2 Northwestern Journal of Law & Social Policy 63 (Summer, 2007) Postmodern investigations of racism in American law follow in the tradition of tragic detective films noir: pursuing the culprit through a maze of smoke and mirrors in which the detective is never sure of his precise location, his destination, his suspect, or his suspect's culpability, he finally resolves the case and catches his man. His doubts... 2007  
Mary Newman Barnes V. City of Cincinnati: Command Presence, Gender Bias, and Problems of Police Aggression 29 Harvard Journal of Law & Gender 485 (Summer, 2006) In 1999, Philip Barnes was denied promotion to sergeant in the Cincinnati Police Department (CPD) for failure to appear masculine. Barnes filed suit in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio under Title VII and the Equal Protection Clause, and in 2005, he won his anti-discrimination lawsuit against the City of... 2006 Yes
Carol A. Chase Cars, Cops, and Crooks: a Reexamination of Belton and Carroll with an Eye Toward Restoring Fourth Amendment Privacy Protection to Automobiles 85 Oregon Law Review 913 (2006) It is difficult to imagine life without the automobile. In many parts of the country, it is our primary, if not sole, means of transporting ourselves and our property. It has also become the personal effect in which we have the least claim to an expectation of privacy under the Fourth Amendment. Pursuant to Carroll v. United States, law; Search Snippet: ...4584775 OREGON LAW REVIEW Oregon Law Review 2006 Article CARS, COPS, AND CROOKS: A REEXAMINATION OF BELTON AND CARROLL WITH AN... 2006  
Tseming Yang Choice and Fraud in Racial Identification: the Dilemma of Policing Race in Affirmative Action, the Census, and a Color-blind Society 11 Michigan Journal of Race and Law 367 (Spring 2006) INTRODUCTION. 367 I. Crossing Lines of Color and Race. 372 A. Past Efforts to Cross Color and Race Lines. 372 1. Racial Passing. 372 2. Legal Recognition of Whitness (and other Racial Identities). 376 B. New Ways of Passing and Changing One's Racial Identity: Medical Technology and Bureaucratic Records. 377 C. The Construction of Race and Racial... 2006 Yes
D. Christopher Robinson Clifford V. Commonwealth: Admission of Racial Voice Identification Testimony, Regressive or Progressive? 94 Kentucky Law Journal 607 (2005-2006) The voice sounded as if it was of a male black [sic]. The previous statement was the testimony of a Caucasian police officer in the recent Kentucky drug trafficking case, Clifford v. Commonwealth. In Clifford, the prosecution's case hinged on the quoted testimony of the police officer concerning the race of the defendant, and the officer's... 2006  
Ryan P. Hatch Coming Together to Resolve Police Misconduct: the Emergence of Mediation as a New Solution 21 Ohio State Journal on Dispute Resolution 447 (2006) One night a mother and father are called and told that their son has been involved in a serious car accident. When the concerned parents arrive at the scene, they approach a police officer to inquire about the condition of their son and his whereabouts. Instead of being responsive to the parents' request and showing some degree of care, the officer... 2006 Yes
Brian L. Withrow, Ph.D. Defending the Racial Profiling Accusation: the Case for the Social Scientist as an Expert Witness 40-AUG Prosecutor 31 (July/August, 2006) In 2003 the State of Kansas released the results of a legislatively mandated statewide racial profiling study. Conducted by the Police Foundation, the study attempted to determine whether racial profiling is occurring in Kansas, and if so, which minorities are being targeted. The researchers compared stop data against a benchmark designed to... 2006  
Thomas E. Perez, J.D., M.P.P. Enhancing Access to Health Care and Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Status: a Compelling Case for Health Professions Schools to Implement Race-conscious Admissions Policies 9 Journal of Health Care Law and Policy 77 (2006) Our nation is more diverse than ever, and this diversity is one of our greatest strengths. This demographic transformation presents a host of challenges for the health care system. Although the American health care system is state-of-the art in so many vital respects, it remains separate and unequal for all too many communities of color. Study... 2006  
