AuthorTitleCitationSummaryYearkey Terms in Title
Chaz Arnett BLACK LIVES MONITORED 69 UCLA Law Review 1384 (September, 2023) The police killing of George Floyd added fuel to the simmering flames of racial injustice in America following a string of similarly violent executions during a global pandemic that disproportionately ravaged the health and economic security of Black families and communities. The confluence of these painful realities exposed deep vulnerabilities... 2023  
Charelle Lett BLACK WOMEN VICTIMS OF POLICE BRUTALITY AND THE SILENCING OF THEIR STORIES 30 UCLA Journal of Gender & Law 131 (Summer, 2023) C1-2Table of Contents Introduction. 132 I. Brief History of State Sanctioned Violence Against Black People in the United States. 132 A. Slave Patrols as the Foundation of Modern Policing. 132 B. The Lynching Period and Law Enforcement's Involvement. 134 C. Historical Account of the Criminalization of Black Activism. 136 1. Second Red Scare. 136 2.... 2023 Yes
Kendra Albert, Avatara Smith-Carrington BOMB BODY POLITICS: ON THE TSA'S ALGORITHIMIC POLICING OF GENDER 33 University of Florida Journal of Law and Public Policy 213 (Spring, 2023) Long before modern discussions of algorithmic policing, the Department of Homeland Security was using sexist and racist algorithms to determine which individuals to subject to additional screening. The algorithms are built into the Transportation Safety Administration's advanced imaging technology, and they are used to justify the systems of... 2023 Yes
Jenna Prochaska BREAKING FREE FROM "CRIME-FREE": STATE-LEVEL RESPONSES TO HARMFUL HOUSING ORDINANCES 27 Lewis & Clark Law Review 259 (2023) Municipalities throughout the country enforce broad and harmful crime-free housing and nuisance property ordinances (CFNOs)--local laws that encourage landlords to evict or exclude tenants from housing opportunities based on their contact with the criminal legal system or calls for police help. There is little evidence that CFNOs are effective at... 2023  
Mackenzie Philbrick BUDGETING FOR EXONEREE COMPENSATION: INDEMNIFYING EXONEREES NOT OFFICIALS TO DETER FUTURE WRONGFUL CONVICTIONS 50 Fordham Urban Law Journal 797 (April, 2023) As survivors of state harm, exonerees are often woefully undercompensated compared to present jury awards for wrongful incarceration. Furthermore, by precluding exonerees who have falsely confessed or pled guilty from receiving state compensation, lawmakers squander an opportunity to increase police accountability going forward, further stacking... 2023  
Sandy Hudson BUILDING A WORLD WITHOUT POLICE 69 UCLA Law Review 1646 (September, 2023) L1-2TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction. 1648 I. Reform: A Project of Repeated Failure. 1653 II. Safety & Security as the Goal. 1660 III. The New Future. 1670 Conclusion. 1677 2023 Yes
Jared Joseph , Bill McCarthy CALIFORNIA CIVIL ASSET FORFEITURE AND THE POLICING OF MINORITY RESIDENTS 48 Law and Social Inquiry 1138 (November, 2023) In Who Are the Criminals?, John Hagan argues that legislators use crisis framing to influence how the general public thinks about crime. President Ronald Reagan used reports of a drug use epidemic fueled by organized crime as part of his crisis framing. In 1984, he signed the Comprehensive Crime Control Act (CCCA) as part of his war on drugs.... 2023 Yes
Quinlan Cummings CALLING OFFICER HESTER PRYNNE! THE PROMISES AND PITFALLS OF EMPLOYING PUBLIC SHAME AS A DETERRENT FOR POLICE MISCONDUCT 60 American Criminal Law Review 179 (Winter, 2023) I literally could not put my phone down. Whether I got shot or not, this needed to be documented. Those words were spoken by the bystander who used their smartphone to capture the moment that police in Austin, Texas opened fire on peaceful protestors seeking medical assistance for 20-year-old Justin Howell. An officer had shot Howell in the back... 2023 Yes
Edward R. Maguire , Shawn L. Hill , Howard Giles CAUGHT IN THE MIDDLE: ACCOMMODATIVE DILEMMAS IN POLICE--COMMUNITY RELATIONS 29 Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 486 (November, 2023) Police reform movements often focus on improving relationships between police and the public. These relationships are a primary focus of community policing and procedural justice, two major reform efforts in policing worldwide over the past 3 decades. Reform movements that seek to improve relationships between police and the public rely, in part,... 2023 Yes
