| Author | Title | Citation | Summary | Year |
| Ralph D. Mawdsley, J.D. Ph.D. |
STATE TAX CREDITS FOR PRIVATE EDUCATION: THE ARIZONA EXPERIENCE IN KOTTERMAN V. KILLIAN |
136 West's Education Law Reporter 647 (September, 1999) |
State legislatures have designed a number of strategies to provide opportunities for students to attend private schools. Ohio and Wisconsin have enacted limited voucher plans permitting students to use a portion of state foundation aid to attend sectarian and nonsectarian schools in Cleveland and Milwaukee. In 1999, Florida became the first state... |
1999 |
| Frederick Tung |
TAKING FUTURE CLAIMS SERIOUSLY: FUTURE CLAIMS AND SUCCESSOR LIABILITY IN BANKRUPTCY |
49 Case Western Reserve Law Review 435 (Spring, 1999) |
I. Introduction. 438 II. Background. 443 A. Form and Substance in the Sale of a Business. 443 B. Successor Liability. 446 1. The Doctrine. 447 2. Assessment. 449 C. Bankruptcy Reorganization and Bankruptcy Sales. 450 1. Reorganization and the Common Pool. 451 2. Future Claims and the Common Pool. 453 3. The Bankruptcy Sale. 453 III. Future Claims... |
1999 |
| Erika King |
TAX EXEMPTIONS AND THE ESTABLISHMENT CLAUSE |
49 Syracuse Law Review 971 (1999) |
Introduction. 971 I. Religious Tax Exemptions. 973 A. The Lesson From History. 973 B. The American Experience. 976 C. The Social Benefit Theory. 981 D. Tax Policy. 984 II. The Tax-and-Spend Principle of the Establishment Clause. 985 A. The Virginia Experience. 987 B. Direct Aid and Subsidies. 992 1. Subsidy Rhetoric. 993 2. Tax Expenditure... |
1999 |
| byLinda Sugin |
TAX EXPENDITURE ANALYSIS AND CONSTITUTIONAL DECISIONS |
50 Hastings Law Journal 407 (March, 1999) |
Introduction. 408 I. Tax Expenditure Analysis, Legislatures, and Courts. 415 A. Institutional Needs of Legislatures and Courts. 415 B. Defining and Constitutionalizing Income While Reducing Scrutiny for Structural Tax Provisions. 418 C. Politicization of Tax Expenditure Concept. 424 D. Hybrid Income-Consumption Tax. 427 II. Tax Expenditure... |
1999 |
| Robert Freedenberg |
TAX TURMOIL IN PENNSYLVANIA: TWO COURT CASES MAY HAVE NATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE |
9-OCT Journal of Multistate Taxation and Incentives 6 (October, 1999) |
The decisions, which involve state tax incentives and fair apportionment practices, represent attempts to grapple with issues of constitutional and statutory fairness and appropriate tax policy. Two recent Pennsylvania decisions, one by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court and one by the Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania, deal with issues of national... |
1999 |
| Vada Waters Lindsey |
THE BURDEN OF BEING POOR: INCREASED TAX LIABILITY? THE TAXATION OF SELF-HELP PROGRAMS |
9 Kansas Journal of Law & Public Policy 225 (Winter, 1999) |
One of the primary objectives of this country's tax system is to ensure that every taxpayer pays an equitable share of taxes on gross income. In carrying out that objective, Congress promotes vertical equity and horizontal equity. Also embedded in the tax system is a promotion of various social and economic interests. The IRS and courts have... |
1999 |
| Rafael Efrat |
THE EVOLUTION OF THE FRESH-START POLICY IN ISRAELI BANKRUPTCY LAW |
32 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 49 (January, 1999) |
I. Introduction. 51 II. The Origin of the Fresh-Start Principle. 53 III. Debt-Repayment and the Fresh-Start Policy in the Jewish Tradition. 57 IV. The Bankruptcy Laws and the Fresh-Start Policy During the British Mandate Period. 62 V. The Fresh-Start Policy in Israel During its First Thirty Years. 64 A. The Legislature's Silence and Hostility... |
1999 |
| Kenneth G. Dau-Schmidt , Kaushik Mukhopadhaya |
THE FRUITS OF OUR LABORS: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME AND JOB SATISFACTION ACROSS THE LEGAL PROFESSION |
49 Journal of Legal Education 342 (September, 1999) |
