AuthorTitleCitationSummaryYear
Robert J. Sampson , Brian L. Levy THE ENDURING NEIGHBORHOOD EFFECT, EVERYDAY URBAN MOBILITY, AND VIOLENCE IN CHICAGO 89 University of Chicago Law Review 323 (March, 2022) A longstanding tradition of research linking neighborhood disadvantage to higher rates of violence is based on the characteristics of where people reside. This Essay argues that we need to look beyond residential neighborhoods to consider flows of movement throughout the wider metropolis. Our basic premise is that a neighborhood's well-being... 2022
Rabia Belt THE FAT PRISONERS' DILEMMA: SLOW VIOLENCE, INTERSECTIONALITY, AND A DISABILITY RIGHTS FRAMEWORK FOR THE FUTURE 110 Georgetown Law Journal 785 (April, 2022) America is having a reckoning on mass incarceration. Events such as George Floyd's killing, COVID behind bars, and Black Lives Matter have punctured our collective consciousness. Advocates and scholars alike are pushing U.S. society to examine the costs--financial, psychic, social--of putting millions of people behind bars. Despite this... 2022
Rachel Simon THE FIREARM PREEMPTION PHENOMENON 43 Cardozo Law Review 1441 (April, 2022) Forty-five states have adopted express preemption statutes curtailing or entirely prohibiting local gun regulation, and several jurisdictions now threaten localities with penalties for violating such restrictions. These measures have been remarkably effective in reducing the breadth and variety of gun laws nationwide, but their consequences have... 2022
K-Sue Park THE HISTORY WARS AND PROPERTY LAW: CONQUEST AND SLAVERY AS FOUNDATIONAL TO THE FIELD 131 Yale Law Journal 1062 (February, 2022) This Article addresses the stakes of the ongoing fight over competing versions of U.S. history for our understanding of law, with a special focus on property law. Insofar as legal scholarship has examined U.S. law within the historical context in which it arose, it has largely overlooked the role that laws and legal institutions played in... 2022
Ben Horton THE HYDRAULICS OF INTERMEDIARY LIABILITY REGULATION 70 Cleveland State Law Review 201 (2022) The intermediary immunity created by Section 230 probably protects claims based on the non-legal harms of hate speech and misinformation as well as a European-style proportionality system of content moderation better than a more legalized intermediary liability regime would. Contrasting the existing non-copyright content moderation systems with... 2022
Kayla Bokzam THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND DIGITAL ABUSE: ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM THROUGH A NATIONAL ACTION PLAN 30 University of Miami International and Comparative Law Review 185 (Fall, 2022) This Article discusses the impact of COVID-19 on domestic violence and digital abuse around the world, with a focus on the United States. Violence against women has increased since the start of the pandemic largely due to lockdown restrictions and other measures taken by governments to slow the spread of the virus. Further, with an increase in the... 2022
Erik R. Zimmerman THE INCOMPATIBILITY OF THE POLICE USE OF FORCE OBJECTIVE REASONABLENESS STANDARD AND SPLIT-SECOND DECISION-MAKING 37-SUM Criminal Justice 36 (Summer, 2022) On July 14, 2018, Harith Augustus, a 37-year-old Black man, was walking home from his work at a barbershop on the Southside of Chicago when he was stopped by a police officer. The officer would eventually cite Augustus's acting like a typical armed person as justification for the stop. Augustus, who was wearing a holstered gun under his shirt... 2022
Andrew T. Hayashi THE LAW AND ECONOMICS OF ANIMUS 89 University of Chicago Law Review 581 (May, 2022) People sometimes want to harm other people. This truism points to a blind spot in law and economics scholarship, which generally assumes that people are indifferent to the effects of their actions on other people. Diverse areas of the law, such as hate-crime legislation and constitutional equal protection doctrine, reside in this blind spot because... 2022
Adam Crepelle THE LAW AND ECONOMICS OF CRIME IN INDIAN COUNTRY 110 Georgetown Law Journal 569 (March, 2022) C1-2Table of Contents Introduction. 569 I. Crime in Indian Country. 576 II. Tribal Sovereignty and Criminal Justice. 579 III. The Economics of Crime. 586 IV. The Law and Economics of Crime in Indian Country. 589 V. Solutions. 601 a. jurisdictional fix. 603 b. more cops. 606 c. improve tribal economies. 609 Conclusion. 611 2022
