AuthorTitleCitationDocument TypeStatusSummaryYear
Beth Stephens The Civil Lawsuit as a Remedy for International Human Rights Violations Against Women 5 Hastings Women's Law Journal 143 (Summer, 1994) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   * In the late 1970s, three young Ethiopian women were brutally tortured by Kelbessa Negewo, an Ethiopian security official. One of them later recognized Negewo working at the hotel where she was employed in Atlanta, Georgia. * In 1989, Sister Dianna Ortiz, a U.S. nun, was kidnapped, raped and otherwise tortured by security forces in Guatemala under... 1994
Andrew Kull The Enforceability after Emancipation of Debts Contracted for the Purchase of Slaves 70 Chicago-Kent Law Review 493 (1994) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   What should be the effect of the abolition of slavery on outstanding debts for the purchase of slaves? The question, intensely controversial during a brief period of Reconstruction, gave rise to an intricate final chapter in the American law of slavery. Viewing the problem first as a matter of commercial law, courts in every southern state but one... 1994
Earl M. Maltz The Legacy of Griggs v. Duke Power Co.: a Case Study in the Impact of a Modernist Statutory Precedent 1994 Utah Law Review 1353 (1994) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   In recent years, the once-placid field of statutory interpretation has become the focus of intense scholarly debate. The traditional view that courts should attempt to effectuate the intentions of the drafters of a statute has been sharply criticized by two groups. Textualists contend that the plain meaning of statutes should control judicial... 1994
Stephen J. Schnably The Santiago Commitment as a Call to Democracy in the United States: Evaluating the Oas Role in Haiti, Peru, and Guatemala 25 University of Miami Inter-American Law Review 393 (Spring/Summer, 1994) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   I. Introduction. 395 II. The Problems of Effectiveness and Perspective. 412 III. Testing the Santiago Commitment. 418 A. Haiti. 418 1. The Coup and the Initial Reaction. 418 2. The First Attempts to Negotiate a Settlement. 422 3. The Governors Island Agreement. 430 4. Settlement Efforts and U.S. Intervention After the Collapse of the Governors... 1994
Robert S. Chang Toward an Asian American Legal Scholarship: Critical Race Theory, Post-structuralism, and Narrative Space 1 Asian Law Journal L.J. 1 (May, 1994) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   Prelude Introduction: Mapping the Terrain I. The Need for an Asian American Legal Scholarship A. That Was Then, This Is Now: Variations on a Theme 1. Violence Against Asian Americans 2. Nativistic Racism B. The Model Minority Myth C. The Inadequacy of the Current Racial Paradigm 1. Traditional Civil Rights Work 2. Critical Race Scholarships II.... 1994
Johnny Parker When Johnny Came Marching Home Again: a Critical Review of Contemporary Equal Protection Interpretation 37 Howard Law Journal 393 (Spring, 1994) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   To be a negro in America and to be relatively aware is to be in a constant state of rage. Dr. Martin Luther King An important tenet of early western political theory was the idea of equality among men. This idea was not incorporated into the original Constitution; consequently, a large segment of American society was perceived as neither equal in... 1994
Patricia A. Celano A Cry for Help to the United States Supreme Court: What Is the Constitutional Status of Affirmative Action in Higher Education? 3 Seton Hall Constitutional Law Journal 161 (Spring, 1993) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   I. INTRODUCTION. 161 II. THE APPROPRIATE STANDARD OF JUDICIAL REVIEW FOR PREFERENTIAL TREATMENT IN HIGHER EDUCATION. 165 A. Rejecting Rational Review. 165 B. The Application of an Intermediate Level of Review. 168 C. Strict Scrutiny Review of Racially Based Classifications in the Admissions Process. 176 III. THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF AFFIRMATIVE... 1993
John Hasnas Affirmative Action and the New Discrimination: a Reply to Duncan Kennedy 54 Louisiana Law Review 263 (November, 1993) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   There is presently a great deal of scholarly debate concerning affirmative action within the legal academy. It is with some trepidation that I attempt to make a contribution to this debate. This is due to an awareness of my own uncertainty regarding the subject. Although I am firmly convinced that affirmative action should be legally permitted, I... 1993