The law is known as a rewarding profession. Given the time, effort, and resources lawyers invest in mastering and conducting their vocation, the rewards of the profession would have to be great to attract so many new practitioners in recent years. The rewards may be pecuniary, in the form of a high annual income, or nonpecuniary, in the form of... |
1999 |
| Edward J. McCaffery |
THE MISSING LINKS IN TAX REFORM |
2 Chapman Law Review 233 (Spring 1999) |
A funny thing happened on the way to fundamental tax reform: Nothing. Just a few short years ago, it looked as if we might have another great American tax revolt, akin to the one that started this country over 200 years ago. Ronald Reagan had gotten the modern bandwagon started, first in California in the 1970s and later, from the White House, in... |
1999 |
| Stephen B. Cohen |
THE VANISHING CASE FOR FLAT TAX REFORM: GROWTH, INEQUALITY, SAVING, AND SIMPLIFICATION |
33 Valparaiso University Law Review 819 (Summer, 1999) |
The Flat Tax has seized the public's attention, dominated our discourse on tax policy, been a major issue in recent national elections, and inspired most tax reform plans currently before Congress. The so-called Flat Tax is in reality a tax on consumption at a flat 19% rate. It was proposed by two Stanford University economists, Robert E. Hall... |
1999 |
| David S. Kupetz |
TO ASSUME OR NOT TO ASSUME: REAL ESTATE LEASES IN BANKRUPTCY |
8 Journal of Bankruptcy Law and Practice 393 (July/August, 1999) |
At the time that a real estate lease is entered, the parties to the lease may view their futures optimistically and might not consider bankruptcy as a likely scenario. However, real estate leases are not infrequently involved in bankruptcy cases. In fact, issues relating to real property leases and other contracts are commonly among the most... |
1999 |
| James D. Bryce |
A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF THE TAX CRITS |
76 North Carolina Law Review 1687 (June, 1998) |
Recent years have seen the spread of legal academia's favorite obsession--sex and race as the origin of all of society's ills--to the tax law. In my view, this is not a helpful development. This Article will focus on just a few of the recent writings to illustrate how little useful analysis there is in this body of writing. The first general... |
1998 |
| John D. Colombo |
A PROPOSAL FOR AN EXIT TAX ON NONPROFIT CONVERSION TRANSACTIONS |
23 Journal of Corporation Law 779 (Summer, 1998) |
I. Introduction. 779 II. Background:The Structure of a Conversion and Current Regulatory Environment. 782 A. Structure of Conversion Transactions. 782 B. Regulatory Concerns and Responses. 783 III. The Case for an Exit Tax. 786 A. The Recapture Theory. 787 B. The Community Benefit Theory and the Partnership Analogy. 789 C. The Committed Private... |
1998 |
| Nina J. Crimm |
AN EXPLANATION OF THE FEDERAL INCOME TAX EXEMPTION FOR CHARITABLE ORGANIZATIONS: A THEORY OF RISK COMPENSATION |
50 Florida Law Review 419 (7/1/1998) |
Abstract. 420 Introduction. 421 I. Meaning of Charitable Organization for I.R.C. ยง 501(c)(3) Purposes. 425 A. English Antecedents of American Law. 425 B. American Law. 427 II. Scholars' Theories of Tax Exemption for Charitable Organizations. 430 A. Basic Notions. 430 B. Subsidy Theory. 430 C. Alternatives to Subsidy Theory. 431 1. Income... |
1998 |
| Patrick B. Crawford |
ANALYZING FAIRNESS PRINCIPLES IN TAX POLICY: A PRAGMATIC APPROACH |
76 Denver University Law Review 155 (1998) |
I. Introduction. 155 II. Economic Analysis. 160 III. Equity Analysis. 164 A. The Consumption Tax Debate. 166 1. The Endowments Tax Principle. 167 2. The Hobbesian Benefits Principle. 170 3. The Perfected Income Tax Principle. 175 4. The Nondiscrimination Principle. 176 B. The Progressivity Debate. 178 1. The Nozickian Justice in Transfer Principle.... |
1998 |
| Robert K. Rasmussen |
BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS, THE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF BANKRUPTCY LAW AND THE PRICING OF CREDIT |