Orde F. Kittrie Federalism, Deportation, and Crime Victims Afraid to Call the Police 91 Iowa Law Review 1449 (July, 2006) I. Introduction. 1450 II. The Dual Statuses of Unauthorized Aliens Under U.S. Law: Protected Insider and Deportable Outsider. 1458 A. A Tradition of Constitutional Protections. 1458 B. Deportation. 1460 III. Current Laws and Policies Addressing Deportation as a Barrier to Crime Reporting by Unauthorized Aliens. 1463 A. Overview of Federal Laws and... 2006 Yes
Pat K. Chew Freeing Racial Harassment from the Sexual Harassment Model 85 Oregon Law Review 615 (2006) Judges, academics, and lawyers alike base their legal analyses of workplace racial harassment on the sexual harassment model. Legal principles derived from sexual harassment jurisprudence are presumed to be equally appropriate for racial harassment cases. The implicit assumption is that the social harms and public policy goals of racial harassment... 2006  
Peter Zablotsky From Undermining Child Protection Statutes to Creating Exceptions to Prohibitions Against Racial Discrimination in Public Accommodations: the Unsettling Consequences of Mischaracterizing the Police Reporting Privilege 32 Ohio Northern University Law Review 317 (2006) Historically, an absolute immunity from tort liability was extended to participants in judicial and quasi-judicial proceedings for statements made relevant to those proceedings; a qualified immunity, lost if malice were present, was extended to individuals for statements made in the public interest, such as reports to the police. These immunity... 2006 Yes
Jon Loevy How to Convince the Court That the Cops Are Lying 32 No. 2 Litigation 33 (Winter, 2006) Imagine that you represent a victim of genuine police brutality in a civil suit. The problem is, your client is a tough-looking young man with no job history and several criminal convictions. The police claim they did nothing more than subdue him after he threatened them and resisted arrest, and all of the uniformed witnesses are lining up to; Search Snippet: ...Winter, 2006 Freedom HOW TO CONVINCE THE COURT THAT THE COPS ARE LYING Jon Loevy [FNa1] Copyright © 2006 by American Bar... 2006  
Jay Rothman, Ph.D. , The ARIA Group, Inc. Identity and Conflict: Collaboratively Addressing Police-community Conflict in Cincinnati, Ohio 22 Ohio State Journal on Dispute Resolution 105 (2006) History was made on April 12, 2002, when a collaborative agreement to try to transform policing and police-community relations was signed in Cincinnati, Ohio. Signatories included the Mayor of Cincinnati, the president of the local police union, the head of the Ohio chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), and the president of the... 2006 Yes
Jay Stewart Naacp V. the Attorney General: Black Community Struggle Against Police Violence, 1959-68 9 Howard Scroll: The Social Justice Law Review 29 (Fall, 2006) On March 30, 1959, the U.S. Supreme Court issued two decisions which set the stage for a new era in police-community relations. In Abbate v. United States. and Bartkus v. Illinois, the Court gave the U.S. Justice Department the power to prosecute police officers under federal civil rights laws for acts of racist violence - even when they were... 2006 Yes
David Alan Sklansky Not Your Father's Police Department: Making Sense of the New Demographics of Law Enforcement 96 Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 1209 (Spring 2006) Several decades ago, when social scientists were discovering the police, and the Supreme Court was beginning to construct the modern law of criminal procedure, American law enforcement was structured roughly the same way it is today. Policing was largely a local responsibility. Departments were organized hierarchically and quasi-militarily. Line... 2006 Yes
Barry C. Feld Police Interrogation of Juveniles: an Empirical Study of Policy and Practice 97 Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 219 (Fall 2006) The Supreme Court does not require any special procedural safeguards when police interrogate youths and use the adult standard--knowing, intelligent, and voluntary under the totality of the circumstances--to gauge the validity of juveniles' waivers of Miranda rights. Developmental psychologists have studied adolescents' capacity to exercise... 2006 Yes
