| Author | Title | Citation | Document Type | Status | Summary | Year |
| Jacob A. Stein |
§ 10:28. The concepts of duty and due care |
Stein on Personal Injury Damages § 10:28 (2025) |
Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources |
|
As a general proposition, applicable in the ordinary negligence case, the rule of ordinary care prevails. For example, where the defendant has taken some affirmative action such as driving an automobile whenever he or she should reasonably foresee that such conduct will involve an unreasonable risk of harm to other drivers or to pedestrians, the... |
2025 |
| Councilmember McDuffie |
2023 DC L.B. 152 (NS) |
2023 Washington DC Legislative Bill No. 152, Washington DC Council Period Twenty-Five (9-Jan-25) |
Legislation (Proposed & Enacted) |
|
SUMMARY: To establish a Commission on Reparations to study and develop reparation proposals for eligible African Americans and a Reparations Foundation Fund to be used for the future payment of reparations; and to amend the Department of Insurance and Securities Regulation Establisbrnent Act of 1996 to require the Commissioner of the Department of Insurance, Securities, and Banking to establish a slavery era database of insurance records and financial records. AN ACT D.C. ACT 25-686 IN THE COUNCIL OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA JANUARY 9, 2025 To establish a Commission on Reparations to study and... |
2025 |
| Weber Pierson (S), Bonta (A) , Bryan (A) , Elhawary (A) , Gipson (A) , Jackson (A) , Kalra (A) , McKinnor (A) , Ransom (A) , Richardson (S) , Sharp-Collins (A) , Smallwood-Cuevas (S) , Wilson (A) |
2025 CA S.B. 518 (NS) |
2025 California Senate Bill No. 518, California 2025-2026 Regular Session (3-Jul-25) |
Legislation (Proposed & Enacted) |
VERSION: Amended/Substituted |
SUMMARY: An act to amend Section 15002.5 of, and to add Chapter 4 (commencing with Section 15210) to Part 6 of Division 3 of Title 2 of, the Government Code, relating to state government. AMENDED IN ASSEMBLY JULY 3, 2025 AMENDED IN ASSEMBLY JUNE 16, 2025 AMENDED IN SENATE MAY 23, 2025 AMENDED IN SENATE APRIL 24, 2025 AMENDED IN SENATE APRIL 10, 2025 AMENDED IN SENATE APRIL 7, 2025 SENATE BILL No. 518 Introduced by Senator Weber Pierson (Coauthors: Senators Richardson and Smallwood-Cuevas) (Coauthors: Assembly Members Bonta, Bryan, Elhawary, Gipson, Jackson, Kalra, McKinnor, Ransom,... |
2025 |
| Weber Pierson (S), Bonta (A) , Bryan (A) , Elhawary (A) , Gipson (A) , Jackson (A) , Kalra (A) , McKinnor (A) , Ransom (A) , Richardson (S) , Sharp-Collins (A) , Smallwood-Cuevas (S) , Wilson (A) |
2025 CA S.B. 518 (NS) |
2025 California Senate Bill No. 518, California 2025-2026 Regular Session (2-Sep-25) |
Legislation (Proposed & Enacted) |
VERSION: Amended/Substituted |
SUMMARY: An act to amend Section 15002.5 of, and to add Chapter 4 2 (commencing with Section 15210) 12910) to Part 6 2.8 of Division 3 of Title 2 of, of the Government Code, relating to state government. government, and making an appropriation therefor. AMENDED IN ASSEMBLY SEPTEMBER 2, 2025 AMENDED IN ASSEMBLY JULY 3, 2025 AMENDED IN ASSEMBLY JUNE 16, 2025 AMENDED IN SENATE MAY 23, 2025 AMENDED IN SENATE APRIL 24, 2025 AMENDED IN SENATE APRIL 10, 2025 AMENDED IN SENATE APRIL 7, 2025 SENATE BILL No. 518 Introduced by Senator Weber Pierson (Coauthors: Senators Richardson and Smallwood-Cuevas)... |
2025 |
| Weber Pierson (S), Bonta (A) , Bryan (A) , Elhawary (A) , Gipson (A) , Jackson (A) , Kalra (A) , McKinnor (A) , Ransom (A) , Richardson (S) , Sharp-Collins (A) , Smallwood-Cuevas (S) , Wilson (A) |
2025 CA S.B. 518 (NS) |
2025 California Senate Bill No. 518, California 2025-2026 Regular Session (5-Sep-25) |
Legislation (Proposed & Enacted) |
VERSION: Amended/Substituted |
SUMMARY: An act to add Chapter 2 (commencing with Section 12910) to Part 2.8 of Division 3 of Title 2 of the Government Code, relating to state government, and making an appropriation therefor. government. AMENDED IN ASSEMBLY SEPTEMBER 5, 2025 AMENDED IN ASSEMBLY SEPTEMBER 2, 2025 AMENDED IN ASSEMBLY JULY 3, 2025 AMENDED IN ASSEMBLY JUNE 16, 2025 AMENDED IN SENATE MAY 23, 2025 AMENDED IN SENATE APRIL 24, 2025 AMENDED IN SENATE APRIL 10, 2025 AMENDED IN SENATE APRIL 7, 2025 SENATE BILL No. 518 Introduced by Senator Weber Pierson (Coauthors: Senators Richardson and Smallwood-Cuevas) (Coauthors:... |
2025 |
| Weber Pierson (S), Bonta (A) , Bryan (A) , Elhawary (A) , Gipson (A) , Jackson (A) , Kalra (A) , McKinnor (A) , Ransom (A) , Richardson (S) , Sharp-Collins (A) , Smallwood-Cuevas (S) , Wilson (A) |
2025 CA S.B. 518 (NS) |