Saul Cornell THE LONG ARC OF ARMS REGULATION IN PUBLIC: FROM SURETY TO PERMITTING, 1328-1928 55 U.C. Davis Law Review 2545 (June, 2022) C1-2Table of Contents Introduction. 2545 I. Early Modern Rights Talk and On-Going Problems of Presentism in Second Amendment Scholarship and Law. 2548 II. The Modern Gun Rights Invention of a Right to Peaceable Armed Travel: English History vs. Gun Rights Fantasy. 2553 III. The Absorption and Transformation of the Common Law in Early America.... 2022
Xiaoyang Zhang THE LUKASHENKO CASE: IS HE PERSONA NON GRATA IN THE DIPLOMATIC SENSE? 23 Oregon Review of International Law 97 (2022) Abstract. 97 Introduction. 98 I. The Vienna Convention: The Right Law in the Lukashenko Case?. 100 II. What Are Lukashenko's Mandated Duties and Rights?. 105 III. Is the Lukashenko Case a Public Interest Case?. 106 IV. Magnitsky-Like Mechanisms Throughout the World. 112 Conclusion. 120 2022
Etienne C. Toussaint THE MISEDUCATION OF PUBLIC CITIZENS 29 Georgetown Journal on Poverty Law and Policy 287 (Spring, 2022) The American Bar Association Model Rules of Professional Conduct calls upon lawyers, as public citizens, to embrace a special responsibility for the quality of justice in the legal profession and in society. Yet, some law professors have historically adopted a formalistic and doctrinally neutral approach to law teaching that elides critical... 2022
Pitrina Gilger THE MODERN SECOND AMENDMENT: A PROGRESSIVE APPROACH TO LIMITING INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS UNDER THE SECOND AMENDMENT 31 Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal 403 (Winter, 2022) When a country with less than five percent of the world's population has nearly half of the world's privately owned guns and makes up nearly a third of the world's mass shootings, it's time to stop saying guns make us safer. DaShanne Stokes Gun ownership is a protected American right under the Second Amendment, which the Supreme Court has... 2022
Cynthia Godsoe THE PLACE OF THE PROSECUTOR IN ABOLITIONIST PRAXIS 69 UCLA Law Review 164 (March, 2022) Progressive prosecutors have been widely hailed as the solution to mass incarceration. This Article argues, to the contrary, that the legal arm of law enforcement can never be the full answer to its problems. While scholars critique police and call to defund and dismantle them, they overlook prosecutors. Building on the work of abolitionist... 2022
Ronald E. Britt II THE POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CHANGE DRIVEN BY PROTEST: THE NEED TO REFORM THE ANTI-RIOT ACT AND EXAMINE ANTI-RIOT PROVISIONS 90 Fordham Law Review 2269 (April, 2022) The right to join in peaceful assembly and petition is critical to an effective democracy and is at the core of the First Amendment. The assault of peaceful protestors in the pursuit of racial justice is not a new phenomenon, and legislators at the federal and state levels have drafted anti-riot provisions as a measure to target protestors they... 2022
Kate Levine THE PROGRESSIVE LOVE AFFAIR WITH THE CARCERAL STATE 120 Michigan Law Review 1225 (April, 2022) The Feminist War on Crime: The Unexpected Role of Women's Liberation in Mass Incarceration. By Aya Gruber. Oakland: University of California Press. 2020. Pp. xii, 288. Cloth, $29.95; paper, $24.95. Famed feminist attorney Gloria Allred, pictured above, has a wide smile as she holds up a sign displaying the sentence given to movie mogul and sexual... 2022
Sara Dillon THE PROPAGANDA CONUNDRUM: HOW TO CONTROL THIS SCOURGE ON DEMOCRACY 23 Oregon Review of International Law 123 (2022) Introduction. 123 I. Introducing Propaganda: We Cannot Go on Like This. 125 A. A Rights-Based Approach to the Propaganda Problem. 125 B. The Nature of Propaganda: Attacks on Freedom of Thought and Understanding. 135 C. Flooding the Zone: Turning Democracy Against Itself. 137 II. When Information Is the Weapon, How Do You Fight the War?. 143 A. New... 2022