Priyamvada Sinha Police Use of Race in Suspect Descriptions: Constitutional Considerations 31 New York University Review of Law and Social Change 131 (2006) Introduction. 132 I. Police Use of Race in Suspect Descriptions: Background. 134 A. Common Problems. 135 B. Police Powers After September 11, 2001. 138 C. Case Study: Brown v. City of Oneonta. 140 II. Suspect Descriptions and the Role of Race. 142 A. Background: Suspect Descriptions. 143 1. The crime and the witness. 144 2. The police. 145 a.... 2006 Yes
Mark R. Brown Policing Ballot Access: Lessons from Nader's 2004 Run for President 35 Capital University Law Review 163 (Fall, 2006) Running on, running on empty Running on, running blind Running on, running into the sun, But I'm running behind. --Jackson Browne Ralph Nader was this country's third presidential candidate in 2000. He won more than six times the number of votes polled by any other minor contender. Nader's anticipated electoral draw--he won approximately 3%; Search Snippet: ...UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW Capital University Law Review Fall, 2006 Article POLICING BALLOT ACCESS: LESSONS FROM NADER'S 2004 RUN FOR PRESIDENT Mark... 2006 Yes
David Alan Sklansky Private Police and Democracy 43 American Criminal Law Review 89 (Winter, 2006) For most people, the police are government incarnate: the street-level embodiment of the state's monopolization of legitimate force. That is why it seemed so natural, in the middle decades of the twentieth century, for Pinkerton guards, private eyes, and the whole, old-fashioned apparatus of private peacekeeping and criminal apprehension to be; Search Snippet: ...LAW REVIEW American Criminal Law Review Winter, 2006 Essay PRIVATE POLICE AND DEMOCRACY David Alan Sklansky [FNa1] Copyright © 2006 by American... 2006 Yes
Eric J. Miller Role-based Policing: Restraining Police Conduct "Outside the Legitimate Investigative Sphere" 94 California Law Review 617 (May, 2006) Nothing we say today is to be taken as indicating approval of police conduct outside the legitimate investigative sphere. Under our decision, courts still retain their traditional responsibility to guard against police conduct which is over-bearing or harassing, or which trenches upon personal security without the objective evidentiary... 2006 Yes
Yoram Margalioth , Tomer Blumkin Targeting the Majority: Redesigning Racial Profiling 24 Yale Law and Policy Review 317 (Spring 2006) Imagine that you are a police officer stopping cars for a drug search and that you have reliable statistical information that African Americans are more likely to engage in drug trafficking. Most people believe that in such a case it would be efficient to search more African Americans compared to the rest of the population. Some object to targeting... 2006  
Elizabeth E. Joh The Forgotten Threat: Private Policing and the State 13 Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 357 (Summer, 2006) What do Disneyland, the Abu Ghraib U.S. military prison, the Mall of America, and the Y-12 nuclear security complex in Oak Ridge, Tennessee have in common? They have wildly different purposes, but they share a common characteristic as employers of private police. This answer--indicative of the prevalence and numbers of private police today--would; Search Snippet: ...Global Legal Studies Summer, 2006 Article THE FORGOTTEN THREAT: PRIVATE POLICING AND THE STATE Elizabeth E. Joh [FNa1] Copyright © 2006 by... 2006 Yes
Audrey G. McFarlane The New Inner City: Class Transformation, Concentrated Affluence and the Obligations of the Police Power 8 University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law L. 1 (January, 2006) Introduction. 3 I. Understanding the Dynamics of Urban Spatial Restructuring. 8 A. The Quest for the Upper-Middle Class Resident. 8 B. Professional Attraction to the City. 12 C. Creating the Affluent Neighborhood: The Public/Private Interplay of Redevelopment. 15 1. Locating Suitable Land: The Spillover Benefits of Racial and Economic Segregation.... 2006 Yes
Audrey G. McFarlane The New Inner City: Class Transformation, Concentrated Affluence and the Obligations of the Police Power 8 University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law 1 (January, 2006) Introduction. 3 I. Understanding the Dynamics of Urban Spatial Restructuring. 8 A. The Quest for the Upper-Middle Class Resident. 8 B. Professional Attraction to the City. 12 C. Creating the Affluent Neighborhood: The Public/Private Interplay of Redevelopment. 15 1. Locating Suitable Land: The Spillover Benefits of Racial and Economic Segregation; Search Snippet: ...CITY: CLASS TRANSFORMATION, CONCENTRATED AFFLUENCE AND THE OBLIGATIONS OF THE POLICE POWER Audrey G. McFarlane [FNa1] Copyright (c) 2006 The University... 2006 Yes