51 Vanderbilt Law Review 1679 (November, 1998) |
I. Introduction. 1679 II. The Rational Actor in Bankruptcy Theory. 1680 III. Incorporating Behavioral Economics into Corporate Bankruptcy Law. 1687 IV. Conclusion. 1702 |
1998 |
| Nancy E. Shurtz |
CRITICAL TAX THEORY: STILL NOT TAKEN SERIOUSLY |
76 North Carolina Law Review 1837 (June, 1998) |
[F]eminism is about taking all women seriously, which requires eliciting the differences and conflicts among women. But in the overall feminist scheme of things, any arguable injustice caused by QTIPs to affluent (and overwhelmingly white) widows is simply trivial. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes once said: Taxes are what we pay for civilized... |
1998 |
| Erik M. Jensen |
CRITICAL THEORY AND THE LONELINESS OF THE TAX PROF |
76 North Carolina Law Review 1753 (June, 1998) |
This essay has two goals: to suggest why feminist and critical race commentary (what I'll call the New Criticism) is spreading in taxation and, in the course of evaluating some specific examples of the New Criticism, to discuss some dangers of that criticism. My first thesis--ultimately unprovable, I admit--is that the emergence of New Criticism... |
1998 |
| Beverly I. Moran |
EXPLORING THE MYSTERIES: CAN WE EVER KNOW ANYTHING ABOUT RACE AND TAX? |
76 North Carolina Law Review 1629 (June, 1998) |
In A Black Critique of the Internal Revenue Code, Bill Whitford and I studied four important applications of the individual income tax: to income from wealth, to the expenses of home ownership, to income in the form of employee benefits, and to marriage. With respect to those applications we compared similarly situated blacks and whites, as defined... |
1998 |
| A. Mechele Dickerson |
FAMILY VALUES AND THE BANKRUPTCY CODE: A PROPOSAL TO ELIMINATE BANKRUPTCY BENEFITS AWARDED ON THE BASIS OF MARITAL STATUS |
67 Fordham Law Review 69 (October, 1998) |
CONGRESS recently passed a law that states that only persons of the opposite sex who are in marriages authorized by the State are entitled to federal benefits awarded to married persons. Specifically, the Defense of Marriage Act provides that, for the purposes of any federal act, ruling, or regulation, marriage means a legal union between one... |
1998 |
| Elizabeth Garrett |
HARNESSING POLITICS: THE DYNAMICS OF OFFSET REQUIREMENTS IN THE TAX LEGISLATIVE PROCESS |
65 University of Chicago Law Review 501 (Spring 1998) |
C1-3Table of Contents Introduction. 502 I. Offset Requirements for Tax Legislation: PAYGO and Other Provisions. 507 II. Offset Requirements Reduce the Level of New Federal Spending. 514 A. PAYGO Increases the Cost of Enacting New Tax Expenditures. 515 B. Gimmicks and Downstreaming: Avoiding the High Costs of PAYGO. 526 1. Timing Gimmicks that... |
1998 |
| Nancy J. Knauer |
HETERONORMATIVITY AND FEDERAL TAX POLICY |
101 West Virginia Law Review 129 (Fall, 1998) |
I. Introduction. 130 II. Queer Theory: A Primer. 138 III. The Appropriate Taxable Unit. 143 A. The Choice. 144 B. A Page of History. 147 C. A Singles Penalty?. 151 D. The Tax Policy Postscript. 152 E. The Critique. 154 F. Alternative Tax Visions of Marriages. 158 1. Marriage as Personal Consumption. 158 2. Marriage and Optimal Income Tax Theory.... |
1998 |
| Richard I. Aaron |
HOW MUCH DOES THE RISE IN GAMBLING CAUSE A RISE IN BANKRUPTCY? |
7 Journal of Bankruptcy Law and Practice 307 (May/June, 1998) |
Scott Cacciatore was delighted to receive one of the 2.5 billion promotions for a credit card, a Gold Mastercard with a credit line. In accepting the offer the 21-year-old replied that he was an unemployed student. He had time on his hands living at home while on medical leave from New York University for depression. So he called bets to the Off... |
1998 |
| |
II. THE DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF TAXES |
4 Florida Tax Review 12 (1998) |