Michael Milov-Cordoba THE RACIAL INJUSTICE AND POLITICAL PROCESS FAILURE OF PROSECUTORIAL MALAPPORTIONMENT 97 New York University Law Review 402 (April, 2022) District attorneys are responsible for the vast majority of criminal prosecutions in the United States, and most of them are elected by the public from prosecutorial districts. Yet these districts are massively malapportioned, giving rural, disproportionately white voters significantly more voting power over their district attorneys than urban... 2022
Dalia Castillo-Granados , Rachel Leya Davidson , Laila L. Hlass , Rebecca Scholtz THE RACIAL JUSTICE IMPERATIVE TO REIMAGINE IMMIGRANT CHILDREN'S RIGHTS: SPECIAL IMMIGRANT JUVENILES AS A CASE STUDY 71 American University Law Review 1779 (June, 2022) The immigration legal system has codified and perpetuated racial violence in many ways, yet the experiences of young people of color in this system have yet to be deeply examined. This Article surfaces the distinct and varied racialized harms that children experience in the immigration system through the example of Special Immigrant Juveniles.... 2022
John Whitlow THE REAL ESTATE STATE AND GROUP-DIFFERENTIATED VULNERABILITY TO PREMATURE DEATH: EXPLORING THE POLITICAL-ECONOMIC ROOTS OF COVID-19'S RACIALLY DISPARATE DEADLINESS IN NEW YORK CITY IN THE SPRING OF 2020 35 Journal of Civil Rights & Economic Development 245 (Spring, 2022) Tell me how you die and I will tell you who you are. [I]n our time all politics is about real estate; and this from the loftiest statecraft to the most petty maneuvering around local advantage. In May 2020, after several bleak months in which Covid-19 took the lives of thousands of New York City's most vulnerable residents, a vigil was held in... 2022
Zohra Ahmed THE RIGHT TO COUNSEL IN A NEOLIBERAL AGE 69 UCLA Law Review 442 (April, 2022) Legal scholarship tends to obscure how changes in criminal process relate to broader changes in the political and economic terrain. This Article offers a modest corrective to this tendency. By studying the U.S. Supreme Court's right to counsel jurisprudence, as it has developed since the mid-70s, I show the pervasive impact of the concurrent rise... 2022
Amy J. Cohen THE RISE AND FALL AND RISE AGAIN OF INFORMAL JUSTICE AND THE DEATH OF ADR 54 Connecticut Law Review 197 (March, 2022) Today, the field of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) is often conceptualized and taught as an apolitical, institutional practice designed to enhance the effective and efficient settlement of legal disputes. But this was not always the case. In the 1970s, scholars imagined mediation as a technique of social and political transformation: a... 2022
Mirko Bagaric , Jennifer Svilar , Melissa Bull , Dan Hunter , Nigel Stobbs THE SOLUTION TO THE PERVASIVE BIAS AND DISCRIMINATION IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM: TRANSPARENT AND FAIR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 59 American Criminal Law Review 95 (Winter, 2022) Algorithms are increasingly used in the criminal justice system for a range of important matters, including determining the sentence that should be imposed on offenders; whether offenders should be released early from prison; and the locations where police should patrol. The use of algorithms in this domain has been severely criticized on a number... 2022
Margaret J. Finerty THE SUPREME COURT'S BRUEN DECISION AND ITS IMPACT: WHAT COMES NEXT? 94-OCT New York State Bar Journal 8 (September/October, 2022) The impact of the Bruen decision on New York and throughout the country cannot be overstated. It will result in major changes to present gun regulations, as we have already seen in New York State, and increased legal challenges to existing gun laws, as is already happening. The executive branch, legislators and the courts, as well as lawyers, will... 2022
Gabriella Kamran THE THINGS WE BEAR: ON GUNS, ABORTION, AND SUBSTANTIVE DUE PROCESS 23 Georgetown Journal of Gender and the Law 479 (Spring, 2022) As the Supreme Court sits ready to curtail both abortion rights and gun control laws in its current term, this Note seeks to retheorize the nexus between the constitutional claims to abortion and individual gun ownership. It departs from existing theories, which largely frame the legal arguments or bases of the two rights as parallel, by proposing... 2022
