AuthorTitleCitationDocument TypeStatusSummaryYear
Charlotte Verdon IMPROVING THE PRESENT TO REPAIR THE PAST: A PROPOSAL TO REDEFINE THE GUIDING PRINCIPLE OF REPARATION FOR GROSS VIOLATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS 53 N.Y.U. J. Int'l L. & Pol. 587 (Winter, 2021) [New York University Journal of International Law & Politics] Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   I. Introduction. 588 II. Restitutio in Integrum: An Inadequate Principle for the Reparation of Gross Violations of Human Rights Under International Law. 594 A. What Are Gross Violations of Human Rights and What Does It Mean to Repair Them?. 594 B. The Inadequacy of Restitutio in Integrum to Repair Gross Violations of Human Rights. 596 1. The... 2021
K. A. Drechsler Inadequacy of legal remedy as basis for equitable relief from levy of execution 171 A.L.R. 221 (Originally published in 1947) (2021) [American Law Reports ALR] Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   The reported case for this annotation is Baker v. Lloyd, 1947 OK 12, 198 Okla. 512, 179 P.2d 913, 171 A.L.R. 217 (1947). 2021
Monica C. Bell , Katherine Beckett , Forrest Stuart INVESTING IN ALTERNATIVES: THREE LOGICS OF CRIMINAL SYSTEM REPLACEMENT 11 UC Irvine L. Rev. 1291 (August, 2021) [UC Irvine Law Review] Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   What logics underlie the call to defund the police, and how do those logics matter in policy debate? In the wake of widespread protests after the deaths of George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, and other victims of police violence during the summer of 2020, the Black Lives Matter movement's call to defund the police captured the national imagination.... 2021
Natalie Klein Iran and Its Encounters with the International Court of Justice 21 Melb. J. Int'l L. 620 (2021) [Melbourne Journal of International Law] Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   Iran has been an active middle power that has engaged with the International Court of Justice in cases involving Iran's adversaries at critical points in its history. This engagement has spanned a period of almost 70 years and encompassed Iran's 1953 coup d'état, the 1978 Iranian Revolution, the 1980-88 Iran-Iraq War and current issues involving... 2021
  Jarvis v. United States 154 Fed.Cl. 712, Docket Number: 21-1148C [United States Court of Federal Claims] (8/19/2021) Cases As of January 2, 2022, The case has been appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals or the U.S. Supreme Court (excluding appeals originating from agencies). NATIVE AMERICANS Jurisdiction. Court of Federal Claims lacked subject matter jurisdiction under Tucker Act to hear reparation claim based on historic treatment of Native Americans. 2021
  Jarvis v. United States --- Fed.Cl. ----, Docket Number 21-1148C [United States Court of Federal Claims] (11/1/2021) Cases   NATIVE AMERICANS Treaties. Plaintiff failed to identify any money-mandating provisions of Treaty with the Cherokee, as would grant jurisdiction to reconsider denial of claims. 2021
  Jenkins v. United States Slip Copy, 1:21-CV-1475-NONE-BAM [United States District Court, E.D. California] (12/8/2021) Cases   Plaintiff Raymond Jenkins (Plaintiff) is a state prisoner proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis in this civil action. Plaintiff's complaint, filed on October 1, 2021, is currently before the Court for screening. (Doc. 1.) The Court is required to screen complaints brought by prisoners seeking relief against a governmental entity... 2021
Mikah K. Thompson JUST ANOTHER FAST GIRL: EXPLORING SLAVERY'S CONTINUED IMPACT ON THE LOSS OF BLACK GIRLHOOD 44 Harv. J. L. & Gender 57 (Winter, 2021) [Harvard Journal of Law & Gender] Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   Introduction. 58 I. The Stereotypic Connection between Blackness and Promiscuity. 59 A. Black Hypersexuality as a Justification for Sexual Violence During Slavery. 60 B. The Persistence of Stereotypes Concerning Black Sexuality in Post-Civil War America. 64 C. Modern-Day Perceptions of Black Sexuality. 66 D. Black Sexuality and the Law of Statutory... 2021