Michael K. Braswell , Gary A. Moore , Stephen L. Poe Affirmative Action: an Assessment of its Continuing Role in Employment Discrimination Policy 57 Albany Law Review 365 (1993) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   Affirmative action continues to be a source of controversy for many Americans. With the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1991, Congress failed once again to address the problems associated with quotas and other forms of affirmative action under Title VII. Meanwhile, the current conservative majority of the U.S. Supreme Court appears to be on a... 1993
Robert E. Scott Chaos Theory and the Justice Paradox 35 William and Mary Law Review 329 (Fall, 1993) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   [T]he laws have mistakes, and you can't go writing up a law for everything that you can imagine. When you reach an equilibrium in biology you're dead. As we approach the Twenty-First Century, the signs of social disarray are everywhere. Social critics observe the breakdown of core structuresthe nuclear family, schools, neighborhoods, and... 1993
Yvonne Park Hsu Comfort Women from Korea: Japan's World War Ii Sex Slaves and the Legitimacy of Their Claims for Reparations 2 Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal 97 (Winter, 1993) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   Abstract: During World War II, Japan forced 100,000 to 200,000 women from all over Asia into prostitution to satisfy the sexual cravings of Japanese soldiers. These women thus forced into prostitution were euphemistically called comfort women. In December 1991, three former Korean comfort women filed suit in the Tokyo District Court, seeking... 1993
Alison D. Johnson Crookston v. Fire Insurance Exchange and the Utah Punitive Damage Act: Toward a Sounder Law of Punitive Damages? 1993 Utah Law Review 513 (1993) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   Punitive damages are a powerful means of controlling antisocial conduct. In both historic and present context, however, courts and commentators have expressed serious concern over the role of punitive damages awards in the civil justice system. In a recent case before the United States Supreme Court, Justice O'Connor stated that [p]unitive damages... 1993
Francisco Valdes Diversity and Discrimination in Our Midst: Musings on Constitutional Schizophrenia, Cultural Conflict, and "Interculturalism" at the Threshold of a New Century 5 Saint Thomas Law Review 293 (Spring, 1993) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   C1-3TABLE OF CONTENTS L1-2Introduction 295 I. Sources of (Non)Liberty/(In)Equality. 296 A. The Origins of Liberty/Equality. 297 1. Liberty/Equality in Constitutional Architecture. 298 2. The Constitutional Structure of Liberty/Equality. 299 3. The Constitutional Shoring of Liberty/Equality. 302 B. The Origins of Non-Liberty/Inequality. 304 C. Cross... 1993
  Executive Summary 16 Hamline Law Review 488 (Spring, 1993) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   The Task Force and Its Charge Institutional or systemic change can be hard to effect even when there is substantial agreement on problems and solutions. It follows then that it is much harder to effect change in a system where there is disagreement on whether or not a problem exists, much less its basic shape and character. In addition to the... 1993
  I. Criminal Process 16 Hamline Law Review 543 (Spring, 1993) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   Introduction In a secular society, the courts play a major role as interpreters and arbiters of a culture's moral, ethical, and philosophical underpinnings. The courts also are a critical part of the machinery through which government, in the pursuit of defending those underpinnings, is empowered to carry out the most dramatic interventions into... 1993
Vincene Verdun If the Shoe Fits, Wear It: an Analysis of Reparations to African Americans 67 Tulane Law Review 597 (February, 1993) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   I. Introduction. 598 II. Analysis of Reparations from the Dominant Perspective and the African-American Consciousness. 612 A. The Dominant Perspective. 619 B. The African-American Consciousness. 625 C. Comparative Analysis of Reparations from the Dominant Perspective and the African-American Consciousness. 628 1. The Reparationists' Claim for... 1993
