AuthorTitleCitationSummaryYearkey Terms in Title or Summary
Abigail Nieves Delgado POLICING IN CRYPTORACIAL SOCIETIES: THE CASE OF MEXICO 46 PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review 114 (May, 2023) In 2013, the Official Journal of the Federation of Mexico listed the key challenges facing Mexico's judicial institutions: a lack of public trust due to widespread corruption and systematic failure to prosecute and convict criminals (DOF, 2014). A plan to address these issues ensued. Written by the National Conference on the Administration and... 2023 Yes
Valena E. Beety , Jennifer D. Oliva POLICING PREGNANCY "CRIMES" 98 New York University Law Review Online 29 (March, 2023) The Supreme Court's decision in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization held that there is no right to abortion healthcare under the United States Constitution. This Essay details how states prosecuted pregnant people for pregnancy behaviors and speculative fetal harms prior to the Dobbs decision. In this connection, it also identifies two,... 2023 Yes
Jenny E. Carroll POLICING PROTEST: SPEECH, SPACE, CRIME, AND THE JURY 133 Yale Law Journal 175 (October, 2023) Speech is more than just an individual right--it can serve as a catalyst for democratically driven revolution and reform, particularly for minority or marginalized positions. In the past decade, the nation has experienced a rise in mass protests. However, dissent and disobedience in the form of such protests is not without consequences. While the... 2023 Yes
Avlana K. Eisenberg POLICING THE DANGER NARRATIVE 113 Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 473 (Summer, 2023) The clamor for police reform in the United States has reached a fever pitch. The current debate has mainly centered around questions of police function: What functions should police perform, and how should they perform them to avoid injustice and unnecessary harm? This Article, in contrast, focuses on a central aspect of police culture--namely, how... 2023 Yes
Michael Brewster POLICING THE POLICE: UTILIZING THE RIGHT TO RECORD AND CIVILIAN OVERSIGHT BOARDS TO MONITOR POLICE ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES 88 Brooklyn Law Review 993 (Spring, 2023) If the broad light of day could be let in upon men's actions, it would purify them as the sun disinfects.--Louis D. Brandeis On June 25, 2021, former Minneapolis police officer Derek Chauvin was sentenced to twenty-two and a half years in prison for the murder of George Floyd, which was caught on film. Bystander video footage captured former... 2023 Yes
Zachary R.M. Outzen POLICING VETERANS: WHAT THE VETERANS AFFAIRS POLICE CAN ILLUSTRATE ABOUT THE POLICING OF DISABILITY IN AMERICA 21 Seattle Journal for Social Justice 423 (Winter, 2023) Hospitals are for making sick people healthy. Guns are for killing people. The Department of Veterans Affairs Police (VA Police), a federal law enforcement agency tasked with law enforcement on Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) properties, has a shocking record of misconduct and brutality against veterans. Because the VA is the largest... 2023 Yes
Miriam Aroni Krinsky, Justin Murray, Maybell Romero PREFACE: NEW DIRECTIONS IN PROSECUTORIAL REFORM 60 American Criminal Law Review 1369 (Fall, 2023) This Preface, which introduces the American Criminal Law Review's Symposium Issue on Reform-Minded Prosecution, begins by describing the power that prosecutors hold in the criminal legal system, which has historically gone unchecked and unquestioned. As mass incarceration, police violence, and wrongful convictions began to permeate the public... 2023  
Osagie K. Obasogie , Peyton Provenzano RACE, RACISM, AND POLICE USE OF FORCE IN 21ST CENTURY CRIMINOLOGY: AN EMPIRICAL EXAMINATION 69 UCLA Law Review 1206 (January, 2023) Race scholars have voiced concerns about the field of c riminology and how it examines issues pertaining to race, racism, and racial difference. Various critiques have been made, from the field's overly positivist approach that privileges white logics that obscure the nuance of race relations to methodological critiques on how the field... 2023 Yes