David V Williams Justiciability and Tikanga: Towards "Soft" Legal Constitutionalism 29 NZULR 649 (December, 2021) [New Zealand Universities Law Review] Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   This article notes various responses to the question of when (if at all) courts should provide legal remedies to parties not satisfied with outcomes reached by other branches of government in highly contested political matters. The author's focus is on Treaty of Waitangi redress settlements concluded by political negotiations between iwi and the... 2021
Kevin E. Davis LEGAL RESPONSES TO BLACK SUBORDINATION, GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES 134 Harv. L. Rev. F. 359 (6/1/2021) [Harvard Law Review Forum] Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   [I]n order to win and bring as many people with us along the way, we must move beyond the narrow nationalism that is all too prevalent in Black communities. --Black Lives Matter Around the world, people of African descent (Afro-descendants)--to use one of the broadest possible definitions of Blackness--are overrepresented among the poor and... 2021
  LETTER FROM THE EDITOR 28 Geo. J. on Poverty L. & Pol'y I (Winter, 2021) [Georgetown Journal on Poverty Law and Policy] Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   The Georgetown Journal on Poverty Law and Policy published Volume 28 in a period of tremendous grief, political chaos, and general uncertainty. COVID-19 has highlighted the prevalence of extreme poverty and its intersection with every aspect of life. In the past year the need for a civil right to counsel in housing court and beyond and the... 2021
  Lewis v. United States Slip Copy, Docket Number: 5:21-CV-156-TJC-PRL [United States District Court, M.D. Florida, Ocala Division] (4/13/2021) Cases   Plaintiff, who is proceeding pro se, is suing the United States for failing to pay him reparations for the enslavement of his ancestors. Plaintiff requests injunctive relief and damages. Plaintiff has filed a motion to proceed in forma pauperis. (Doc. 2). For the reasons discussed below, the motion is due to be denied and the complaint dismissed.... 2021
Todd Carney LOOKING TO INTERNATIONAL LAW TO SOLVE HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUES IN SPORTS 28 Willamette J. Int'l L. & Disp. Resol. 65 (2021) [Willamette Journal of International Law and Dispute Resolution] Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   This paper looks at how international human rights issues have related to sports. The paper first zeros in on the two most prominent examples, the Olympics and the World Cup. The paper first looks at how the IOC and FIFA both function as international governance organizations, and how they structurally fail to deal with international human rights.... 2021
  McDonald v. Longley 4 F.4th 229, Docket Number: 20-50448 [United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit] (7/2/2021) Cases As of January 2, 2022, The case has some negative history but has not been reversed or overruled. CIVIL RIGHTS Freedom of Association. Texas State Bar Association violated attorneys' right to freedom of association by compelling them to join Bar that engaged in non-germane activities. 2021
  Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Support of Defendant's Motion to Dismiss (5/28/2021) Trial Court Documents   In December 2014, the United States and France entered into Agreement. See Am. Compl. ¶ 1. The preamble to the U.S.-France Agreement noted that the governments of both countries:... 2021
  Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Support of Defendant's Motion to Dismiss (5/28/2021) Trial Court Documents   In December 2014, the United States and France entered into Agreement. See Am. Compl. ¶ 1. The preamble to the U.S.-France Agreement noted that the governments of both countries:... 2021
  Memorandum of Points and Authoritiesin Support of Defendant's Motion to Dismiss (7/26/2021) Trial Court Documents   In December 2014, the United States and France entered into the Agreement. See Compl. ¶ 1. The preamble to the U.S.-France Agreement noted that the governments of both countries:... 2021