Victor M. Hwang In the Defense of Quotas: Proportional Representation and the Involuntary Minority 1 Asian American Pacific Islands Law Journal L.J. 1 (February, 1993) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   The resistance to the civil rights movement has always revolved around a few key terms and definitions. The first major hurdle of the nineteenth century was over the definition of person. Defenders of the racist status quo held firm to the principle of equality among all people, but you women, African Americans, Asian Pacific Americans, Native... 1993
Derrick Bell Learning the Three "I's" of America's Slave Heritage 68 Chicago-Kent Law Review 1037 (1993) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   The year is 1993. In a first-grade classroom in rural, Chester County, Pennsylvania, a 6-year-old boy and girl, the only black children in a first-grade class, are summoned to the front of the class by their white teacher. To show the children how slavery worked, the teacher holds a mock slave auction. Teacher put us up on a table. Acted like she... 1993
R. Bales Libertarianism, Environmentalism, and Utilitarianism: an Examination of Theoretical Frameworks for Enforcing Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act 1993 Detroit College of Law Review 1163 (Fall, 1993) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   Introduction. 1165 I. Origin and Overview of the ADA. 1167 A. Title VII. 1167 B. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act. 1168 C. Status of Disabled Americans. 1171 D. Response of the Americans with Disabilities Act. 1172 1. Who is Protected. 1172 2. Scope of Coverage. 1173 3. Employment. 1174 II. Reasonable Accommodation and Undue Hardship. 1175 A.... 1993
Christopher J. Arias-Piranio Malcolm X: Speeches at Harvard. Archie Epps. New York: Paragon House, 1991. Pp. 191. $10.95, Paper 28 Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 252 (Winter, 1993) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   Nearly three decades since his passing, the symbol of Malcolm X and his words continue to terrify America's privileged, to spark controversy and to engender misunderstanding. The political philosphy of Malcolm X was in constant evolution prior to his assassination and is one reason why he is simultaneously misperceived by many and proclaimed a hero... 1993
Danise Aydelott Mass Rape During War: Prosecuting Bosnian Rapists under International Law 7 Emory International Law Review 585 (Fall, 1993) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   Throughout history, rape during war has been commonplace, even encouraged. Homer's Iliad opens with an argument between the Greek warriors Agamemnon and Achilles over possession of women seized during the Trojan War. In Biblical times, warriors also considered women spoils of war; they treated women as livestock, children, and other property in a... 1993
Malissia Lennox Refugees, Racism, and Reparations: a Critique of the United States' Haitian Immigration Policy 45 Stanford Law Review 687 (February, 1993) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   We are asking why you treat us this way. Is it because we are Negroes? Why are you letting us suffer this way, America? Don't you have a father's heart? Haven't you thought we were humans, that we had a heart to suffer with and a soul that could be wounded? Give us back our freedom. Why among all the nations that emigrate to the United States have... 1993
Wendy R. Brown School Desegregation Litigation: Crossroads or Dead End? 37 Saint Louis University Law Journal 923 (Summer, 1993) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   THE process of school desegregation is in crisis. Public schools have apparently achieved the maximum amount of desegregation that we can expect to see in our lifetime. Unlike during the Civil Rights era, there are virtually no institutional forces driving the desegregation process. As Professor Bell explains: The 1980s marked a significant turning... 1993
Monica J. Evans Stealing Away: Black Women, Outlaw Culture and the Rhetoric of Rights 28 Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 263 (Summer, 1993) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   Steal away, steal away, steal away to Jesus; Steal away, steal away home, I ain't got long to stay here. My Lord calls me; He calls me by the thunder, The trumpet sounds within-a my soul, I ain't got long to stay here. The African-American spiritual Steal Away is located within the tradition of escape songs, a series of codes embedded in music and... 1993