Michael Heise RACIAL ISOLATION, SCHOOL POLICE, AND THE "SCHOOL-TO-PRISON PIPELINE": AN EMPIRICAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE ENDURING SALIENCE OF "TIPPING POINTS" 71 Buffalo Law Review 163 (April, 2023) Two broad trends inform public K-12 education's current trajectory. One involves persisting (and recently increasing) school racial isolation which helps account for an array of costs borne by students, schools, and communities. A second trend, involving a dramatically increasing police presence in schools, is evidenced by a rising school resource... 2023 Yes
Jennifer S. Hunt , Stephane M. Shepherd RACIAL JUSTICE IN PSYCHOLEGAL RESEARCH AND FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY PRACTICE: CURRENT ADVANCES AND A FRAMEWORK FOR FUTURE PROGRESS 47 Law and Human Behavior 1 (February, 2023) Police killings of Black civilians have brought unprecedented attention to racial and ethnic discrimination in the criminal justice and legal systems. However, these topics have been underexamined in the field of law--psychology, both in research and forensic--clinical practice. We discuss how a racial justice framework can provide guidance for... 2023  
Deniz Yonucu , Caroline Mary Parker RACISM AND POLICING BEYOND NORTH AMERICA 46 PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review 112 (May, 2023) In this issue's Directions section, we initiate a discussion on racism and policing in places beyond North America. Part of our motivation for doing so stems from a common experience we share--as antiracist educators and as anthropologists of policing and the carceral state--in our classrooms and even among our peers. This is the misplaced notion... 2023 Yes
Beth Caldwell REIFYING INJUSTICE: USING CULTURALLY SPECIFIC TATTOOS AS A MARKER OF GANG MEMBERSHIP 98 Washington Law Review 787 (October, 2023) Abstract: The gang label has been so highly racialized that white people who self-identify as gang members are almost never categorized as gang members by law enforcement, while Black and Latino people who are not gang members are routinely labeled and targeted as if they were. Different rules attach to people under criminal law once they are... 2023  
Shirley LaVarco REIMAGINING THE VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN ACT FROM A TRANSFORMATIVE JUSTICE PERSPECTIVE: DECARCERATION AND FINANCIAL REPARATIONS FOR CRIMINALIZED SURVIVORS OF SEXUAL AND GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE 98 New York University Law Review 912 (June, 2023) While the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) has long been venerated as a major legislative victory for those subjected to sexual and gender-based violence (S/GBV), VAWA is less often understood as the funding boon that it is for police, prosecutors, and prisons. A growing literature on the harms of carceral feminism has shown that VAWA has never... 2023  
Thalia González RESTORATIVE JUSTICE DIVERSION AS A STRUCTURAL HEALTH INTERVENTION IN THE CRIMINAL LEGAL SYSTEM 113 Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 541 (Summer, 2023) A new discourse at the intersection of criminal justice and public health is bringing to light how exposure to the ordinariness of racism in the criminal legal system--whether in policing practices or carceral settings--leads to extraordinary outcomes in health. Drawing on empirical evidence of the deleterious health effects of system involvement... 2023  
William Jacobs-Perez RETHINKING GUN VIOLENCE PREVENTION: POST-BRUEN POLICING AND THE DECRIMINALIZATION OF MINORITY GUN OWNERSHIP 23 University of Maryland Law Journal of Race, Religion, Gender and Class 104 (Spring, 2023) For decades a successful conservative movement has worked to refashion the Second Amendment from a collective right to maintain militias towards a wide-ranging individual right to keep and bear arms. However, absent from this newfound right have been poor men of color, who instead of benefiting from a philosophy centered on liberalizing gun... 2023 Yes
Beth A. Colgan REVENUE, RACE, AND THE POTENTIAL UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES OF TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT REFORM 101 North Carolina Law Review 889 (May, 2023) In response to repeated and highly publicized killings of people at the hands of law enforcement during traffic stops, there is growing interest among distraught relatives, advocates, scholars, and lawmakers in traffic enforcement reform. These efforts have included shifts in the methods of enforcement--for example, the use of unarmed civilian... 2023  