Jonathan Jackson , Tasseli McKay , Leonidas Cheliotis , Ben Bradford , Adam Fine , Rick Trinkner CENTERING RACE IN PROCEDURAL JUSTICE THEORY: STRUCTURAL RACISM AND THE UNDER- AND OVERPOLICING OF BLACK COMMUNITIES 47 Law and Human Behavior 68 (February, 2023) Objective: We assessed the factors that legitimized the police in the United States at an important moment of history, just after the police killing of George Floyd in 2020. We also evaluated one way of incorporating perceptions of systemic racism into procedural justice theory. Hypotheses: We tested two primary hypotheses. The first hypothesis was... 2023 Yes
André Douglas Pond Cummings , Kalvin Graham CLAIM DENIED - ACCESS DENIED: THE BLACK WALL STREET INSURANCE GRIFT 35 Saint Thomas Law Review 101 (Spring, 2023) The subject of Corporate Reparations has gained noteworthy momentum in recent years. The murder of George Floyd at the hands of former police officer Derek Chauvin in 2020 galvanized major United States corporate leadership into thinking about and committing to playing a sizeable role in ending systemic racism and bringing economic equality and... 2023  
Catherine L. Fisk COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF POLICE 69 Wayne Law Review 1 (Spring, 2023) I. Introduction. 1 II. Police Abuse and the Question of Managerial Failure. 6 III. The Controversy Over Police Unions and Violence: Collective Action, Contract, Culture, or Something Else?. 12 IV. Whither Police Labor Relations Reform. 15 V. Conclusion. 29 2023 Yes
Rebecca L. Fix , Jeffrey Aaron , Sheldon Greenberg COMMUNITY CRIME, POVERTY, AND PROPORTION OF BLACK RESIDENTS INFLUENCE POLICE DESCRIPTIONS OF ADOLESCENTS 47 Law and Human Behavior 12 (February, 2023) Objective: Our study examined officers' attitudes and perceptions of adolescents in general (and challenges in policing adolescents) and the degree to which community variables affect those perceptions. Hypotheses: Our examinations of officers' descriptions of adolescents and challenges in policing adolescents were exploratory. We hypothesized that... 2023 Yes
Sean J. McKinley, Edelyn Verona, Department of Psychology, University of South Florida COOL UNDER FIRE: PSYCHOPATHIC PERSONALITY TRAITS AND DECISION MAKING IN LAW-ENFORCEMENT-ORIENTED POPULATIONS 47 Law and Human Behavior 591 (October, 2023) Objective: Compared with other jobs, the law enforcement profession is a high-stakes occupation that has the potential to greatly impact public safety, and officers must face daily dangers not experienced in other professions. Previous research indicates that many law enforcement officers exhibit varying degrees of psychopathic traits, which... 2023  
Marty Berger , David A. Sklansky CRIME, COMMUNITY, AND THE SHADOW OF THE VIRTUAL 2023 University of Illinois Law Review 1607 (2023) As reformers and abolitionists spar over the future of law enforcement, both camps urge giving the community a weightier say in defining public safety priorities. Regardless of whether police departments should be further revamped or instead defunded, a key task will be determining how to grapple with the complicated, heterogeneous nature of... 2023  
Margareth Etienne , Richard McAdams CRIMINOGENIC RISKS OF INTERROGATION 98 Indiana Law Journal 1031 (Spring, 2023) In the United States, moral minimization is a pervasive police interrogation tactic in which the detective minimizes the moral seriousness and harm of the offense, suggesting that anyone would have done the same thing under the circumstances, and casting blame away from the offender and onto the victim or society. The goal of these minimizations is... 2023  
Juliet P. Stumpf CRIMMIGRATION AND THE LEGITIMACY OF IMMIGRATION LAW 65 Arizona Law Review 113 (Spring, 2023) Crimmigration law--the intersection of immigration and criminal law--with its emphasis on immigration enforcement, has been central in discussions over political compromise on immigration reform. Yet crimmigration law's singular approach to interior immigration and criminal law enforcement threatens to undermine public faith in the legitimacy of... 2023  