Jacob D. Charles , Brandon L. Garrett THE TRAJECTORY OF FEDERAL GUN CRIMES 170 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 637 (February, 2022) Federal gun prosecutions have been a significant part of the federal docket for decades. In this Article, we explore for the first time the evolution of federal gun crimes. They cover conduct ranging from gun distribution and possession of particular weapons such as machine guns to use by drug traffickers and individual possession of firearms by... 2022
Jessica A. Shoemaker THE TRUTH ABOUT PROPERTY 120 Michigan Law Review 1143 (April, 2022) Federal Ground: Governing Property and Violence in the First U.S. Territories. By Gregory Ablavsky. New York: Oxford University Press. 2021. Pp. ix, 350. $39.95. The truth about stories is that that's all we are. This is one of the repeated refrains in Thomas King's The Truth About Stories: A Native Narrative. King is an American-born Canadian... 2022
Vania Blaiklock, Esq. THE UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES OF THE COURT'S RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REVOLUTION: A HISTORY OF WHITE SUPREMACY AND PRIVATE CHRISTIAN CHURCH SCHOOLS 117 Northwestern University Law Review Online 46 (9/26/2022) Abstract--Although private church schools have historically received less attention than charter schools and other private nonsectarian schools in public discourse, in recent years, the Supreme Court's First Amendment jurisprudence has allowed private church schools to make great strides in achieving state funding. At a time where public education... 2022
Cynthia Godsoe THE VICTIM/OFFENDER OVERLAP AND CRIMINAL SYSTEM REFORM 87 Brooklyn Law Review 1319 (Summer, 2022) [N]o one enters violence for the first time by committing it.--Danielle Sered Legal interpretation takes place in a field of pain and death .. Neither [the law] nor the violence it occasions may be properly understood apart from one another.--Robert M. Cover The victim/offender overlap is the link between victimization and the perpetration of... 2022
Gabriel J. Chin , Sam Chew Chin THE WAR AGAINST ASIAN SAILORS AND FISHERS 69 UCLA Law Review 572 (April, 2022) Beginning in the 1880s, maritime unions sought federal legislation to prevent Chinese, Japanese, Filipino, and Asian Indian sailors from serving as crew members on U.S.-flag vessels. The campaign succeeded and mandatory citizenship requirements for crews remain in the U.S. Code to this day. Similarly, federal and state laws limited the ability of... 2022
Kindaka Sanders THE WATCHMAN'S TIME TO KILL: THE RIGHT TO VIGILANTE JUSTICE IN THE JIM CROW SOUTH 25 Journal of Gender, Race and Justice 355 (Spring, 2022) C1-2Table of Contents I. Introduction. 355 A. Vigilante Justice. 363 B. Birth and Background of the 14th Amendment. 375 II. An Uninterrupted History of Un-Protection. 382 A. Federal Betrayal. 383 B. White Supremacy and White Impunity. 384 1. Jim Crow Massacres. 385 2. Jim Crow Lynchings. 388 3. Injustice on the Jury. 390 III. The Fourteenth... 2022
William J. Aceves THE WATTS GANG TREATY: HIDDEN HISTORY AND THE POWER OF SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 57 Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 115 (Summer, 2022) On the eve of the 1992 Los Angeles uprising, a small group of gang leaders and community activists drafted an agreement to curtail violence in south Los Angeles. Several gangs in Watts accepted the truce and established a cease-fire agreement. By most accounts, the 1992 Watts Gang Treaty succeeded in reducing gang violence in Los Angeles. Local... 2022
Prof. Sandra L. Rierson, Melanie H. Schwimmer THE WILMINGTON MASSACRE AND COUP OF 1898 AND THE SEARCH FOR RESTORATIVE JUSTICE 14 Elon Law Review 117 (2022) I. Introduction. 118 II. North Carolina's Ethnic Cleansing: The Wilmington Massacre and Coup of 1898. 121 A. The Establishment and Rise of Wilmington. 122 B. Wilmington's Thriving Black Middle Class and the Ephemeral Success of Reconstruction. 124 C. White Backlash and Democrats' Plot to Overthrow the Fusionist Government. 128 D. Death and... 2022