From both the political and theoretical perspectives, progressive income tax rates always have been controversial. They also took nearly 30 years to become a distinguishing feature of our tax system. At its inception in 1913, the income tax had a relatively flat structure with generous exemptions. It imposed a low, nearly flat, rate of tax on high... |
1998 |
| Karen L. Folster |
JUST CHEAP BUTTS, OR AN EQUAL PROTECTION VIOLATION?: NEW YORK'S FAILURE TO TAX RESERVATION SALES TO NON-INDIANS |
62 Albany Law Review 697 (1998) |
The failure to enforce the Tax Laws against some to whom they apply, to the detriment of others, is unconstitutional. The unconstitutionality lies not on the face of the statute but in its unequal enforcement. Such is the meaning of the doctrine, a government of laws. --Judge Joseph Harris In May of 1997, New York Governor George Pataki made a... |
1998 |
| Florence Wagman Roisman |
MANDATES UNSATISFIED: THE LOW INCOME HOUSING TAX CREDIT PROGRAM AND THE CIVIL RIGHTS LAWS |
52 University of Miami Law Review 1011 (July, 1998) |
I. Introduction. 1011 II. The Low Income Housing Tax Credit Program. 1013 III. The Civil Rights Laws and the LIHTC Program. 1022 A. The Caselaw's Explication of the Duty Affirmatively to Further Title VIII. 1026 B. The Regulations' Explication of the Duty Affirmatively to Further Title VIII. 1029 IV. The Treasury's Obligations Under Title VIII... |
1998 |
| Carolyn C. Jones |
MAPPING TAX NARRATIVES |
73 Tulane Law Review 653 (December, 1998) |
Following scholars in other disciplines, some legal scholars have begun to analyze and use narrative. This interest in narrative has not, up to now, characterized tax scholarship. There is a world of tax narratives, and this essay proposes one map of the territory. Like all lawyers and legal scholars, tax scholars have been making, using, and... |
1998 |
| John F. Coverdale |
MISSING PERSONS: CHILDREN IN THE TAX TREATMENT OF MARRIAGE |
48 Case Western Reserve Law Review 475 (Spring 1998) |
Using the Tax Code to help children has become an extremely popular idea both with the public and among politicians. Current proposals to help children by use of the Tax Code, however, ignore the fact that one of the best ways to help children is to promote stable marriages. This Article argues that we should attempt to find ways to use the Tax... |
1998 |
| Karen B. Brown |
NOT COLOR- OR GENDER-NEUTRAL: NEW TAX TREATMENT OF EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION DAMAGES |
7 Southern California Review of Law and Women's Studies 223 (Spring 1998) |
To support a host of tax give aways offered as a palliative to small businesses required to pay a higher minimum wage, Congress eliminated a venerated Internal Revenue Code (IRC) provision that supported exclusion from gross income of damages received on account of race- and gender-based employment discrimination. Congress' 1996 amendment of IRC... |
1998 |
| Nancy B. Rapoport |
OUR HOUSE, OUR RULES: THE NEED FOR A UNIFORM CODE OF BANKRUPTCY ETHICS |
6 American Bankruptcy Institute Law Review 45 (Spring, 1998) |
Recently, the National Bankruptcy Review Commission (NBRC) promulgated its final recommendations to Congress. Two recommendations related to bankruptcy ethics. Recommendation No. 3.3.3 relaxedslightlythe disinterestedness requirement for counsel for the estate. Recommendation No. 3.3.4 suggested the nationwide admission of bankruptcy counsel:... |
1998 |
| Christopher Smith |
PROVISIONS FOR ACCESS TO CHAPTER 9 BANKRUPTCY: THEIR FLAWS AND THE INADEQUACY OF PAST REFORMS |
14 Bankruptcy Developments Journal 497 (1998) |
Like consumers and corporations, local government units--which can include an array of cities, towns, counties, and other public corporations, authorities, or districts--incur debt to finance day-to-day operations and investment. When an individual's or business' liabilities exceed its assets and that individual or business can no longer meet its... |
1998 |