Jennifer M. Page, University of Zurich, jennifer.page@uzh.ch DEFENSIVE KILLING BY POLICE 24 Journal of Ethics & Social Philosophy 315 (April, 2023) All self-defense is undertaken under uncertain circumstances. If amid a violent encounter, someone pulls out and unlocks a gun, takes aim, and begins to squeeze the trigger, it is always possible for the gun to jam or be out of bullets. However, some self-defense scenarios are far more uncertain, where a person has not revealed a clear intent to... 2023 Yes
Jerron R. Wheeler, Esq. DEFUNDING C.O.P.S.: CONDITIONING FEDERAL FUNDING TO STATE AND LOCAL LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES UPON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A PROGRAM THAT SCREENS ITS CURRENT AND FUTURE OFFICERS FOR WHITE SUPREMACIST AFFILIATIONS 23 University of Maryland Law Journal of Race, Religion, Gender and Class 1 (Spring, 2023) I. Introduction. 1 II. White Supremacy in Policing. 4 III. Congress' Spending Clause Power. 10 IV. Proposed Screening Program. 13 V. Conclusion. 18 2023  
Allison R. Cross , Kelsey E. Tom , Danielle Wallace , Rick Trinkner , Adam D. Fine DID GEORGE FLOYD'S MURDER SHAPE THE PUBLIC'S FELT OBLIGATION TO OBEY THE POLICE? 47 Law and Human Behavior 510 (August, 2023) Objective: Our goal in the present study was to use longitudinal data to assess how normative (i.e., consensually motivated) and instrumental (i.e., coercively motivated) obligation to obey police changed after police murdered George Floyd and whether these changes differed by political ideology. Hypotheses: Using procedural justice theory, we... 2023 Yes
Darren Byler DIGITAL TURBAN-HEAD: RACIAL LEARNING AND POLICING MUSLIMS IN NORTHWEST CHINA 46 PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review 121 (May, 2023) What do you think of our turban-heads' (women de chantou)? the taxi driver wondered, nodding out the window at a Uyghur pedestrian. I stared at him blankly. Not waiting for my response, he continued, wanting to get my thoughts on how the United States's war in Iraq was going. He had heard that it was going to affect the oil prices. It was 2010,... 2023 Yes
Cynthia Godsoe DISRUPTING CARCERAL LOGIC IN FAMILY POLICING 121 Michigan Law Review 939 (April, 2023) Torn Apart: How the Child Welfare System Destroys Black Families--and How Abolition Can Build a Safer World. By Dorothy Roberts. New York: Basic Books. 2022. Pp. 11, 303. $32. Among a growing consensus that the criminal legal system is oversized, racist, and ineffective at preventing harm, the child welfare/family-policing system continues to be... 2023 Yes
Daina Strub Kabitz ENGAGING IN EQUITY-CENTERED POLICYMAKING: STATE-LEVEL RACIAL EQUITY IMPACT ASSESSMENT TRENDS, LESSONS LEARNED, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 49 Mitchell Hamline Law Review 645 (June, 2023) I. Introduction. 646 II. Background. 647 III. Racial Equity Impact Assessments: Detailed Examples. 651 A. Criminal Justice Focused REIAs: Iowa's Correctional Impact Statement. 651 B. Generally Applicable REIAs: Colorado's Demographic Note. 654 C. Emerging REIA Trends at the Local Level: New York City's Racial Equity Report. 656 IV. Racial Equity... 2023  
Randall E. Ravitz ENSURING JUSTICE, EQUITY, AND ACCOUNTABILITY THROUGH THE NEW MASSACHUSETTS PEACE OFFICER STANDARDS AND TRAINING (POST) COMMISSION 67-WTR Boston Bar Journal 16 (Winter, 2023) Events in 2020 focused public attention squarely on the practices of law enforcement and issues of racial justice. Responding to calls for action, the Massachusetts Legislature passed, and Governor Charles D. Baker signed, An Act Relative to Justice, Equity and Accountability in Law Enforcement in the Commonwealth. The legislation changed the rules... 2023  
Seema Kakade ENVIRONMENTAL EVIDENCE 94 University of Colorado Law Review 757 (Summer, 2023) The voices of impacted people are some of the most important when trying to make improvements to social justice in a variety of contexts, including criminal policing, housing, and health care. After all, the people with on-the-ground experience know what is likely to truly effectuate change in their community, and what is not. Yet, such lived... 2023  