2025 California Senate Bill No. 518, California 2025-2026 Regular Session (13-Sep-25) |
Legislation (Proposed & Enacted) |
VERSION: Enrolled |
SUMMARY: An act to add Chapter 2 (commencing with Section 12910) to Part 2.8 of Division 3 of Title 2 of the Government Code, relating to state government. Senate Bill No. 518 Passed the Senate September 10, 2025 __________________________________ Secretary of the Senate Passed the Assembly September 9, 2025 __________________________________ Chief Clerk of the Assembly This bill was received by the Governor this _____ day of ______________, 2025, at _____ o'clock ___M. __________________________________ Private Secretary of the Governor CHAPTER ________ An act to add Chapter 2 (commencing... |
2025 |
| Weber Pierson (S), Bonta (A) , Bryan (A) , Elhawary (A) , Gipson (A) , Jackson (A) , Kalra (A) , McKinnor (A) , Ransom (A) , Richardson (S) , Sharp-Collins (A) , Smallwood-Cuevas (S) , Wilson (A) |
2025 CA S.B. 518 (NS) |
2025 California Senate Bill No. 518, California 2025-2026 Regular Session (10-Oct-25) |
Legislation (Proposed & Enacted) |
VERSION: Adopted |
SUMMARY: An act to add Chapter 2 (commencing with Section 12910) to Part 2.8 of Division 3 of Title 2 of the Government Code, relating to state government. Senate Bill No. 518 CHAPTER 586 An act to add Chapter 2 (commencing with Section 12910) to Part 2.8 of Division 3 of Title 2 of the Government Code, relating to state government. [Approved by Governor October 10, 2025. Filed with Secretary of State October 10, 2025.] LEGISLATIVE COUNSEL'S DIGEST SB 518, Weber Pierson. Descendants of enslaved persons: reparations. Former law, Chapter 319 of the Statutes of 2020, until July 1, 2023,... |
2025 |
| Weber Pierson (S), Bonta (A) , Bryan (A) , Elhawary (A) , Gipson (A) , Jackson (A) , McKinnor (A) , Ransom (A) , Richardson (S) , Sharp-Collins (A) , Smallwood-Cuevas (S) , Wilson (A) |
2025 CA S.B. 518 (NS) |
2025 California Senate Bill No. 518, California 2025-2026 Regular Session (19-Feb-25) |
Legislation (Proposed & Enacted) |
VERSION: Introduced |
SUMMARY: An act to amend Section 11041 of, and to add Part 15 (commencing with Section 16000) to Division 3 of Title 2 of, the Government Code, relating to state government. SENATE BILL No. 518 Introduced by Senator Weber Pierson (Coauthors: Senators Richardson and Smallwood-Cuevas) (Coauthors: Assembly Members Bonta, Bryan, Elhawary, Gipson, Jackson, McKinnor, Ransom, Sharp-Collins, and Wilson) February 19, 2025 An act to amend Section 11041 of, and to add Part 15 (commencing with Section 16000) to Division 3 of Title 2 of, the Government Code, relating to state government. LEGISLATIVE... |
2025 |
| Weber Pierson (S), Bonta (A) , Bryan (A) , Elhawary (A) , Gipson (A) , Jackson (A) , McKinnor (A) , Ransom (A) , Richardson (S) , Sharp-Collins (A) , Smallwood-Cuevas (S) , Wilson (A) |
2025 CA S.B. 518 (NS) |
2025 California Senate Bill No. 518, California 2025-2026 Regular Session (7-Apr-25) |
Legislation (Proposed & Enacted) |
VERSION: Amended/Substituted |
SUMMARY: An act to amend Section 11041 of, and to add Part 15 (commencing with Section 16000) to amend Section 15002.5 of, and to add Chapter 4 (commencing with Section 15210) to Part 6 of Division 3 of Title 2 of, the Government Code, relating to state government. AMENDED IN SENATE APRIL 7, 2025 SENATE BILL No. 518 Introduced by Senator Weber Pierson (Coauthors: Senators Richardson and Smallwood-Cuevas) (Coauthors: Assembly Members Bonta, Bryan, Elhawary, Gipson, Jackson, McKinnor, Ransom, Sharp-Collins, and Wilson) February 19, 2025 An act to amend Section 11041 of, and to add Part 15... |
2025 |
| Weber Pierson (S), Bonta (A) , Bryan (A) , Elhawary (A) , Gipson (A) , Jackson (A) , McKinnor (A) , Ransom (A) , Richardson (S) , Sharp-Collins (A) , Smallwood-Cuevas (S) , Wilson (A) |
2025 CA S.B. 518 (NS) |
2025 California Senate Bill No. 518, California 2025-2026 Regular Session (10-Apr-25) |
Legislation (Proposed & Enacted) |
VERSION: Amended/Substituted |
SUMMARY: An act to amend Section 15002.5 of, and to add Chapter 4 (commencing with Section 15210) to Part 6 of Division 3 of Title 2 of, the Government Code, relating to state government. AMENDED IN SENATE APRIL 10, 2025 AMENDED IN SENATE APRIL 7, 2025 SENATE BILL No. 518 Introduced by Senator Weber Pierson (Coauthors: Senators Richardson and Smallwood-Cuevas) (Coauthors: Assembly Members Bonta, Bryan, Elhawary, Gipson, Jackson, McKinnor, Ransom, Sharp-Collins, and Wilson) February 19, 2025 An act to amend Section 15002.5 of, and to add Chapter 4 (commencing with Section 15210) to Part 6 of... |
2025 |