| Richard Schmalbeck |
RACE AND THE FEDERAL INCOME TAX: HAS A DISPARATE IMPACT CASE BEEN MADE? |
76 North Carolina Law Review 1817 (June, 1998) |
Professors Moran and Whitford's A Black Critique of the Internal Revenue Code is a straightforward and plausible application of critical race theory to the United States federal income tax. Their argument proceeds essentially as follows: (a) African-Americans differ from the white majority in several important socioeconomic respects; (b) the U.S.... |
1998 |
| Michael A. Livingston |
RADICAL SCHOLARS, CONSERVATIVE FIELD: PUTTING "CRITICAL TAX SCHOLARSHIP" IN PERSPECTIVE |
76 North Carolina Law Review 1791 (June, 1998) |
To understand critical tax scholarship, one has to know something about tax scholarship. Tax scholars have long been both ahead of and behind their peers in non-tax subjects. Rhetorically they have always recognized the political character of taxation and the difficulty of separating one's views on tax matters from more general opinions about human... |
1998 |
| Michael A. Livingston |
REINVENTING TAX SCHOLARSHIP: LAWYERS, ECONOMISTS, AND THE ROLE OF THE LEGAL ACADEMY |
83 Cornell Law Review 365 (January, 1998) |
Introduction. 366 I. Tax Scholarship and the Place of Academic Lawyers. 370 A. The Problem: Lawyers in an Economist's World. 370 1.The General Challenge of Legal Scholarship. 370 2.Special Problems Facing Tax Scholars. 373 B. Traditional Tax Scholarship: Haig-Simons and Its Intellectual Descendants. 375 C. The Challenge to Traditional Scholarship.... |
1998 |
| Mary Louise Fellows |
ROCKING THE TAX CODE: A CASE STUDY OF EMPLOYMENT-RELATED CHILD-CARE EXPENDITURES |
10 Yale Journal of Law & Feminism 307 (1998) |
Introduction. 308 I. Current Tax Treatment of Employment-Related Child-Care Expenditures. 312 II. The History of Waged Childcare. 315 A. Domestic Work from the Nineteenth Century Until World War II. 316 1. The Respectability/Degeneracy Distinction. 316 2. The Cult of Respectability in the Last Half of the Nineteenth Century. 318 3. Geographic... |
1998 |
| Veronica L. Spicer |
SEGREGATION IN FEDERALLY SUBSIDIZED LOW-INCOME HOUSING IN THE UNITED STATES, MODIBO COULIBALY, RODNEY D. GREEN, AND DAVID M. JAMES; TABLES, TABLE OF CONTENTS, APPENDIX, INDEX; 153 PAGES; HARDBACK. |
30 Urban Lawyer 1106 (Fall, 1998) |
Segregation in Federally Subsidized Low-Income Housing in the United States provides in-depth, statistical analysis proving the dirty secret of income and race segregation in public housing. The myth of public housing, its role as a social safety net for the deserving poor, is exposed. The authors show the goal of public housing projects has... |
1998 |
| Lawrence Zelenak |
TAKING CRITICAL TAX THEORY SERIOUSLY |
76 North Carolina Law Review 1521 (June, 1998) |
Among the most interesting and important developments in tax scholarship in recent years has been the growth of feminist tax policy analysis. The basic insight of this analysis--that the tax treatment of work, family, and children has a significant effect on the lives of women--traces back a quarter century to Grace Blumberg's 1971 article... |
1998 |
| Charles O. Galvin |
TAKING CRITICAL TAX THEORY SERIOUSLY--A COMMENT |
76 North Carolina Law Review 1749 (June, 1998) |
Professor Zelenak has provided an excellent analysis of the developments in the tax policy discussions of feminists and critical race theorists. My response will be brief and, I hope, to the point. A tax system should be neutral in its effect on each citizen's decisionmaking. Therefore, assuming a democratic ideal of a free society with equal... |
1998 |
| Steve R. Johnson |
TARGETS MISSED AND TARGETS HIT: CRITICAL TAX STUDIES AND EFFECTIVE TAX REFORM |
76 North Carolina Law Review 1771 (June, 1998) |
Medieval alchemy is popularly associated with attempts to become rich by transmuting base elements into gold. Such attempts were less than universally successful. Yet, alchemy yielded great benefits in other areas. For instance, alchemy was one of the sources of modern sciences such as pharmacology and metallurgy. Also, the rich and profound... |