Derrick Bell , Erin Edmonds Students as Teachers, Teachers as Learners 91 Michigan Law Review 2025 (August, 1993) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   Knowledge emerges only through invention and re-invention, through the restless, impatient, continuing, hopeful inquiry [men and women] pursue in the world, with the world, and with each other. . . Education must begin with the solution of the teacher-student contradiction, by reconciling the poles of the contradiction so that both are... 1993
Robin West The Aspirational Constitution 88 Northwestern University Law Review 241 (Fall, 1993) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   What would be the consequences for modern progressive politics of the rule of administration proposed by Thayer a hundred years ago in his famous essay? In The Origin and Scope of the American Doctrine of Constitutional Law, it will be recalled, Thayer proposed that the Supreme Court should only rule an act of Congress unconstitutional if the act... 1993
John O. Calmore The Case of the Speluncean Explorers: Contemporary Proceedings 61 George Washington Law Review 1764 (August, 1993) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   Calmore, J. In this case we are faced with difficult issues that transcend the matter at hand. Petitioners appeal an earlier decision of our judicial predecessors who, in an evenly divided vote, affirmed petitioners' convictions for murder and their death sentences. As explained below, I would set aside their death sentences. The record reveals... 1993
Rhonda V. Magee The Master's Tools, from the Bottom Up: Responses to African-american Reparations Theory in Mainstream and Outsider Remedies Discourse 79 Virginia Law Review 863 (May, 1993) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   Prologue. 864 I. Introduction. 864 II. Racial Remedies Theory. 868 A. The Traditional Debate: Nationalism Versus Integrationism. 868 B. A New Perspective: Cultural Equity Theory. 871 C. Reparations, Separation, and Integration as Cultural Equity Methods. 875 III. The Reparations Tradition Within Racial Remedies Discourse. 876 A. A Modern... 1993
Lawrence M. Friedman The United States-china Act of 1991 and Customary International Law 13 Boston College Third World Law Journal 257 (Summer, 1993) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   In June 1989, the world watched as the government of the People's Republic of China brought a violent end to pro-democracy student protests in Beijing's Tiananmen Square. The images of a lone figure facing a column of tanks and the students' makeshift Statue of Liberty have become symbolic expressions of The Beijing Spring. The events of that... 1993
Robert S. Chang Toward an Asian American Legal Scholarship: Critical Race Theory, Post-structuralism, and Narrative Space 81 California Law Review 1241 (October, 1993) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   Prelude. 1243 Introduction: Mapping the Terrain. 1247 I. The Need for an Asian American Legal Scholarship. 1251 A. That Was Then, This Is Now: Variations on a Theme. 1251 1. Violence Against Asian Americans. 1252 2. Nativistic Racism. 1255 B. The Model Minority Myth. 1258 C. The Inadequacy of the Current Racial Paradigm. 1265 1. Traditional Civil... 1993
Frank C. Newman United Nations Human Rights Covenants and the United States Government: Diluted Promises, Foreseeable Futures 42 DePaul Law Review 1241 (Summer, 1993) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   Regarding Civil and Political Rights, [t]he Covenant . . . codifies the essential freedoms people must enjoy in a democratic society, such as the right to vote, freedom of peaceful assembly, equal protection of the law, the rights to liberty and security, and freedom of opinion and expression, wrote President Bush on August 8, 1991 to Clairborne... 1993
George Rutherglen Abolition in a Different Voice 78 Virginia Law Review 1463 (September, 1992) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   Forbidden Grounds, by Professor Richard Epstein, is the latest and perhaps the most controversial of his many works expounding a comprehensive libertarian critique of American law. Epstein has argued tirelessly, and often brilliantly, for a libertarian approach to an ever-expanding range of legal issues, from tort law to takings to legal theory. In... 1992
Stephen A. Plass Bedrock Principles, Elusive Construction, and the Future of Equal Employment Laws 21 Hofstra Law Review 313 (Winter, 1992) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   Introduction. 314 I. Title VIIOriginal Legislation and Construction. 318 A. Legislative Limitations of Title VII. 318 B. Recent Court-Imposed Limitations. 320 1. The Causation and Same Decision Test. 320 2. Facially Neutral Policies and the Statute of LimitationsThe Clairvoyant Employee Problem. 323 3. Tougher Disparate Impact Burdens. 326 4.... 1992