| Weber Pierson (S), Bonta (A) , Bryan (A) , Elhawary (A) , Gipson (A) , Jackson (A) , McKinnor (A) , Ransom (A) , Richardson (S) , Sharp-Collins (A) , Smallwood-Cuevas (S) , Wilson (A) |
2025 CA S.B. 518 (NS) |
2025 California Senate Bill No. 518, California 2025-2026 Regular Session (24-Apr-25) |
Legislation (Proposed & Enacted) |
VERSION: Amended/Substituted |
SUMMARY: An act to amend Section 15002.5 of, and to add Chapter 4 (commencing with Section 15210) to Part 6 of Division 3 of Title 2 of, the Government Code, relating to state government. AMENDED IN SENATE APRIL 24, 2025 AMENDED IN SENATE APRIL 10, 2025 AMENDED IN SENATE APRIL 7, 2025 SENATE BILL No. 518 Introduced by Senator Weber Pierson (Coauthors: Senators Richardson and Smallwood-Cuevas) (Coauthors: Assembly Members Bonta, Bryan, Elhawary, Gipson, Jackson, McKinnor, Ransom, Sharp-Collins, and Wilson) February 19, 2025 An act to amend Section 15002.5 of, and to add Chapter 4 (commencing... |
2025 |
| Weber Pierson (S), Bonta (A) , Bryan (A) , Elhawary (A) , Gipson (A) , Jackson (A) , McKinnor (A) , Ransom (A) , Richardson (S) , Sharp-Collins (A) , Smallwood-Cuevas (S) , Wilson (A) |
2025 CA S.B. 518 (NS) |
2025 California Senate Bill No. 518, California 2025-2026 Regular Session (23-May-25) |
Legislation (Proposed & Enacted) |
VERSION: Amended/Substituted |
SUMMARY: An act to amend Section 15002.5 of, and to add Chapter 4 (commencing with Section 15210) to Part 6 of Division 3 of Title 2 of, the Government Code, relating to state government. AMENDED IN SENATE MAY 23, 2025 AMENDED IN SENATE APRIL 24, 2025 AMENDED IN SENATE APRIL 10, 2025 AMENDED IN SENATE APRIL 7, 2025 SENATE BILL No. 518 Introduced by Senator Weber Pierson (Coauthors: Senators Richardson and Smallwood-Cuevas) (Coauthors: Assembly Members Bonta, Bryan, Elhawary, Gipson, Jackson, McKinnor, Ransom, Sharp-Collins, and Wilson) February 19, 2025 An act to amend Section 15002.5 of, and... |
2025 |
| Weber Pierson (S), Bonta (A) , Bryan (A) , Elhawary (A) , Gipson (A) , Jackson (A) , McKinnor (A) , Ransom (A) , Richardson (S) , Sharp-Collins (A) , Smallwood-Cuevas (S) , Wilson (A) |
2025 CA S.B. 518 (NS) |
2025 California Senate Bill No. 518, California 2025-2026 Regular Session (16-Jun-25) |
Legislation (Proposed & Enacted) |
VERSION: Amended/Substituted |
SUMMARY: An act to amend Section 15002.5 of, and to add Chapter 4 (commencing with Section 15210) to Part 6 of Division 3 of Title 2 of, the Government Code, relating to state government. AMENDED IN ASSEMBLY JUNE 16, 2025 AMENDED IN SENATE MAY 23, 2025 AMENDED IN SENATE APRIL 24, 2025 AMENDED IN SENATE APRIL 10, 2025 AMENDED IN SENATE APRIL 7, 2025 SENATE BILL No. 518 Introduced by Senator Weber Pierson (Coauthors: Senators Richardson and Smallwood-Cuevas) (Coauthors: Assembly Members Bonta, Bryan, Elhawary, Gipson, Jackson, McKinnor, Ransom, Sharp-Collins, and Wilson) February 19, 2025 An act... |
2025 |
| Rep. Russell E. Holmes (D) |
2025 MA H.B. 1753 (NS) |
2025 Massachusetts House Bill No. 1753, The 194th General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts (15-Jan-25) |
Legislation (Proposed & Enacted) |
VERSION: Introduced |
SUMMARY: An Act establishing a commission to study reparations in Massachusetts Section 76. (a) There shall be a permanent commission on reparations. The commission shall consist of: not less than 9 nor more than 15 members appointed by the governor, from a list provided by the senate president , 1 of whom shall be a person from an academic field that has expertise in reparatory justice and sovereignty, 1 of whom shall be an expert from the field of social science with expertise in economics, policy, law and the impact that society has had on individuals' health outcomes, life expectancy,... |
2025 |
| Rep. Russell E. Holmes (D) |
2025 MA H.D. 1753 (NS) |
2025 Massachusetts House Docket No. 1753, The 194th General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts (15-Jan-25) |
Legislation (Proposed & Enacted) |
VERSION: Draft/Request |
SUMMARY: An Act establishing a commission to study reparations in Massachusetts SECTION 1. Chapter 3 of the General Laws is hereby amended by adding the following section:- Section 76. (a) There shall be a permanent commission on reparations. The commission shall consist of: not less than 9 nor more than 15 members appointed by the governor, from a list provided by the senate president , 1 of whom shall be a person from an academic field that has expertise in reparatory justice and sovereignty, 1 of whom shall be an expert from the field of social science with expertise in economics, policy,... |
2025 |
| Sen. Liz Miranda (D) |
2025 MA S.B. 1181 (NS) |