Jeffrey Fagan , Garth Davies , Jan Holland The Paradox of the Drug Elimination Program in New York City Public Housing 13 Georgetown Journal on Poverty Law and Policy 415 (Fall, 2006) In recent years, violence and public housing have been closely linked in political and popular cultures; to many, public housing symbolizes the dangers of inner city urban life. Built mainly in the 1950s and 1960s to assist the poor and working poor to escape slum conditions, most housing projects are clusters of high-rise towers that were placed; Search Snippet: ...control policing was developed or sustained under this program. [FN144] Police tactics in this era were controversial and racialized, and the racial imbalances in policing often were flashpoints for social tension between minority citizens and police since 1994. [FN145] The concentration of African-Americans and Hispanics... 2006  
Kris W. Kobach The Quintessential Force Multiplier: the Inherent Authority of Local Police to Make Immigration Arrests 69 Albany Law Review 179 (2005-2006) The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 underscored for all Americans the link between immigration law enforcement and terrorism. Nineteen alien terrorists had been able to enter the country legally and undetected, overstay their visas or violate their immigration statuses with impunity, and move freely within the country without significant... 2006 Yes
Karen Rothenberg , Alice Wang The Scarlet Gene: Behavioral Genetics, Criminal Law, and Racial and Ethnic Stigma 69-SPG Law and Contemporary Problems 343 (Winter/Spring 2006) Imagine that a scientist from the state university asks you and your family to participate in a study on a particular gene variant associated with alcoholism. The project focuses on your ethnic group, the Tracy Islanders, who have a higher incidence of alcoholism, as well as a higher incidence of the gene variant, than the general population. You... 2006  
Christopher Slobogin Transnational Law and Regulation of the Police 56 Journal of Legal Education 451 (September, 2006) Transnational law is relevant to any law school course, for at least three closely related reasons. First, Americans tend to be ethnocentrically myopic. Exposure to transnational law opens students' eyes to the fact that the American way is not the only or the best way of doing things. Second, transnational law can provide interesting alternatives; Search Snippet: ...2006 Transnational Legal Education TRANSNATIONAL LAW AND REGULATION OF THE POLICE Christopher Slobogin [FNa1] Copyright © 2006 by the Association of American... 2006 Yes
Kevin M. Keenan, Samuel Walker An Impediment to Police Accountability? An Analysis of Statutory Law Enforcement Officers' Bills of Rights 14 Boston University Public Interest Law Journal 185 (Spring, 2005) American police officers, acting through their collective bargaining representatives, have succeeded in gaining a special layer of employee due process protections when faced with investigations for official misconduct. Commonly called Law Enforcement Officers Bills of Rights (LEOBORs), these protections are codified in the laws of fourteen... 2005 Yes
Heidi Boghosian Applying Restraints to Private Police 70 Missouri Law Review 177 (Winter 2005) Before he was convicted of bombing the federal building in Oklahoma City, Timothy James McVeigh worked as a security guard with Burns International Security in upstate New York. Even though he came to work one day brandishing a sawed-off shotgun, he retained his job at Burns guarding Calspan Corporation, a firm conducting classified research in... 2005 Yes
Mohar Ray Can I See Your Papers? Local Police Enforcement of Federal Immigration Law Post 9/11 and Asian American Permanent Foreignness 11 Washington and Lee Race and Ethnic Ancestry Law Journal 197 (Winter, 2005) If I see someone come in and he's got a diaper on his head and a fan belt around that diaper on his head, that guy needs to be pulled over and checked. U.S. Congressional Representative John Cooksey of Louisiana, Radio Announcement after September 11, 2001 In the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks perpetuated by nineteen foreign... 2005 Yes