Samuel Issacharoff Contractual Liberties in Discriminatory Markets 70 Texas Law Review 1219 (April, 1992) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   Richard Epstein is among the most engaging and annoying of American legal academics. Beginning with a strongly articulated set of libertarian beliefs, Epstein sets out in a variety of areas to challenge the central premise of post-New Deal legal reforms: that the law is an appropriate avenue for social restructuring and an agency for achieving... 1992
John O. Calmore Cricical Race Theory, Archie Shepp, and Fire Music: Securing an Authentic Intellectual Life in a Multicultural World 65 Southern California Law Review 2129 (July, 1992) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   If you ever find yourself, some where lost and surrounded by enemies who won't let you speak in your own language who destroy your statues & instruments, who ban your omm bomm ba boom then you are in trouble they ban your oom boom ba boom you in deep deep trouble humph! probably take you several hundred years to get out! Amiri Baraka This Article... 1992
Mary C. Daly Rebuilding the City of Richmond: Congress's Power to Authorize the States to Implement Race-conscious Affirmative Action Plans 33 Boston College Law Review 903 (September, 1992) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   Introduction I. Defining Equality: Equal Access or Equal Achievement? A. Origin of the Controversy B. The Equal Access/Equal Achievement Debate C. Equal Achievement: The Preferred Construct in the Marketplace II. How the Court's Selection of the Standard of Review in Government Action Cases Reflects Its Vacillation Between the Equal Access/Equal... 1992
T. Alexander Aleinikoff A Case for Race-consciousness 91 Columbia Law Review 1060 (June, 1991) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   I believe that [whites] today, raised white in a racist society, are often ridden with white solipsism--not the consciously held belief that one race is inherently superior to all others, but a tunnel-vision which simply does not see nonwhite experience or existence as precious or significant, unless in spasmodic, impotent guilt-reflexes, which... 1991
M. Cherif Bassiouni Enslavement as an International Crime 23 New York University Journal of International Law & Politics 445 (Winter, 1991) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   It is well-established that prohibitions against slavery and slave-related practices have achieved the level of customary international law and have attained jus cogens status. An array of conventions and treaties, both multilateral and bilateral in nature, contain these prohibitions and proscribe such practices in times of war and during peace.... 1991
Johnny C. Parker Equal Protection minus Strict Scrutiny plus Benign Classification Equals What? Equality of Opportunity 11 Pace Law Review 213 (Winter, 1991) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   Since the signing of the Declaration of Independence no social issue has caused more concern and controversy than that of race. Voluminous studies document the sociological and economic impact which ethnic and racial prejudices have played in the history of this country. While most ethnic groups, to varying degrees, have assimilated into the... 1991
Lance S. Hamilton Ethnomiseducationalization: a Legal Challenge 100 Yale Law Journal 1815 (April, 1991) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   My client is a Black American male and the parent of several young Black American sons, one of whom is attending his first year at University X (Univ. X), a well-respected institution in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Black Parent (BLP) has come for advice and legal guidance. The most prestigious colleges and universities in the country... 1991
Lani Guinier No Two Seats: the Elusive Quest for Political Equality 77 Virginia Law Review 1413 (November, 1991) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   INTRODUCTION I. THE CONVENTIONAL VOTING RIGHTS LITIGATION MODEL A. The Political Equality and Political Empowerment Norms B. Dilution as Geographic Submergence C. The Remedy for Dilution D. The Districting Rationale as an Empowerment Theory II. THE IMPLICATIONS OF SINGLE-MEMBER DISTRICTING FOR BLACK POLITICAL INFLUENCE AND PARTICIPATION A. The... 1991