2025 Massachusetts Senate Bill No. 1181, The 194th General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts (17-Jan-25) |
Legislation (Proposed & Enacted) |
VERSION: Introduced |
SUMMARY: An Act establishing a commission to study reparations in Massachusetts Section 76. (a) There shall be a permanent commission on reparations. The commission shall consist of 15 members appointed as follows: 7 members shall be appointed by the governor, including 1 person from an academic field with expertise in reparatory justice and sovereignty; 1 expert from the field of social science with expertise in economics, policy, law, and the societal impacts on health outcomes, life expectancy, safety, enfranchisement, well-being, freedom of movement, and the ability to thrive; 2... |
2025 |
| Sen. Liz Miranda (D) |
2025 MA S.D. 2210 (NS) |
2025 Massachusetts Senate Docket No. 2210, The 194th General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts (17-Jan-25) |
Legislation (Proposed & Enacted) |
VERSION: Draft/Request |
SUMMARY: An Act establishing a commission to study reparations in Massachusetts SECTION 1. Chapter 3 of the General Laws is hereby amended by adding the following section:- Section 76. (a) There shall be a permanent commission on reparations. The commission shall consist of 15 members appointed as follows: 7 members shall be appointed by the governor, including 1 person from an academic field with expertise in reparatory justice and sovereignty; 1 expert from the field of social science with expertise in economics, policy, law, and the societal impacts on health outcomes, life expectancy,... |
2025 |
| Delegates McCaskill, Acevero, Addison, Boyce, Charkoudian, Crutchfield, Davis, Ebersole, Embry, Fair, Feldmark, Hill, A. Johnson, Kaiser, Kaufman, Martinez, Mireku-North, Pasteur, Patterson, Phillips, Roberson, Ruff, Ruth, Simmons, Smith, Taylor, Toles, W |
2025 MD H.B. 1422 (NS) |
2025 Maryland House Bill No. 1422, Maryland 447th Session of the General Assembly, 2025 (7-Feb-25) |
Legislation (Proposed & Enacted) |
VERSION: Introduced |
SUMMARY: State Government - Maryland Reparations Commission HOUSE BILL 1422 P1 5lr2817 CF SB 587 By: Delegates McCaskill, Acevero, Addison, Boyce, Charkoudian, Crutchfield, Davis, Ebersole, Embry, Fair, Feldmark, Hill, A. Johnson, Kaiser, Kaufman, Martinez, Mireku-North, Pasteur, Patterson, Phillips, Roberson, Ruff, Ruth, Simmons, Smith, Taylor, Toles, Wells, White Holland, Wilkins, Woods, and Young Introduced and read first time: February 7, 2025 Assigned to: Health and Government Operations A BILL ENTITLED AN ACT concerning State Government - Maryland Reparations Commission FOR the purpose... |
2025 |
| Senator Benson |
2025 MD S.B. 469 (NS) |
2025 Maryland Senate Bill No. 469, Maryland 447th Session of the General Assembly, 2025 (22-Jan-25) |
Legislation (Proposed & Enacted) |
VERSION: Introduced |
SUMMARY: State Government - Maryland Reparations Commission - Establishment (Harriet Tubman Community Investment Act) SENATE BILL 469 D5, F2, I4 5lr2967 By: Senator Benson Introduced and read first time: January 22, 2025 Assigned to: Education, Energy, and the Environment and Budget and Taxation A BILL ENTITLED AN ACT concerning State Government - Maryland Reparations Commission - Establishment (Harriet Tubman Community Investment Act) FOR the purpose of establishing the Maryland Reparations Commission to develop and administer a program for the provision of compensatory benefits to the... |
2025 |
| Senator Muse |
2025 MD S.B. 587 (NS) |
2025 Maryland Senate Bill No. 587, Maryland 447th Session of the General Assembly, 2025 (23-Jan-25) |
Legislation (Proposed & Enacted) |
VERSION: Introduced |
SUMMARY: State Government - Maryland Reparations Commission SENATE BILL 587 P1 5lr3174 CF 5lr2817 By: Senator Muse Introduced and read first time: January 23, 2025 Assigned to: Education, Energy, and the Environment A BILL ENTITLED AN ACT concerning State Government - Maryland Reparations Commission FOR the purpose of establishing the Maryland Reparations Commission to study and make recommendations relating to appropriate benefits to be offered to individuals whose ancestors were enslaved in the State or were impacted by certain inequitable government policies; and generally relating to the... |
2025 |
| Senators Muse, Augustine, Brooks, and M. Washington |
2025 MD S.B. 587 (NS) |
2025 Maryland Senate Bill No. 587, Maryland 447th Session of the General Assembly, 2025 (27-Feb-25) |
Legislation (Proposed & Enacted) |
VERSION: Engrossed |