James S. Liebman , Kayla C. Butler , Ian Buksunski MINE THE GAP: USING RACIAL DISPARITIES TO EXPOSE AND ERADICATE RACISM 30 S. Cal. Rev. L. & Soc. Just. 1 (Winter, 2021) [Southern California Review of Law & Social Justice] Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   For decades, lawyers and legal scholars have disagreed over how much resource redistribution to expect from federal courts and Congress in satisfaction of the Fourteenth Amendment's promise of equal protection. Of particular importance to this debate and to the nation given its kaleidoscopic history of inequality, is the question of racial... 2021
Megan Ming Francis, John Fabian Witt MOVEMENT CAPTURE OR MOVEMENT STRATEGY? A CRITICAL RACE HISTORY EXCHANGE ON THE BEGINNINGS OF BROWN v. BOARD 31 Yale J.L. & Human. 520 (Winter, 2021) [Yale Journal of Law & the Humanities] Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   In 2019, Megan Ming Francis published a path-breaking article challenging the conventional wisdom in the field on a core piece of civil rights history: the role of a philanthropic foundation called the American Fund for Public Service, also known as the Garland Fund, in working alongside the NAACP to produce the organization's famous litigation... 2021
Amna A. Akbar, Sameer M. Ashar, Jocelyn Simonson MOVEMENT LAW 73 Stan. L. Rev. 821 (April, 2021) [Stanford Law Review] Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   Abstract. In this Article we make the case for movement law, an approach to legal scholarship grounded in solidarity, accountability, and engagement with grassroots organizing and left social movements. In contrast to law and social movements--a field that studies the relationship between lawyers, legal process, and social change--movement law... 2021
Jennifer M. Chacón MOVING FORWARD 50 Sw. L. Rev. 208 (2021) [Southwestern Law Review] Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   We live in a world of permeable borders. Money, goods, information, and the global elite move across borders almost effortlessly. Corporate entities straddle borders, and governmental policies have transnational effect. But not everyone moves easily across borders. In the United States, federal laws permit the expulsion and the permanent exclusion... 2021
Brooke Simone MUNICIPAL REPARATIONS: CONSIDERATIONS AND CONSTITUTIONALITY 120 Mich. L. Rev. 345 (November, 2021) [Michigan Law Review] Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   Demands for racial justice are resounding, and in turn, various localities have considered issuing reparations to Black residents. Municipalities may be effective venues in the struggle for reparations, but they face a variety of questions when crafting legislation. This Note walks through key considerations using proposed and enacted reparations... 2021
Aris Folley National Black Farmers Association calls for Graham to apologize over 'racist' comments (3/15/2021) [The Hill] Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   John Boyd Jr., the president of the National Black Farmers Association, called on Sen. Lindsey Graham (R-S.C.) to apologize for comments he made recently taking aim at a provision in the $1.9 trillion coronavirus relief bill that seeks to help socially disadvantaged Black farmers and farmers of color. 2021
Damian A. Gonzalez-Salzberg NON-PECUNIARY DAMAGE UNDER THE AMERICAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF 30 YEARS OF CASE LAW 34 Harv. Hum. Rts. J. 81 (Spring, 2021) [Harvard Human Rights Journal] Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   An international law on damages for human rights violations is rapidly emerging. Within this developing law, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights has become the main source of reference for the determination of non-pecuniary damage. This Article undertakes an empirical analysis of the first thirty years of this court's case law, assessing the... 2021
Aris Folley Obama says reparations 'justified' (2/25/2021) [The Hill] Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   Former President Obama said earlier this week that the case for reparations for Black Americans is justified, but he added that the politics of white resistance and resentment, among other issues, made the prospect of pursuing the issue during his presidency a non-starter. 2021