Jennifer T. Perillo, Rochelle B. Sykes, Sean A. Bennett, Margaret C. Reardon, Department of Psychology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania EXAMINING THE CONSEQUENCES OF DEHUMANIZATION AND ADULTIFICATION IN JUSTIFICATION OF POLICE USE OF FORCE AGAINST BLACK GIRLS AND BOYS 47 Law and Human Behavior 36 (February, 2023) Objective: Given the greater contact that Black youth have with the legal system compared with White youth, it is important to consider the differential ways that police use of force against these youth is perceived. Black youth may be at greater risk than White youth for animalistic (being seen as animal-like) and mechanistic (being seen as... 2023 Yes
Michael Gentithes EXIGENCIES, NOT EXCEPTIONS: HOW TO RETURN WARRANT EXCEPTIONS TO THEIR ROOTS 25 University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law 60 (March, 2023) When a police officer interacts with an individual, the encounter is subject to myriad exceptions to the Fourth Amendment's warrant requirement that lack a coherent justifying theory. For instance, officers can warrantlessly search if an automobile was involved in the interaction, an arrest occurred, or a protective sweep was necessary to prevent a... 2023  
Amy C. Watson , Taleed El-Sabawi EXPANSION OF THE POLICE ROLE IN RESPONDING TO MENTAL HEALTH CRISES OVER THE PAST FIFTY YEARS: DRIVING FACTORS, RACE INEQUITIES AND THE NEED TO REBALANCE ROLES 86 Law and Contemporary Problems 1 (2023) Tragic police shootings of people experiencing mental health crises, along with recognition of the overrepresentation of people with serious mental illnesses in the criminal legal system, have garnered several decades of research and policy attention. Substantial resources have been focused on improving law enforcement's ability to safely provide... 2023 Yes
Christopher M. Bellas FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE JURY VERDICTS IN POLICE USE OF FORCE CASES 73 Case Western Reserve Law Review 895 (Spring, 2023) C1-2Contents Introduction. 895 I. Police Use of Force. 896 II. Cases Involving Police Use of Force. 898 III. Race and Police Use of Force: Community Attitudes. 904 IV. Juror Decision Making and Police Use of Force in Criminal Cases. 908 V. Empathy. 910 VI. Empathy and the Criminal Justice System. 912 VII. Juror Attitudes in Police Use of Force... 2023 Yes
Nathan S. Chapman FAIR NOTICE, THE RULE OF LAW, AND REFORMING QUALIFIED IMMUNITY 75 Florida Law Review 1 (January, 2023) After a series of highly publicized incidents of police violence, a growing number of courts, scholars, and politicians have demanded the abolition of qualified immunity. The doctrine requires courts to dismiss damages actions against officials for violating the plaintiff's constitutional rights unless a reasonable officer would have known that the... 2023  
Julie A. Sacks, Esq., Attorney at Law, Providence FEAR OF GOING VIRAL: RESTRICTING PUBLIC EMPLOYEES' TROUBLING OFF-DUTY FACEBOOK POSTS 71-APR Rhode Island Bar Journal 9 (March/April, 2023) Unlike private sector employees, public sector employees enjoy speech rights under the First Amendment that protect them from discharge or discipline based on the content of their speech when they speak privately as a citizen. However, across the country, police officers, correctional officers, firefighters, and other public employees of... 2023  
Michael D. Makowsky , Patrick L. Warren , Clemson University, Clemson University FIREARMS AND LYNCHING 66 Journal of Law & Economics 259 (May, 2023) We assess firearms as a means of Black residents' self-defense in the Jim Crow South. We infer access to firearms by race and place by measuring the fraction of suicides committed with a firearm. Corroborating anecdotal accounts and historical claims, state bans on pistols and increases in White law enforcement personnel served as mechanisms to... 2023  
Noah Smith-Drelich FUNDING THE POLICE 84 Ohio State Law Journal 717 (2023) For all the discussion of defunding the police, far less attention has been given to how the police are funded. This Article shines a light on the wide range of sources, public and private, from which police draw their funding. This examination complicates the widely accepted notion of police as locally controlled and wholly public entities. Even... 2023 Yes
Ben Mordechai-Strongin GIVING THE FOURTH AMENDMENT MEANING: CREATING AN ADVERSARIAL WARRANT PROCEEDING TO PROTECT FROM UNREASONABLE SEARCHES AND SEIZURES 56 University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform 951 (Spring, 2023) For at least the past 40 years, police and prosecutors have had free reign in conducting illegal searches and seizures nominally barred by the Fourth Amendment. The breadth of exceptions to the warrant requirement, the lax interpretation of probable cause, and especially the good faith doctrine announced in U.S. v. Leon have led to severe... 2023  