Katherine I. Puzone REVISITING THE "UNPROVOKED FLIGHT IN A HIGH CRIME AREA" STANDARD OF ILLINOIS v. WARDLOW IN LIGHT OF RECENT DEADLY INTERACTIONS BETWEEN MINORITIES AND LAW ENFORCEMENT 47 Law & Psychology Review 65 (2022-2023) C1-2Table of Contents I. The Court's Reasoning in Illinois v. Wardlow is no Longer Applicaple in Light of the Number of Killings of Unarmed Persons--Especially Minorities--at the Hands of Law Enforcement. 68 II. Recent Supreme Court Cases Recognizing How Adolescent Brain Development Affects Behavior Combined with Recent Events Involving Fatal... 2023  
Josephine L. Mlakar RUNNING A RED LIGHT: HOW PENNSYLVANIA RUSHED TO ITS DESTINATION AND FAILED TO DEFINE "EXIGENT CIRCUMSTANCES" IN COMMONWEALTH v. ALEXANDER 61 Duquesne Law Review 308 (Summer, 2023) The United States Supreme Court and the Pennsylvania Supreme Court both recognize an automobile exception to the warrant requirement pursuant to their respective constitutions. In 2014, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court adopted the federal automobile exception. Under the federal automobile exception, police can search a vehicle without a warrant... 2023  
Naomi Murakawa SAY THEIR NAMES, SUPPORT THEIR KILLERS: POLICE REFORM AFTER THE 2020 BLACK LIVES MATTER UPRISINGS 69 UCLA Law Review 1430 (September, 2023) Since the unprecedented Summer 2020 uprisings against policing and racism, many elites have embraced an anti-woke politics that openly celebrates law-and-order authoritarianism, heteropatriarchy, and white nationalism. This Article attends to a different but reinforcing response to the George Floyd uprisings: repression through a politics of... 2023 Yes
Rachel Moran SCOFFLAW LAW ENFORCEMENT 69 Wayne Law Review 31 (Spring, 2023) I. Introduction. 32 II. Motivations for Scofflaw Behavior by Law Enforcement. 34 A. Law Violations Motivated by Convenience. 34 B. Law Violations Motivated by an End Justifies the Means Mentality. 35 C. Law Violations Motivated by Self-Protection. 37 D. Law Violations as Expressions of Political Values. 39 E. Law Violations Motivated by Contempt... 2023  
Julian V. Roberts, Gabrielle Watson, Rhys Hester SENTENCING MEMBERS OF MINORITY GROUPS: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS FOR IMPROVEMENT IN FOUR COUNTRIES 52 Crime and Justice 343 (2023) Members of racial, ethnic, and Indigenous minorities have long accounted for disproportionate percentages of prison admissions in Western nations and of prison populations. The minorities affected vary between countries. Discriminatory or differential treatment by criminal justice officials from policing through to parole is part of the problem.... 2023  
Annie Jordan SEX, DRUGS, AND BALLOT MEASURES: AN ARGUMENT FOR MASSACHUSETTS TO FULLY DECRIMINALIZE PROSTITUTION 56 Suffolk University Law Review 145 (2023) Say that one of those women was a sex worker, then is that person meant to be shamed in their death? Would they have deserved it? The answer is no. On March 16, 2021, an armed shooter killed eight people at two massage businesses associated with prostitution. The shooter told law enforcement the victims were temptations to eliminate. These... 2023  
Samuel Vincent Jones SEXUALIZED POLICE VIOLENCE AND BIAS: ARE BLACK MALES MOST VULNERABLE? 56 UIC Law Review 627 (Winter 2023) It is sometimes mistakenly thought that the black male experience represents a mere racial variation on the white male experience and that black men suffer from discrimination only because they are black. Conceptualizing separate over-lapping black and male categories has sometimes interfered with the recognition that certain distinctive features... 2023 Yes
Fred B. Brown SHOULD THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT HELP STATES AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS PAY FOR POLICE MISCONDUCT THROUGH TAX-EXEMPT BONDS? 42 Virginia Tax Review 287 (Winter, 2023) A national issue of utmost importance is police misconduct, especially as it affects people of color. Tragic events involving police misconduct have led to proposals for police reform--which have run the gamut from abolishing the police, defunding the police, replacing the police for certain functions, and improved police training and hiring... 2023 Yes