Martha S. Jones THICK WOMEN AND THE THIN NINETEENTH AMENDMENT 20 Georgetown Journal of Law & Public Policy 1 (Winter, 2022) The Nineteenth Amendment's centennial year--2020--got started long before the calendar date arrived. The staging of laser light shows, the design of floats, the organization of speeches and symposia, and the unveiling of monuments in that year required efforts that began long before, all in anticipation of marking 100 years of a Constitution that... 2022
Frank D. LoMonte , Paola Fiku THINKING OUTSIDE THE DOX: THE FIRST AMENDMENT AND THE RIGHT TO DISCLOSE PERSONAL INFORMATION 91 UMKC Law Review 1 (Fall, 2022) During a hard-fought 2021 mayoral race in New York City, an unanticipated issue fixated the attention of local journalists and threatened to derail the frontrunning campaign of Democrat Eric Adams: it was not clear that Adams actually lived in New York. Reporters used publicly available records to sleuth out indicators that Adams' primary residence... 2022
Gillian R. Chadwick TIME'S UP FOR ATTORNEY-CLIENT SEXUAL VIOLENCE 22 University of Maryland Law Journal of Race, Religion, Gender and Class 76 (Spring, 2022) Lawyers have positioned themselves at the helm of litigation and policy reform catalyzed by #MeToo. However, lawyers have catastrophically failed to self-regulate with respect to sexual violence. When confronted with fellow lawyers who have sexually abused and harassed their own clients, the attorney discipline system has fallen short of its... 2022
Khrystan Nicole Policarpio, Grecia Orozco TOGETHER BUT UNEQUAL: HOW THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC EXACERBATED THE INEQUITIES HARMING MINORITY LAW STUDENTS 55 U.C. Davis Law Review Online 91 (May, 2022) C1-2Table of Contents Introduction. 93 I. The Law School Institutional Structure. 95 A. Law School Admissions Have Numerous Structural Hurdles for Minority Law Students. 96 1. LSAT. 96 2. Law School Rankings. 99 B. Law Schools Continue to Uphold White Supremacy in the Classroom. 101 C. Minority Law School Graduates Continue to Face Structural... 2022
Ben Grunwald TOWARD AN OPTIMAL DECARCERATION STRATEGY 33 Stanford Law and Policy Review 1 (March, 2022) With mounting support for dramatic criminal justice reform, the question is no longer whether we should decarcerate American prisons but how. This question is far more complicated than it might seem. We could cut the prison population in half for example, by drastically shortening sentences. Or we could reduce prison admissions. Or we could do... 2022
Alina Ball TRANSACTIONAL COMMUNITY LAWYERING 94 Temple Law Review 397 (Spring, 2022) The racial reckoning during the summer of 2020 presented a renewed call to action for movement lawyers committed to collaborating with mobilized clients to advance racial equity and economic justice. During the last thirty years, community lawyering scholarship has made significant interventions into poverty lawyering and provides the theoretical... 2022
Rachael Liebert TRAUMA AND BLAMEWORTHINESS IN THE CRIMINAL LEGAL SYSTEM 18 Stanford Journal of Civil Rights & Civil Liberties 225 (May, 2022) Violence can result in trauma, but so too can trauma lead to violence. Neuroscience offers an increasingly sophisticated understanding of the biology of behavior, including the nexus between trauma and criminal behavior. Yet the criminal legal system consistently fails to account for the traumatic backgrounds of many people charged with crimes.... 2022
Todd J. Clark , Caleb Gregory Conrad , André Douglas Pond Cummings , Amy Dunn Johnson TRAUMA: COMMUNITY OF COLOR EXPOSURE TO THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM AS AN ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCE 90 University of Cincinnati Law Review 857 (2022) The reality that traumatic childhood experiences are directly linked to negative health outcomes has been known and widely recognized in public health and clinical literature for more than two decades. Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) represent the single greatest unaddressed public health threat facing our nation today according to Dr.... 2022
Teri Dobbins Baxter TRAUMATIC JUSTICE 56 University of Richmond Law Review 331 (Winter, 2022) In the recent past, allegations of police misconduct have periodically led to widespread community protests, but usually only when the incident is sufficiently high-profile and the harm is severe, such as when a police officer beats or kills an unarmed Black person. More often the spotlight and outrage have faded quickly, as victims were... 2022