Rashmi Goel GRANDMA GOT ARRESTED: POLICE, EXCESSIVE FORCE, AND PEOPLE WITH DEMENTIA 57 University of Richmond Law Review 335 (Winter, 2023) Recent events have shone a light on the particular vulnerability of people with dementia to police violence. Police are arresting people with dementia and using excessive force to do it--drawing their firearms, deploying tasers, and breaking bones. To date, little attention has been paid to the burgeoning number of people with dementia, one of... 2023 Yes
Kiricka Yarbough Smith, Maura Reinbrecht HOW ANTI-SEX TRAFFICKING EFFORTS SHOULD ALIGN WITH CRIMINAL JUSTICE REFORM 38 Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law & Justice 158 (2023) Current law enforcement practices--including efforts to address sex trafficking--disproportionately harm Black people. This Article proposes that front-end criminal justice reforms to reduce the criminalization of poverty, reform racially biased police practices, and increase police accountability could mitigate the disparate impact that policing... 2023  
Patrick K. Lin HOW TO SAVE FACE & THE FOURTH AMENDMENT: DEVELOPING AN ALGORITHMIC AUDITING AND ACCOUNTABILITY INDUSTRY FOR FACIAL RECOGNITION TECHNOLOGY IN LAW ENFORCEMENT 33 Albany Law Journal of Science and Technology 189 (2022-2023) [S]omething merciless that carried a printed list and a gun, that moved machine-like through the flat, bureaucratic job of killing. A thing without emotions, or even a face; a thing that if killed got replaced immediately by another resembling it. And so on, until everyone real and alive had been shot. L1-2CONTENTS Introduction. 190 I.... 2023  
Kevin Salazar INDEPENDENT COUNSEL: THE INTEREST OF JUSTICE DEMANDS NEUTRAL PROSECUTION IN LOCAL AFFAIRS 32-SPG Kansas Journal of Law & Public Policy 123 (Spring, 2023) You understand we are accusing you of raping women and coercing women into giving false testimony, some of the grossest acts of corruption a police officer can commit, right? a lawyer asked Roger Golubski during a November 2020 deposition. This Roger Golubski was the same person who worked for the Kansas City, Kansas Police Department (KCKPD)... 2023  
Kekek Jason Stark INDIAN POLICING: AGENTS OF ASSIMILATION 73 Case Western Reserve Law Review 683 (Spring, 2023) [T]he police force is a perpetual educator. It is a power entirely independent of the chiefs. It weakens, and will finally destroy, the power of tribes and bands . where the Indians themselves are the recognized agents for the enforcement of the law, they will more readily learn to be obedient of its requirements. --Report of the Commissioner of... 2023 Yes
Nadia Rossbach INNOCENT UNTIL PREDICTED GUILTY: HOW PREMATURE PREDICTIVE POLICING CAN LEAD TO A SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY 75 Florida Law Review 167 (January, 2023) Predictive policing is an innovative, evolving approach to crime prevention that law enforcement has recently embraced. These programs are designed to detect crime patterns by employing machine-learned algorithms to identify high-crime areas as well as likely offenders. In doing so, law enforcement hopes to implement a proactive approach in which... 2023 Yes
Adam M. Gershowitz , Caroline E. Lewis LAUNDERING POLICE LIES 2023 Wisconsin Law Review 1187 (2023) Police officers--like ordinary people--are regularly dishonest. Officers lie under oath (testilying), on police reports (reportilying), and in a myriad of other situations. Despite decades of evidence about police lies, the U.S. Supreme Court regularly believes police stories that are utterly implausible. Either because the Court is gullible,... 2023 Yes
Rachel Harmon LAW AND ORDERS 123 Columbia Law Review 943 (May, 2023) Coercive policing is conducted mostly by means of commands, and officers usually cannot use force unless they have first issued an order. Yet, despite widespread concern about force and coercion in policing, commands are both underregulated and misunderstood. Officers have no clear legal authority to give many common commands, almost no... 2023  