Jerome H. Skolnick Democratic Policing Confronts Terror and Protest 33 Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce 191 (Fall 2005) The idea of legal evolution to a rule of law necessarily implies restraints upon the coercive power of the state. Whatever we might mean by coercive state power, surely the institution of the police embodies the essence of such power. Democratic policing has long been a guiding concern in studies of American policing; and it is a major goal of... 2005 Yes
Michael R. Smith Depoliticizing Racial Profiling: Suggestions for the Limited Use and Management of Race in Police Decision-making 15 George Mason University Civil Rights Law Journal 219 (Spring 2005) The last several years have seen a growing crescendo of voices concerned over racial discrimination by America's law enforcement agencies. As a result, racial profiling, a term virtually unheard of five years ago, is now part of the national lexicon. Intimately tied to notions of fairness and constitutional standards of equality, concerns over... 2005 Yes
Nicola Persico , David A. Castleman Detecting Bias: Using Statistical Evidence to Establish Intentional Discrimination in Racial Profiling Cases 2005 University of Chicago Legal Forum 217 (2005) In ordering an investigation into possible racial profiling, President Clinton condemned the practice as the opposite of good police work where actions are based on hard facts, not stereotypes. But precisely what police work should be considered lawful because based on hard facts, as opposed to unlawful because based on stereotypes? Some... 2005  
Anthony E. Mucchetti Driving While Brown: a Proposal for Ending Racial Profiling in Emerging Latino Communities 8 Harvard Latino Law Review Rev. 1 (Spring, 2005) Bonnie Castro's Montana license plate read PUREMEX and was intended as an expression of pride in her family heritage. We didn't think it would make us a target, she later explained after having been detained for almost forty minutes in ninety-degree weather while holding her five-month-old son as police canines searched her car for illegal... 2005  
Marie-Amélie George Gendered Crime, Raced Justice: a Critical Race Feminist Approach to Forensic Dna Databank Expansion 19 National Black Law Journal 78 (2005) Between 1997 and 2002, Mark Wayne Rathburn raped fourteen women in Long Beach, California. One of his victims was an elderly widow who was recovering from surgery. In 1994, a serial rapist in the Bronx began a five-year crime spree, during which he sexually assaulted fifty-one women. Both of these perpetrators had previously been arrested, and... 2005  
Scott Optican Lessons from down Under: a Dialogue on Police Search and Seizure in New Zealand and the United States 3 Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law 257 (Fall, 2005) Professor Yankee: a distinguished professor of criminal law and procedure visiting New Zealand from a prestigious American law school. Professor Kiwi: a (more or less) distinguished professor of criminal procedure and evidence teaching at the Faculty of Law, The University of Auckland, New Zealand. Professor Kiwi has invited Professor Yankee to... 2005 Yes
Robert J. Delahunty , Antonio F. Perez Moral Communities or a Market State: the Supreme Court's Vision of the Police Power in the Age of Globalization 42 Houston Law Review 637 (Summer 2005) Overview. 644 I. International Politics and Constitutional Law. 656 A. Globalization and Constitutional Law. 656 B. The Constitutional Premises of the Nation State. 658 C. The Constitutional Premises of the Market State. 662 D. Constitutional Law Transformation and the Jurisprudence of Legal Pragmatism. 664 E. Precedent for Constitutional Change in... 2005 Yes
Liyah Kaprice Brown Officer or Overseer?: Why Police Desegregation Fails as an Adequate Solution to Racist, Oppressive, and Violent Policing in Black Communities 29 New York University Review of Law and Social Change 757 (2005) On January 23, 2004, Timothy Stansbury, Jr., a nineteen-year-old Black man, earned his GED. He planned to attend community college and start a family with his girlfriend. Hours later, Timothy met two of his friends and together they traveled to another friend's party. The three young men took a shortcut across the rooftop of Timothy's building... 2005 Yes
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