C. Scott Holmes , Amelia O'Rourke-Owens TRESPASSING ON WHITE SUPREMACY: THE LEGACY OF ESTABLISHMENT WHITE SUPREMACY IN NORTH CAROLINA 100 North Carolina Law Review Forum 149 (2022) White supremacy offers a unifying framework for understanding the legal history of North Carolina, the current legal regime of the state, and the actions of the state in responding to protests demanding redress from that insidious history. We provide a history of the First Reconstruction in the state, the leading role of white lawyers in the... 2022
Alexis B. Thurston TRIAGING LOMAX: AN URGENT PROPOSAL FOR LEGISLATIVE REFORM TO RESTORE JUDICIAL PROTECTION IN AMERICAN PRISONS 60 Duquesne Law Review 150 (Winter, 2022) Remember those in prison as though you were in prison with them, and the mistreated as though you yourselves were suffering bodily.--Hebrews 13:3 I. Introduction. 150 II. Background. 152 A. Tough on Crime: The Birth of the PLRA. 152 B. A Closer Look at the Exhaustion Requirement. 155 C. Risks to Indigent Plaintiffs from the PLRA. 157 D. Lomax's... 2022
Clare Holtzman TRIBAL SOVEREIGNTY AND THE RIGHT TO LIFE 32 Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law 467 (Spring, 2022) On August 26, 2020, the only Native American on federal death row, Lezmond Mitchell was executed by the federal government for the murder of two Navajo citizens on Navajo Nation land. Federal law typically gives Tribal Nations the right to determine whether the death penalty is used against their citizens for crimes committed between Tribal... 2022
Ann E. Tweedy TRIBES, FIREARM REGULATION, AND THE PUBLIC SQUARE 55 U.C. Davis Law Review 2625 (June, 2022) We stand at a crossroads with the United States Supreme Court seemingly poised, in New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen, to expand the right of individualized self-defense first recognized in District of Columbia v. Heller, and shortly thereafter extended to states in McDonald v. City of Chicago. The Court's decision in Heller has... 2022
Tiffany R. Wright, Ciarra N. Carr, Jade W.P. Gasek TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION: THE KU KLUX KLAN HEARINGS OF 1871 AND THE GENESIS OF SECTION 1983 126 Dickinson Law Review 685 (Spring, 2022) Over the course of seven months in 1871, Congress did something extraordinary for the time: It listened to Black people. At hearings in Washington, D.C. and throughout the former Confederate states, Black women and men--who just six years earlier were enslaved and barred from testifying in Southern courts-- appeared before Congress to tell their... 2022
Jefferson T. Stamp U.S.-MEXICO CROSS-BORDER SHOOTINGS & HERNANDEZ v. MESA (2020): MOVING FROM SEGREGATIONIST SECURITY TO TRANSNATIONAL SECURITY VIA EXTRADITION POLICY 28 U.C. Davis Journal of International Law and Policy 87 (Spring, 2022) One key measure of U.S.-Mexico transnational security over the last twenty years can be found in the area of extradition policy. During the past two decades, the focus has been on increasing extraditions from Mexico to combat drug trafficking. In contrast, when presented with extradition requests for Customs and Border Protection (CBP) officers... 2022
Rachel J. Wechsler VICTIMS AS INSTRUMENTS 97 Washington Law Review 507 (June, 2022) Abstract: Crime victims are often instrumentalized within the criminal legal process in furtherance of state prosecutorial interests. This is a particularly salient issue concerning victims of gender-based violence (GBV) because victim testimony is typically considered essential for successful prosecution of these types of crimes. Since the U.S.... 2022
Emily R. Larrabee VIOLENCE IN THE NAME OF THE CONFEDERACY: AMERICA'S FAILURE TO DEFEAT THE LOST CAUSE 14 Drexel Law Review 451 (2022) Since the immediate aftermath of the American Civil War, the United States has been plagued with its violent consequences. Following the Civil War, there was a rise of neo-Confederate hate groups who preached the Lost Cause ideology. To this day, these groups continue to plague the United States. The failure to invalidate the Lost Cause ideology,... 2022
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