Paul Butler SISTERS GONNA WORK IT OUT: BLACK WOMEN AS REFORMERS AND RADICALS IN THE CRIMINAL LEGAL SYSTEM 121 Michigan Law Review 1071 (April, 2023) Becoming Abolitionists: Police, Protests, and the Pursuit of Freedom. By Derecka Purnell. New York: Astra House. 2021. Pp. 288. Cloth, $28. Paper, $18. Progressive Prosecution: Race and Reform in Criminal Justice. Edited by Kim Taylor-Thompson and Anthony C. Thompson. New York: New York University Press. 2022. Pp. 312. $45. Black women are guiding... 2023  
Brendan Max SOUNDTHINKING'S BLACK-BOX GUNSHOT DETECTION METHOD: UNTESTED AND UNVETTED TECH FLOURISHES IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM 26 Stanford Technology Law Review (2023) (Spring, 2023) SoundThinking has successfully marketed their ShotSpotter forensic gunshot detection method to police departments and prosecutors as a reliable method for detecting and locating gunfire incidents in urban environments and generating admissible evidence for use in criminal prosecutions. The ShotSpotter method involves networks of microphones... 2023  
Matthew Boaz SPECULATIVE IMMIGRATION POLICY 37 Georgetown Immigration Law Journal 183 (Winter, 2023) This Article considers how speculative fiction was wielded by the Trump administration to implement destructive U.S. immigration policy. It analyzes the thematic elements from a particular apocalyptic novel, traces those themes through actual policy implemented by the president, and considers the harm effected by such policies. This Article... 2023  
Paul H. Robinson , Jeffrey Seaman , Muhammad Sarahne STANDING BACK AND STANDING DOWN: CITIZEN NON-COOPERATION AND POLICE NON-INTERVENTION AS CAUSES OF JUSTICE FAILURES AND CRIME 51 Hofstra Law Review 923 (Summer, 2023) It may surprise many that America's justice system fails to find or punish offenders for the vast majority of serious crimes. Failures of justice are the norm, not the exception. Most killers get away with murder. In 2020, there were 24,576 homicides in America, and police solved just 10,115 of those--41.2%. Even worse, usually less than half of... 2023 Yes
Zoha Waseem STATELESS AND VULNERABLE: RACE, POLICING, AND CITIZENSHIP IN PAKISTAN 46 PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review 128 (May, 2023) Some time ago, I approached a senior police officer in Pakistan, hoping to pitch a participatory action research project. The one I had in mind, I hoped, would help improve police-community interactions, especially in the context of migrant communities and those social groups rendered vulnerable due to their contested citizenship status or because... 2023 Yes
Antoinette Kavanaugh , Victoria Pietruszka , Danielle Rynczak , Dinisha Blanding TAKING THE NEXT STEP IN MIRANDA EVALUATIONS: CONSIDERING RACIAL TRAUMA AND THE IMPACT OF PRIOR POLICE CONTACT 47 Law and Human Behavior 249 (February, 2023) By law, before interrrogating a suspect who is in custody, the police should inform them of their Miranda rights--the rights against self-incrimination and to an attorney. When a suspect or defendant waives their Miranda rights, a judge ultimately determines whether the waiver was legal. In making this determination, the judge employs the totality... 2023 Yes
Likhitha Butchireddygari TAXING POLICE BRUTALITY BONDS 123 Columbia Law Review 1017 (May, 2023) In view of decades of devastating police violence and efforts to reform policing, this Note points to two concurrent phenomena that result in the federal tax code granting benefits to the wealthiest taxpayers who lend to municipalities for police brutality settlements. The first phenomenon is cities electing to issue bonds to satisfy these costly... 2023 Yes
Omavi Shukur THE CRIMINALIZATION OF BLACK RESISTANCE TO CAPTURE AND POLICING 103 Boston University Law Review 1 (February, 2023) The antiblack dimensions of antiresisting laws, that is, criminal proscriptions against physically resisting law enforcement, harden white social dominance and deepen black racial subordination. This Article contributes to the field by identifying and examining the relationship between black resistance to racial subordination and the development of... 2023 Yes
Paul J. Larkin , GianCarlo Canaparo THE FALLACY OF SYSTEMIC RACISM IN THE AMERICAN CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM 18 Liberty University Law Review 1 (Fall, 2023) Critics of the criminal justice system have repeatedly charged it with systemic racism. It is a tenet of the war on the War on Drugs, it is a justification used by the so-called progressive prosecutors to reject the Broken Windows theory of law enforcement, and it is an article of faith of the Defund the Police! movement. Even President... 2023  