Etienne C. Toussaint OF AMERICAN FRAGILITY: PUBLIC RITUALS, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND THE END OF INVISIBLE MAN 52 Colum. Hum. Rts. L. Rev. 826 (Winter, 2021) [Columbia Human Rights Law Review] Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the fragility of American democracy in at least two important ways. First, the coronavirus has ravaged Black communities across the United States, unmasking decades of inequitable laws and public policies that have rendered Black lives socially and economically isolated from adequate health care services,... 2021
Lario Albarrán OWNING FRIDA KAHLO 35 Emory Int'l L. Rev. 627 (2021) [Emory International Law Review] Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   --Hayden Herrera Frida Kahlo is undoubtedly one of the most recognizable names in art history. Her work epitomizes Mexican national and indigenous traditions and is regarded as an uncompromising depiction of the female experience and form. But her fame go 2021
Christian Sundquist PANDEMIC POLICING 37 Ga. St. U. L. Rev. 1339 (Summer, 2021) [Georgia State University Law Review] Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   C1-2CONTENTS Introduction. 1340 I. The Cycle of Pandemic Racism. 1348 A. Economic Crises. 1348 B. Immigration Crises. 1349 C. Crime Crises. 1350 II. Pandemic Policing. 1353 Conclusion. 1359 2021
Angela C. Carmella PANDEMIC, PROTEST, AND COMMEMORATION: SACRED CIVIC EXPRESSION IN TIMES OF NATIONAL GRIEF 22 Rutgers J. L. & Religion 20 (2021) [Rutgers Journal of Law & Religion] Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   At the service of remembrance on the eve of his inauguration, President Biden said, To heal, we must remember. Our public mourning in times like these, filled with staggering numbers of pandemic deaths and shocking numbers of racial killings, indeed involves remembering the many lives lost. We are in the midst of the cultural task of... 2021
  Petition for Writ of Certiorari (6/16/2021) Briefs   FN1. Online Line Library of Liberty. Sir William Blackstone. 1. Whether the Court should resolve the following questions for which the State and Federal courts are split (including the New... 2021
Jocelyn Simonson POLICE REFORM THROUGH A POWER LENS 130 Yale L.J. 778 (February, 2021) [Yale Law Journal] Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   abstract. Scholars and reformers have in recent years begun to imagine new and different configurations for how the state can design policing institutions. These conversations have increased in volume and urgency in response to the 2020 national uprising against police violence, when radical demands born within social movements have gained... 2021
Katie Raitz PUBLIC HEALTH AND RACIAL INEQUALITY: WHY THE OPPORTUNITY ZONE PROGRAM FAILS LOW-INCOME COMMUNITIES AND COSTS LIVES 12 UC Irvine L. Rev. 315 (November, 2021) [UC Irvine Law Review] Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   The rich man's dog gets more in the way of vaccination, medicine and medical care than do the workers upon whom the rich man's wealth is built. Poor health outcomes are linked to long-standing wealth disparities for people of color in the United States. Wealth inequality has gotten worse over the past decades, despite attempts to improve it. The... 2021
Karen Engle , Lucas Lixinski QUILOMBO LAND RIGHTS, BRAZILIAN CONSTITUTIONALISM, AND RACIAL CAPITALISM 54 Vand. J. Transnat'l L. 831 (October, 2021) [Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law] Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   The 1988 Brazilian Constitution, the first in a wave of new democratic and multicultural constitutions in Latin America, contains a transitory provision guaranteeing collective land rights to quilombo communities. These communities are composed of quilombolas, primarily descendants of formerly enslaved Africans, many of whom had escaped slavery. A... 2021
Stewart Chang , Frank Rudy Cooper , Addie C. Rolnick RACE AND GENDER AND POLICING 21 Nev. L.J. 885 (Spring, 2021) [Nevada Law Journal] Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   C1-2Table of Contents Introduction. 885 I. Unrest and the Question of Looting. 891 II. The Black Perspective on Looting. 898 III. Policing, Property, and White Patriarchy. 904 A. Christian Cooper: White Caller Crime. 905 B. Jannie Ligons: The Sexual Non-Privilege of Black Women. 910 C. Sandra Bland and Elijah Taylor: Suspicion, Policing, and the... 2021