SUMMARY: State Government - Maryland Reparations Commission SENATE BILL 587 P1 5lr3174 CF HB 1422 By: Senator Muse Senators Muse, Augustine, Brooks, and M. Washington Introduced and read first time: January 23, 2025 Assigned to: Education, Energy, and the Environment Committee Report: Favorable with amendments Senate action: Adopted Read second time: February 26, 2025 CHAPTER ______ AN ACT concerning State Government - Maryland Reparations Commission FOR the purpose of establishing the Maryland Reparations Commission to study and make recommendations relating to appropriate benefits to be... |
2025 |
| Senators Muse, Augustine, Brooks, and M. Washington |
2025 MD S.B. 587 (NS) |
2025 Maryland Senate Bill No. 587, Maryland 447th Session of the General Assembly, 2025 (16-Mar-25) |
Legislation (Proposed & Enacted) |
VERSION: Enrolled |
SUMMARY: State Government - Maryland Reparations Commission SENATE BILL 587 P1 5lr3174 CF HB 1422 By: Senator Muse Senators Muse, Augustine, Brooks, and M. Washington Introduced and read first time: January 23, 2025 Assigned to: Education, Energy, and the Environment Committee Report: Favorable with amendments Senate action: Adopted Read second time: February 26, 2025 CHAPTER ______ AN ACT concerning State Government - Maryland Reparations Commission FOR the purpose of establishing the Maryland Reparations Commission to study and make recommendations relating to appropriate benefits to be... |
2025 |
| Lucas, Nikki |
2025 NY A.B. 5603 (NS) |
2025 New York Assembly Bill No. 5603, New York Two Hundred Forty-Eighth Legislative Session (18-Feb-25) |
Legislation (Proposed & Enacted) |
|
SUMMARY: LUCAS Enacts the New York State American Freedmen Task Force on Reparations Remedies Act"; acknowledges New York state's role in the fundamental injustice and inhumanity of the institution of slavery; establishes the New York State American Freedmen Task Force on Reparations Remedies; examines all aspects of slavery |
2025 |
| NELSON, |
2025 OR H.B. 2995 (NS) |
2025 Oregon House Bill No. 2995, 83rd Oregon Legislative Assembly - 2025 Regular Session (13-Jan-25) |
Legislation (Proposed & Enacted) |
VERSION: Prefiled |
SUMMARY: Relating to a task force on reparations for Oregonians of African-American descent; prescribing an effective date. 83rd OREGON LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY--2025 Regular Session House Bill 2995 Sponsored by Representative NELSON, Senators FREDERICK, MANNING JR; Representatives ISADORE, VALDERRAMA (Presession filed.) SUMMARY The following summary is not prepared by the sponsors of the measure and is not a part of the body thereof subject to consideration by the Legislative Assembly. It is an editor's brief statement of the essential features of the measure as introduced. The statement includes... |
2025 |
| NELSON, |
2025 OR H.B. 2995 (NS) |
2025 Oregon House Bill No. 2995, 83rd Oregon Legislative Assembly - 2025 Regular Session (13-Jan-25) |
Legislation (Proposed & Enacted) |
VERSION: Introduced |
SUMMARY: Relating to a task force on reparations for Oregonians of African-American descent; prescribing an effective date. 83rd OREGON LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY--2025 Regular Session House Bill 2995 Sponsored by Representative NELSON, Senators FREDERICK, MANNING JR; Representatives ISADORE, VALDERRAMA (Presession filed.) SUMMARY The following summary is not prepared by the sponsors of the measure and is not a part of the body thereof subject to consideration by the Legislative Assembly. It is an editor's brief statement of the essential features of the measure as introduced. The statement includes... |
2025 |
| Rep. Troy Headrick |
2025 VT H.B. 499 (NS) |
2025 Vermont House Bill No. 499, Vermont 2025-2026 Legislative Session (1-Apr-25) |
Legislation (Proposed & Enacted) |
VERSION: Introduced |
SUMMARY: This bill proposes to establish the Task Force to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for the Institution of Chattel Slavery to study and consider a State apology for reparations for the institution of chattel slavery and make recommendations to the General Assembly on appropriate remedies. H.499 SHORT FORM Introduced by Representative Headrick of Burlington Referred to Committee on Date: Subject: Executive Branch; General Assembly; Task Force to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals Statement of purpose of bill as introduced: This bill proposes to establish the Task Force to... |
2025 |
| Lisa Lucile Owens |
AN ARGUMENT FOR HOUSING REPARATIONS |
77 Maine Law Review 243 (June, 2025) |
Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources |
|