Shawn E. Fields THE FOURTH AMENDMENT WITHOUT POLICE 90 University of Chicago Law Review 1023 (June, 2023) What role will the Fourth Amendment play in a world without police? As academics, activists, and lawmakers explore alternatives to traditional law enforcement, it bears asking whether the amendment primarily tasked with regulating police investigations would also regulate postpolice public safety agencies. Surprisingly, the answer is often no.... 2023 Yes
Ava Ayers THE IMPOSSIBILITY OF LOCAL POLICE REFORM 50 Fordham Urban Law Journal 609 (April, 2023) Why weren't there transformational changes to policing in the United States after the murder of George Floyd and the uprising that followed? While there are many reasons, including entrenched racism and inertia, I want to point to structural factors that make police reform impossible in many localities, and surpassingly difficult in all. First, the... 2023 Yes
Logan Ewanation, Evelyn M. Maeder, Institute of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Carleton University THE INFLUENCE OF RACE ON JURORS' PERCEPTIONS OF LETHAL POLICE USE OF FORCE 47 Law and Human Behavior 53 (February, 2023) Objective: Many highly publicized police use-of-force encounters have recently occurred in the United States. This project primarily explored whether officer, juror, or victim race affects verdicts in trials involving police use of force. Hypotheses: Because of recent conflicting research surrounding race and juror decision-making, we conducted an... 2023 Yes
Zoë Robinson, Stephen Rushin THE LAW ENFORCEMENT LOBBY 107 Minnesota Law Review 1965 (May, 2023) Introduction. 1966 I. Power in the Criminal Justice System. 1975 II. Capture in the Criminal Justice System: The Law Enforcement Lobby. 1983 A. Law Enforcement Institutions as Lobbyists. 1983 B. The Rise of the Law Enforcement Lobby. 1985 1. Police Unions. 1987 2. Prosecutorial Lobbyists. 1999 3. Correctional Officer Unions. 2005 III. The Costs of... 2023  
Abby M. Fink THE LONG ROAD TO JUSTICE: WHY STATE COURTS SHOULD LOWER THE EVIDENTIARY BURDEN FOR PROVING RACIALIZED TRAFFIC STOPS AND ADOPT THE EXCLUSIONARY RULE AS A REMEDY FOR EQUAL PROTECTION VIOLATIONS 13 Washington Journal of Social & Environmental Justice 1 (February, 2023) Racist and brutal policing continues to pervade the criminal legal system. Black and brown people who interact with the police consistently face unequal targeting and treatment. Routine traffic stops are especially dangerous and harmful and can lead to death. Under Whren, a police officer's racist motivations or implicit bias towards a driver do... 2023  
Vincent M. Southerland THE MASTER'S TOOLS AND A MISSION: USING COMMUNITY CONTROL AND OVERSIGHT LAWS TO RESIST AND ABOLISH POLICE SURVEILLANCE TECHNOLOGIES 70 UCLA Law Review 2 (June, 2023) The proliferation and use of technology by law enforcement is rooted in the hope that technological tools can improve policing. Improvement, however, is relative. Quantitative data and qualitative experience have proven the criminal legal system a site of racial injustice and rank brutality. Police are one of the principal instruments of those... 2023 Yes
Kindaka J. Sanders THE NEW DREAD, PART II: THE JUDICIAL OVERTHROW OF THE REASONABLENESS STANDARD IN POLICE SHOOTING 71 Cleveland State Law Review 1029 (2023) C1-2Contents I. Introduction. 1030 II. Excessive Force Law. 1035 A. General. 1035 B. At Common Law. 1041 C. Case Law. 1041 1. Tennessee v. Garner. 1041 2. Graham v. Connor. 1043 3. Scott v. Harris. 1046 4. Plumhoff v. Rickard. 1048 5. County of Los Angeles v. Mendez. 1050 D. Qualified Immunity. 1051 III. Sea Change. 1056 A. Right to Resist an... 2023 Yes
Sarah Mikva Pfander THE PATH TO MUNICIPAL LIABILITY FOR RACIALLY DISCRIMINATORY POLICING 69 UCLA Law Review 1270 (January, 2023) Racist policing and the racially discriminatory use of force by police officers pose a serious challenge for a legal system committed to equal justice. Yet litigants cannot easily contest the systemic racism that permeates police departments across the country. Individuals injured by police violence may not have the resources to pursue systemic... 2023 Yes