Mike Lillis Race debate grips Congress (4/14/2021) [The Hill] Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   The barbed debate over racial justice is exploding this week on Capitol Hill, as Democrats in both chambers are charging ahead with a host of proposals to empower minorities amid the national clash over police bias, brutality and the future of law enforcement. 2021
Eleanor Brown, June Carbone RACE, PROPERTY, AND CITIZENSHIP 116 Nw. U. L. Rev. Online 120 (7/24/2021) [Northwestern University Law Review Online] Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   Abstract--The racial wealth gap is stunning. The net worth of an average White family is nearly ten times greater than that of an African-American family. A 2017 Prosperity Now report finds that for African-Americans, today's economy is an extractive one; if existing trends continue, the median African-American family will have a net worth of zero... 2021
William Y. Chin RACIAL EQUALITY AND INEQUALITY IN AMERICA AND LESSONS FROM OTHER COUNTRIES 27 Cardozo J. Equal Rts. & Soc. Just. 473 (Spring, 2021) [Cardozo Journal of Equal Rights & Social Justice] Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   C1-2Table of Contents I. Introduction. 474 II. Racial Equality Lessons from other Countries. 475 A. Abolish Law Enforcement's use of Neck Restraints. 476 B. Add Day Fines to the Range of Sanctions. 479 C. Promote and Reward Reading by Prisoners. 480 D. Offer a National Apology for Subjugating African Americans. 483 E. Assist Workers of Color by... 2021
Yuvraj Joshi RACIAL TRANSITION 98 Wash. U. L. Rev. 1181 (2021) [Washington University Law Review] Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   The United States is a nation in transition, struggling to surmount its racist past. This transitional imperative underpins American race jurisprudence, yet the transitional bases of decisions are rarely acknowledged and sometimes even denied. This Article uncovers two main ways that the Supreme Court has sought racial transition. While Civil... 2021
Erika George , Jena Martin , Tara Van Ho RECKONING: A DIALOGUE ABOUT RACISM, ANTIRACISTS, AND BUSINESS & HUMAN RIGHTS 30 Wash. Int'l L.J. 171 (March, 2021) [Washington International Law Journal] Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   Abstract: Video of George Floyd's death sparked global demonstrations and prompted individuals, communities and institutions to grapple with their own roles in embedding and perpetuating racist structures. The raison d'être of Business and Human Rights (BHR) is to tackle structural corporate impediments to the universal realization of human rights.... 2021
Elizabeth D. Lauzon, J.D. Recoverability of Reparations from Corporations for Nazi-Related Conduct 6 A.L.R. Fed. 2d 279 (Originally published in 2005) (2021) [American Law Reports ALR Federal 2d] Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   The Holocaust restitution movement is the recent use of civil litigation to remedy human rights abuses committed during the Nazi regime by obtaining financial restitution from corporations that profited from Nazi-related conduct. Before 1995, very few Nazi reparations suits were filed, with most of the cases being summarily dismissed. After 1995,... 2021
Lee Anne Fennell REMIXING RESOURCES 38 Yale J. on Reg. 589 (Winter, 2021) [Yale Journal on Regulation] Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   This Essay argues for an approach to resource access that connects rather than separates questions of efficiency and distribution. It proceeds from the premise that putting together the most valuable combinations of resources-- including human capital--is of central and increasing normative importance. Structuring law to facilitate these... 2021
Patrick Dankwa John REPARATIONS: 40 ACRES AND A MULE . WITH INTEREST 35-AUG CBA Rec. 35 (July/August, 2021) [CBA Record] Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   For the answer to how the Negro's status came to be what it is does not lie essentially in the world of the Negro, but in the world of the white. In short, white America must assume the guilt for the black man's inferior status.--Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Where Do We Go From Here, 1967 The U.S. House of Representatives recently passed H.B. 40,... 2021