Abstract Introduction I. The Sacred Intentions of Reparations A. Envisioning Repair B. The Need for Reparatory Housing Policy C. The Promise of Housing Reparations II. Constitutional Barriers to Housing Reparations A. A Compelling Government Interest B. Narrow Tailoring III. The Modest Success of Municipal Housing Reparations Initiatives A.... |
2025 |
| Anna Kirstine Schirrer , University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark |
ANCESTRAL RIGHTS, ANCESTRAL LAND: REPARATIONS AND COLLECTIVE PROPERTY IN THE PLANTATION'S WAKE |
48 PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review 1 (May, 2025) |
Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources |
|
Received: 21 September 2022 | Revised: 11 October 2024 | Accepted: 30 November 2024 Keywords: collective title | indigeneity | plantation | reparations | slavery The African Ancestral Rights Bill raised by the Reparations Group in Guyana represents a communal claim to land. It required Guyana's government to constitutionally recognize African... |
2025 |
| Krzysztof Pelc |
BACKWARD-LOOKING REPARATIONS versus FORWARD-LOOKING BUYOUTS: DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE ACROSS TIME IN INTERNATIONAL LAW |
119 AJIL Unbound 134 (2025) |
Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources |
|
Reparations aim to rectify historical harms by compensating victims, or their descendants. Even when such harms have a transnational aspect, as with the case for climate change reparations, they often stem from entrenched domestic political stalemates. In a common pattern, vested interest groups oppose reforms that, although supported by majorities... |
2025 |
| |
Brief and Short Appendix of Appellant |
United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit. Docket Number: No. 25-2366. ) (16-Sep-25) |
Briefs |
|
FN1. The Professors cite the district court's articulation of the facts, in addition to the record citation, where applicable. FN2. Standards S-27 and S-4 had been issued in a form... |
2025 |
| |
Brief for Plaintiff |
United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit. Docket Number: No. 25-1744.) (20-Oct-25) |
Briefs |
|
Appellant does not request oral argument and does not believe that oral argument would materially aid the Court in its disposition of this appeal. Reverse and remand this case to the... |
2025 |
| |
Brief for Plaintiff |
United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit. Docket Number: No. 25-1744.) (20-Oct-25) |
Briefs |
|
Reverse and remand this case to the Michigan Eastern District of the U.S. and assign a three-judge bench (chief justice and next two senior judges) to conduct the required briefing and... |
2025 |
| |
CA LEGIS 586 (2025) |
S.B. No. 518 2025 Cal. Legis. Serv. Ch. 586 (S.B. 518) (WEST) (10-Oct-25) |
Legislation (Proposed & Enacted) |
|
AN ACT to add Chapter 2 (commencing with Section 12910) to Part 2.8 of Division 3 of Title 2 of the Government Code, relating to state government. LEGISLATIVE COUNSEL'S DIGESTSB 518, Weber Pierson. Descendants of enslaved persons: reparations.Former law, Chapter 319 of the Statutes of 2020, until July 1, 2023, established a task force to, among other things, identify, compile, and synthesize the relevant corpus of evidentiary documentation of the institution of slavery that existed within the United States and the colonies, as specified, and to recommend the form of compensation that should be... |
2025 |
| Carlton Waterhouse |
CLIMATE REDRESS REVISITED: LOSS AND DAMAGE, COMPENSATION, AND REPARATIONS |
110 Iowa Law Review 2201 (July, 2025) |
Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources |
|
ABSTRACT: Extreme events related to climate change continue to grow in frequency and consequences. Often, the nations most harmed are those least responsible for climate impacts. This dynamic has led some scholars to call for reparations to hold states accountable. This Essay reviews scholarship proposing redress for climate-related harms... |
2025 |
| Elvis Mogesa Ongiri |
DECOLONIZING INTERTEMPORAL LAW THROUGH THE LENS OF THE MAU MAU REPARATIONS CAMPAIGN |
119 AJIL Unbound 182 (2025) |
Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources |
|
If, therefore, we are going to sin, we must sin quietly. This essay explores the Third World reparations campaign which has over time shed light on the perpetuation of imperialism and its legacies, focusing on torture, castration, rape, and other atrocities committed by the British colonial government against the Mau Mau veterans during the state... |
2025 |
| Hugh McClean |
DRED SCOTT, MILITARY ENSLAVEMENT, AND THE CASE FOR REPARATIONS |
113 Kentucky Law Journal 555 (2024-2025) |
Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources |
|