David Rosenberg Racist Speech, the First Amendment, and Public Universities: Taking a Stand on Neutrality 76 Cornell Law Review 549 (January, 1991) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   It is a fair summary of history to say that the safeguards of liberty have frequently been forged in controversies involving not very nice people. Malcolm X used to talk about the need for young people to learn how language works, how to dissect it, how to use it as both a shield and a sword. Above all he thought, blacks should not be fearful of... 1991
Cheryl E. Amana Recruitment and Retention of the African American Law Student 19 North Carolina Central Law Journal 207 (1991) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   We need not let color blindness become myopia which masks the reality that many created equal have been treated within our lifetimes as inferior both by the law and by their fellow citizens. In 1869, George Lewis Ruffin became the first African American to graduate from an American law school. Even with this relatively early entrance, compared... 1991
David C. Williams The Borders of the Equal Protection Clause: Indians as Peoples 38 UCLA Law Review 759 (April, 1991) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   In the Pacific Northwest, a relatively liberal area, apparently law-abiding citizens paste bumper stickers on their cars proclaiming, Save a salmon; can an Indian. This behavior seems to reflect an open and virulent racial hostility similar to the Southern reaction to the civil rights movement. The law, one might suppose, should set its face... 1991
James Gray Pope The past of Labor Law-and its Future 39 UCLA Law Review 481 (December, 1991) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   I. Forbath's Account. 482 A. How Judges Altered Labor's Strategic Calculus. 483 B. How Judges Shaped Labor's Consciousness. 486 C. How Labor Fought Back. 488 II. Critique. 489 A. Wouldn't Conservative Voluntarism Have Prevailed Even Without Judicial Intervention?. 490 B. Did Legal Discourse Really Alter Labor's Consciousness?. 493 C. Was Labor's... 1991
Lani Guinier The Triumph of Tokenism: the Voting Rights Act and the Theory of Black Electoral Success 89 Michigan Law Review 1077 (March, 1991) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   I. THE ROOTS OF BLACK ELECTORAL SUCCESS THEORY A. The Civil Rights Movement's Theory of Political Participation 1. Political Participation: Mobilizing the Black Community 2. Political Participation: Promoting a Social and Economic Agenda 3. Political Participation: Electing Responsive Officials B. The Evolution of a Legal Strategy of Political... 1991
Leland B. Ware A Remedy for the "Extreme Case:" the Status of Affirmative Action after Croson 55 Missouri Law Review 631 (Summer, 1990) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   After the Supreme Court decided City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co., a commentator responded with the following analogy: The White Team and the Black Team are playing the last football game of the season. The White Team owns the stadium, owns the referees and has been allowed to field nine times as many players. For almost four quarters, the White... 1990
Douglas L. Colbert Challenging the Challenge: Thirteenth Amendment as a Prohibition Against the Racial Use of Peremptory Challenges 76 Cornell Law Review Rev. 1 (November, 1990) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   Introduction I. Origin and Purpose of the Peremptory Challenge II. Colonial and Post-Revolutionary Laws: Fixing a [S]tigma of the Deepest Degradation . . . Upon the Whole %A[African-American] Race 'B A. Southern Colonial Justice for the African-American Defendant B. Southern Colonial Justice for the African-American Complainant C.... 1990
Gary Peller Race Consciousness 1990 Duke Law Journal 758 (September, 1990) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   The entire civil rights struggle needs a new interpretation, a broader interpretation. We need to look at this civil rights thing from another anglefrom the inside as well as from the outside. To those of us whose philosophy is black nationalism, the only way you can get involved in the civil rights struggle is to give it a new interpretation. The... 1990
Leslie McKnight Yates , Reporter The Appropriateness of Continuing International Sanctions Against South Africa 84 American Society of International Law Proceedings 307 (March 28-31,) Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   The panel was convened by its Chair, Goler T. Butcher, at 2:30 p.m., March 30, 1990. 1990
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