I. India Thusi THE RACIALIZED HISTORY OF VICE POLICING 69 UCLA Law Review 1576 (September, 2023) Vice policing targets the consumption and commercialization of certain pleasures that have been criminalized in the United States--such as the purchase of narcotics and sexual services. One might assume that vice policing is concerned with eliminating these vices. However, in reality, this form of policing has not been centered on protecting and... 2023 Yes
Madalyn K. Wasilczuk THE RACIALIZED VIOLENCE OF POLICE CANINE FORCE 111 Georgetown Law Journal 1125 (May, 2023) C1-3Table of Contents L1-2Introduction . L31126 I. The Racial History of Police Canine Force. 1132 a. settlement and slavery. 1132 b. from slave dogs to k-9s. 1138 c. dogs of war, at home and abroad. 1146 d. canine biopower as racial infrastructure. 1154 II. The Constitutional Law of Police Canine Force. 1161 a. fourth amendment seizures by police... 2023 Yes
Adam M. Gershowitz THE TESLA MEETS THE FOURTH AMENDMENT 48 Brigham Young University Law Review 1135 (2023) Can police search a smart car's computer without a warrant? Although the Supreme Court banned warrantless searches of cell phones incident to arrest in Riley v. California, the Court left the door open for warrantless searches under other exceptions to the warrant requirement. This is the first article to argue that the Fourth Amendment's... 2023  
Lisa Avalos THE UNDER-POLICING OF CRIMES AGAINST BLACK WOMEN 73 Case Western Reserve Law Review 795 (Spring, 2023) It is well known that over-policing has a severe adverse impact on communities of color. What is less well known is that over-policing is accompanied by a corollary--a pervasive and systemic under-policing of violence against women of color. The refusal to see women of color as victims of crime who are worthy recipients of justice, and the tendency... 2023 Yes
David Kinzer THE UNFULFILLED PROMISE OF THE DETROIT BOARD OF POLICE COMMISSIONERS 69 Wayne Law Review 65 (Spring, 2023) I. Introduction. 65 II. Background. 69 A. Early Patterns of Racialized Police Violence. 69 B. John Nichols: Naked in the Jungle of Politics. 72 C. Election Day 1973. 75 D. Implementing Affirmative Action. 78 E. The Fight for Power. 80 F. Throttled Reforms and Stagnation. 84 III. Analysis. 90 A. Revisiting Deadly Force and Qualifying Success. 91... 2023 Yes
Anna Arons THOMPSON v. CLARK AND THE "REASONABLE" POLICING OF MARGINALIZED FAMILIES 47 New York University Review of Law and Social Change 221 (2023) This Article uses the experience of Larry Thompson, the plaintiff in Thompson v. Clark, 142 S. Ct. 1332 (2022), to examine the absence of privacy for poor families, particularly poor Black, Latinx, and Native families, in the United States. Mr. Thompson may end up remembered in legal history as a victor, as the Supreme Court lowered the barriers to... 2023 Yes
Antonio M. Romanucci THREE PILLARS FOR POLICE REFORM   America still desperately needs comprehensive police reform, and these recommendations--based on case experiences and research--offer a blueprint for moving the needle forward. Time and time again, we've seen that the police are deeply challenged when policing themselves. Those of us on the frontlines of police reform and who work closely with... 2023 Yes
Lina Yoo TO PROTECT AND TO SERVE, NOT TO KILL: CHAPTER 405 RAISES AGE AND EDUCATION REQUIREMENTS FOR CALIFORNIA'S POLICE OFFICERS 54 University of the Pacific Law Review 186 (May, 2023) Code Sections Affected Government Code § 1031.4 (added) and Penal Code § 13511.1 (added) AB 89 (Jones-Sawyer); 2021 Stat. Ch. 405 C1-2Table of Contents I. Introduction. 187 II. Legal Background. 189 A. The Need to Reduce California's Death Toll by Police. 190 1. California's Per Capita Police Killings Outnumber the United States' Exceedingly High... 2023 Yes
James Roth TRANSFORMING THE MINNEAPOLIS POLICE DEPARTMENT TO CONFORM WITH THE RULE OF LAW: REFORM OR ABOLITION 49 Mitchell Hamline Law Review 474 (April, 2023) I. Introduction. 475 II. Rule of Law. 477 III. Background. 477 A. History of the Minneapolis Police Department. 477 B. Statistical Disparities. 486 C. The Murder of George Floyd and Its Aftermath. 487 D. 2021 Referendums to Amend Minneapolis City Charter and Citywide Elections. 490 E. Post-November 2021 Election Developments. 494 F. Department of... 2023 Yes
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