Introduction. 556 I. The Military Slave System. 563 A. Slave Stipends for Military Officers. 563 B. The Military Slave System and Construction of Military Fortifications in the South. 566 C. Past Injustices and the Link to Current Discrimination in the Military. 570 II. The Case for Military Reparations. 576 A. Models for Reparations. 576 B.... |
2025 |
| Ndjuoh MehChu |
FROM IMPUNITY TO REPARATIONS |
100 New York University Law Review Online 57 (September, 2025) |
Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources |
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Current frameworks for compensating victims of police violence inadequately address collective healing and repair. Overlooked are those who suffer policing's harmful effects without direct police contact, e.g., bystanders and family members of those directly impacted. Consider 17-year-old Darnella Frazier, who documented George Floyd's murder by... |
2025 |
| Karen “Kara” Consalo |
IF NOT HERE, THEN WHERE? THE CASE FOR LAND REPARATIONS IN EATONVILLE, FLORIDA |
34 Southern California Review of Law & Social Justice 171 (Spring, 2025) |
Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources |
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C1-2TABLE OF CONTENTS I. HISTORY OF BLACK LAND OWNERSHIP AND LAND LOSS IN AMERICA. 172 II. EATONVILLE, FLORIDA: The Town That Freedom Built. 178 III. ASSEMBLY OF THE HUNGERFORD LANDS AND ESTABLISHMENT OF THE HUNGERFORD NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL. 182 IV. FORCED SALE OF THE HUNGERFORD SCHOOL LANDS. 189 V. COMMUNITY ATTEMPTS TO REGAIN THE... |
2025 |
| Chiara Giorgetti |
INTERNATIONAL CLAIMS COMMISSIONS AS REPARATIONS |
119 AJIL Unbound 151 (2025) |
Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources |
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Breaches of international law have consequences. Under the Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, the international responsibility of a state triggered by its internationally wrongful acts entails specific legal consequences, including the obligation to provide full reparation for the injury caused. However,... |
2025 |
| Dire Tladi |
JUS COGENS AND REPARATIONS: CAN WE JUST END THE SEPARATION? |
119 American Journal of International Law 530 (July, 2025) |
Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources |
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C1-3Table Of Contents I. Introduction. 530 II. Lack of Conceptual Intersection. 533 A. Jus Cogens and Reparations Serve Different Purposes. 533 B. Procedural Rule Substantive Rule Distinction. 539 III. The Insulation of Reparations from Jus Cogens Can End. 545 IV. Conclusion. 548 |
2025 |
| Diane A. Desierto , Anibal Perez-Liñan , Faisal Yamil Meneses , Yuta Inada , Rachael DeGaugh , Andrew Marciano |
LITIGATING CLIMATE VULNERABILITY: CLIMATE CHANGE REPARATIONS IN GLOBAL JURISPRUDENCE AND EMPIRICAL RESULTS FROM THE NOTRE DAME CLIMATE CHANGE REPARATIONS DATASET |
43 Berkeley Journal of International Law 319 (2025) |
Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources |
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The global surge in climate change litigation provokes inquiry into the nature, frequency, and scope of climate change reparations that international, regional, and national courts, as well as arbitral tribunals and other adjudicative bodies such as UN treaty body mechanisms, determine to be adequate, both on legal merits as well as intrinsic... |
2025 |
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MD LEGIS 1SS 9 (2025) |
S.B. No. 587 2025 Maryland Laws 1st Sp. Sess. Ch. 9 (S.B. 587) Vetoed by the Governor on May 16, 2025; veto overridden pursuant to Md. Const., Art. II, § 17, by the Senate and House on December 16, 2025.(2025) |
Legislation (Proposed & Enacted) |
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AN ACT concerningState GovernmentMaryland Reparations Commission FOR the purpose of establishing the Maryland Reparations Commission to study and make recommendations relating to appropriate benefits to be offered to individuals whose ancestors were enslaved in the State or were impacted by certain inequitable government policies; and generally relating to the Maryland Reparations Commission. |
2025 |
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Memorandum of Law in Support of Motion to Dismiss by Crédit Industriel et Commercial |
United States District Court, D. Maryland, Northern Division. Docket Number: No. 1:24-cv-02373-ABA. ) (28-Feb-25) |
Trial Court Documents |