B. B. B. Replevin for an undivided share in or undivided quantity of a larger mass 26 A.L.R. 1015 (Originally published in 1923) (2021) [American Law Reports ALR] Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   The reported case for this annotation is Logan v. Cross, 101 Or. 85, 198 P. 1097, 26 A.L.R. 1009 (1921). 2021
  Report of Expert Witness Professor Anthony V. Alfieri (5/12/2021) Expert Materials   ANTHONY V. ALFIERI, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1746, states under penalty of perjury that the following is true and correct: 1. I am a Professor of Law, Dean's Distinguished Scholar, and the... 2021
Cynthia Soohoo REPRODUCTIVE JUSTICE AND TRANSFORMATIVE CONSTITUTIONALISM 42 Cardozo L. Rev. 819 (June, 2021) [Cardozo Law Review] Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   C1-2Table of Contents Introduction. 820 I. Reproductive Justice. 823 A. Universal Demands, Different Forms of Oppression. 823 B. Tensions between Reproductive Rights and Reproductive Justice. 825 II. History of Reproductive Oppression in the United States. 826 A. Setting the Stage: The Founding. 826 B. Founding to the Civil War: Private... 2021
Shannon Prince RESPONSE: A GOOD AND VIRTUOUS NATURE MAY RECOIL: ON CONSORTING WITH EVIL TO DO GOOD 34 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 695 (Summer, 2021) [Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics] Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   David Luban asks how ethical people in government should respond when an unethical regime comes to power, noting that Hannah Arendt argued that to stay in such a regime supports it. I take the position that attempting to distinguish between ethical and unethical regimes can be problematic because even regimes deemed moral commonly commit evil.... 2021
Helen H. Kang RESTORATIVE JUSTICE FOR REDLINED COMMUNITIES DISPLACED BY ECO-GENTRIFICATION 26 Mich. J. Race & L. 23 (Winter, 2021) [Michigan Journal of Race and Law] Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   R1-2INTRODUCTION . L323 I. De Jure Segregation in the City of San Francisco and the Displacement of Black Residents from the Bayview-Hunters Point Neighborhood. 24 A. The De Jure Segregation of Bayview-Hunters Point. 26 B. Continuation of De Jure Segregation Through Redlining and Other Government Actions. 27 C. Intensification of Segregation and... 2021
Lynn D. Lu RESTORATIVE RELATIONSHIPS AND "RADICAL HELP": REIMAGINING WELFARE-TO-WORK BEYOND THE MARKET-FAMILY DIVIDE 50 U. Balt. L. Rev. 287 (Spring, 2021) [University of Baltimore Law Review] Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   INTRODUCTION. 288 I. WORKFARE AS PUNISHMENT AND THE MARKET-FAMILY DIVIDE. 293 II. RESTORING THE SAFETY NET FOR SANCTIONS: RESTORATIVE JUSTICE AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO PUNITIVE WORKFARE. 303 A. Choosing Relationships Over Retribution. 303 B. The Long Shadow of Sanctions. 310 III. REVIVING RELATIONAL WORK: RADICAL HELP AS VOLUNTARY AFFIRMATIVE SUPPORT.... 2021
Rachael E. Salcido RETOOLING ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE 39 UCLA J. Envtl. L. & Pol'y 1 (2021) [UCLA Journal of Environmental Law & Policy] Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   This Article responds to environmental justice arguments that undermine, rather than safeguard, health and environmental quality for low-income and minority populations. Efforts by scholars and practitioners to clearly define environmental injustice to facilitate use of racial discrimination legal frameworks have had minimal success and are... 2021
John G. Browning RIGHTING PAST WRONGS: POSTHUMOUS BAR ADMISSIONS AND THE QUEST FOR RACIAL JUSTICE 21 Berkeley J. Afr.-Am. L. & Pol'y 1 (2021) [Berkeley Journal of African-American Law & Policy] Law Review Articles and Other Secondary Sources   Introduction. 1 I. Takuji Yamashita. 4 II. George Vashon. 9 III. Hong Yen Chang. 14 IV. Sei Fujii. 21 V. William Herbert Johnson. 25 VI. J.H. Williams, And More Stories To Be Told. 28 Conclusion. 34 Appendix A. 37 Appendix B. 38 Appendix C. 41 Appendix D. 42 2021
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