Allie Schiele LEARNING FROM LEADERS: USING CARPENTER TO PROHIBIT LAW ENFORCEMENT USE OF MASS AERIAL SURVEILLANCE 91 George Washington Law Review Arguendo 14 (March, 2023) In 2020, the Baltimore Police Department (BPD) resurrected its dragnet aerial surveillance initiative--the Aerial Investigation Research (AIR) program. Using a plane outfitted with high-definition cameras, BPD was able to observe the daily movements of hundreds of thousands of Baltimore residents. Sophisticated technology such as the AIR... 2023  
Bobbi Taylor LEGALIZED THEFT: AN ANALYSIS OF CIVIL ASSET FORFEITURE AND REFORM IN NEW JERSEY 53 Seton Hall Law Review 1413 (4/28/2023) What if I told you that law enforcement took more stuff from Americans than burglars? And that it was all legal? This is absolutely true, and there are many examples. As recently as September 2021, Nevada state troopers pulled over Stephen Lara, a thirty-nine-year-old former U.S. Marine, while on his way to see his daughters with $87,000 of cash... 2023  
Caleb Linton LIKE PUTTING LIPSTICK ON A PIG: WHY THE HISTORY OF CRIME CONTROL SHOULD COMPEL THE PROHIBITION OF INCENTIVIZED WITNESS TESTIMONY UNDER FUNDAMENTAL FAIRNESS PRINCIPLES 113 Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 391 (Spring, 2023) Among Western nations, American courts remain uniquely permissive to the routine law enforcement practice of offering witnesses incentives to testify for the State in criminal trials. Despite laws and ethical rules roundly prohibiting the practice and recurrent skepticism of incentivized testimony in the English common law tradition, American... 2023  
David A. Harris LOOKING BACK, LOOKING FORWARD: TO REDUCE AND RESOLVE RACIAL PROFILING, CONSTRAIN POLICE DISCRETION 50 Northern Kentucky Law Review 159 (2023) As we approach the three-decade mark since the first lawsuits and scholarly work challenging racial profiling on the nation's roads and highways, several conclusions emerge concerning those first efforts to confront the problem. First, that work served the essential purpose of bringing these practices to the notice of the American public and... 2023 Yes
Adam Crepelle MAKING RED LIVES MATTER: PUBLIC CHOICE THEORY AND INDIAN COUNTRY CRIME 27 Lewis & Clark Law Review 769 (2023) American Indians are victims of violence at higher rates than members of any other racial group. Nevertheless, Indian victims receive little media attention. Aside from the prevalence of violence against Indians, the violence is unique because of the rules governing Indian country law enforcement. Tribes, absent compliance with federally mandated... 2023  
Michal Buchhandler-Raphael MAPPING ALTERNATIVE FIRST RESPONDER MODELS TO DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 30 Virginia Journal of Social Policy and the Law 15 (Spring, 2023) Introduction. 16 I. Problems in Punitive and Carceral Responses DV. 17 II. AFR to DV Typologies. 20 A. An Internal Model: Integrate LCSWs into Police Departments. 22 B. An External Alternative Government Agency Model. 23 C. An External Non-Government Community-Led Model. 24 D. A Collaborative Model: Police and Social Service Providers as... 2023  
Allison E. Lloyd, Erika N. Fountain, Psychology Department, University of Maryland MEASURING TRANS YOUTHS' PERCEPTIONS OF POLICE AND POLICE BIAS: EXPLORING THE USE OF THE PERCEPTIONS OF POLICE SCALE 29 Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 336 (August, 2023) Recently there have been record-breaking increases in policies prohibiting, and even some proposals to criminalize, normative behavior of gender-diverse youth. These policies inherently expand law enforcement's surveillance of trans and gender-expansive youth. Despite this, we know very little about how trans and gender-expansive youth perceive the... 2023 Yes
Brooklynn K. Hitchens , Jeaneé C. Miller , Yasser Arafat Payne , Ivan Y. Sun , Isabella Castillo MORE THAN RACE? INTRAGROUP DIFFERENCES BY GENDER AND AGE IN PERCEPTIONS OF POLICE AMONG STREET-IDENTIFIED BLACK MEN AND WOMEN 47 Law and Human Behavior 634 (December, 2023) Objective: Whereas studies have documented racial differences in attitudes toward police between White and Black Americans, relatively little is known about the intragroup, gender-based variations among urban Black residents involved in criminal activity (i.e., street-identified men and women). Hypotheses: We hypothesized Black women would be more... 2023 Yes
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