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Plaintiffs are four American citizens who were born in Haiti and currently reside in the United States. Compl. ¶¶ 7-10. One of the plaintiffs--David Faustin--is a citizen of Maryland, while... |
2025 |
| Gregory S. Gordon, Professor of Law, Peking University, School of Transnational Law |
NO MORE MIXED MESSAGE, MISSING MONEY: REVISITING THE BIRTH OF ICL'S VICTIM RESTORATION-REPARATIONS REGIME TO CONCEPTUALIZE ITS MODERN REFORM |
8 Cardozo International & Comparative Law Review 719 (Summer, 2025) |
Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources |
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I. Introduction. 721 II. Ferencz's Holocaust Justice Experience: Modeling Successful Institutional Separation and Sequencing. 725 A. Background. 725 B. Investigation. 726 C. Prosecution. 727 D. Reparations. 730 1. Restitution via the JRSO. 730 2. Reparations via Bilateral Treaty. 733 3. Reparations via Accessing Frozen Assets. 738 III. The Current... |
2025 |
| Sandra L. Rierson , Mimi Afshar |
PATENT REPARATIONS: HBCUS PAVING THE ROAD TO RECOVERY FROM RACIAL DISPARITIES IN THE UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE |
68 Howard Law Journal 167 (Winter, 2025) |
Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources |
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The American patent ecosystem, which is almost as old as the country itself, has fostered persistent racial disparities in wealth in the United States. Enslaved people did not own their own labor and could not register patents or prosper from their inventions, which were often stolen from them. After the Supreme Court's decision in Dred Scott v.... |
2025 |
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Plaintiffs' Response and Memorandum of Law in Opposition to Defendant Cic's Motion to Dismiss |
United States District Court, D. Maryland, Northern Division., Baltimore Division., Maryland Division. (Docket Number: No. 1:24-cv-02373-ABA.) (28-Mar-25) |
Trial Court Documents |
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Equity, Fairness, and Justice - Federal equitable doctrines are the guiding principles and standards by which this Court should evaluate standing and timeliness as Plaintiffs' claims are... |
2025 |
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Plaintiffs' Response and Memorandum of Law in Opposition to Defendant Citi's Motion to Dismiss |
United States District Court, D. Maryland, Northern Division., Baltimore Division., Maryland Division. (Docket Number: No. 1:24-cv-02373-ABA.) (28-Mar-25) |
Trial Court Documents |
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Equity, Fairness, and Justice - Federal equitable doctrines are the guiding principles and standards by which this Court should evaluate standing and timeliness as Plaintiffs' claims are... |
2025 |
| Harold McDougall |
PREPARE, REPAIR, DEFEND: A DIY TOOLKIT FOR REPARATIONS 2.0 |
9 Howard Human & Civil Rights Law Review 151 (2024-2025) |
Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources |
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C1-2Table of Contents Introduction. 152 I. Awakening. 153 A. CARICOM On Reparations. 153 B. Cultural DNA. 153 1. Protests and Its Limitations. 155 II. Engaging the University to Support Community-Based Cooperation. 161 III. The Havard Legacy of Slavery Initiative and My Proposal. 162 A. The Need of Reparations by Harvard. 162 IV. The Initiative and... |
2025 |
| E. Tendayi Achiume |
RACE, REPARATIONS, AND INTERNATIONAL LAW |
119 American Journal of International Law 397 (July, 2025) |
Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources |
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C1-3Table of Contents I. Introduction. 397 II. Reparations, Worldmaking, and Structures of Historical Injustice. 401 A. Race, Racism, and Colonial Worldmaking. 403 B. Race/Racism and the Structural Reproduction of Colonial Domination. 404 C. The Global Governance of Race/Racism and Reparative Anti-colonial Worldmaking. 407 III. The Legal... |
2025 |
| Elizabeth D. Lauzon, J.D. |
Recoverability of Reparations from Corporations for Nazi-Related Conduct |
6 American Law Reports ALR Federal 2d 2005) (2025) |
Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources |
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The Holocaust restitution movement is the recent use of civil litigation to remedy human rights abuses committed during the Nazi regime by obtaining financial restitution from corporations that profited from Nazi-related conduct. Before 1995, very few Nazi reparations suits were filed, with most of the cases being summarily dismissed. After 1995,... |
2025 |