1998 |
| Arthur J. Cockfield |
TAX INTEGRATION UNDER NAFTA: RESOLVING THE CONFLICT BETWEEN ECONOMIC AND SOVEREIGNTY INTERESTS |
34 Stanford Journal of International Law 39 (Winter 1998) |
The recent debate over the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) highlighted the tension between two conflicting but common desires of nation-states, namely the desire for greater economic efficiencies and the desire for sovereign control over governmental policymaking. This tension, endemic to international trade discussions, is perhaps no... |
1998 |
| Cynthia M. Ohlenforst , Jeff W. Dorrill , Kristin L. Goodin |
TAXATION |
51 SMU Law Review 1345 (May-June, 1998) |
The 1997 Texas Legislative Session focused heavily on tax issues, and came far closer to massive property tax reform and a major expansion of the franchise tax to non-corporate entities than many observers had expected. In the end, the gap between the House plan to adopt 3.5 billion dollars in new taxes to fund property tax relief and the Senate... |
1998 |
| David S. Miller |
TAXPAYERS' ABILITY TO AVOID TAX OWNERSHIP: CURRENT LAW AND FUTURE PROSPECTS |
51 Tax Lawyer 279 (Winter, 1998) |
C1-4TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. L2-3,T3INTRODUCTION 281 II. L2-3,T3THE TAX BENEFITS AND BURDENS OF OWNERSHIP 285 A. The Tax Benefits of Ownership. 285 1. Depreciation, Amortization and Other Cost Recovery. 285 2. Infinite Deferral of Appreciation. 286 3. Reduced Rates for Long-Term Capital Gains. 286 4. Tax-Free and Like-Kind Exchanges. 287 5. The... |
1998 |
| David S. Kupetz |
THE BANKRUPTCY CODE IS PART OF EVERY CONTRACT: MINIMIZING THE IMPACT OF CHAPTER 11 ON THE NON-DEBTOR'S BARGAIN |
54 Business Lawyer 55 (November, 1998) |
Contracts govern countless commercial transactions entered each day by business entities throughout the United States. In connection with the need to promote and regulate commerce, Congress has the power t o establish uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States. Moreover, the U.S. Constitution prohibits the states... |
1998 |
| Carlos J. Cuevas |
THE CONSUMER CREDIT INDUSTRY, THE CONSUMER BANKRUPTCY SYSTEM, BANKRUPTCY CODE SECTION 707(B), AND JUSTICE: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CONSUMER BANKRUPTCY SYSTEM |
103 Commercial Law Journal 359 (Winter, 1998) |
The vast majority of bankruptcy cases that are filed are consumer bankruptcy cases. Indeed, the filing of consumer bankruptcy cases are at an all-time high. In the last two decades, personal bankruptcy cases have increased by more than 700 percent. One would think that honest people of color, honest working class, and honest poor people would have... |
1998 |
| Eleanor Chote Jewart |
THE DIFFICULTY OF EQUAL PROTECTION CHALLENGES TO TAX CLASSIFICATIONS: PEDEN v. STATE |
3 State and Local Tax Lawyer 157 (1998) |
Peden v. State demonstrates that a taxpayer bringing an equal protection challenge to an income tax classification will have difficulty prevailing under the traditional rational basis review. Although the taxpayer's facts may be strong, the judicial deference to legislative decisions inherent in rational basis review likely will force the court to... |
1998 |
| Daniel Nagin, Joel Waldfogel, Carnegie Mellon University, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania |
THE EFFECT OF CONVICTION ON INCOME THROUGH THE LIFE CYCLE |
18 International Review of Law & Economics 25 (March, 1998) |
Existing studies of the impact of conviction on income and employment do not consider life cycle issues. We postulate that conviction reduces access to career jobs offering stable, long-term employment. Instead, conviction relegates offenders to spot market jobs, which may have higher pay at the outset of the career but do not offer stable... |
1998 |
| Ronnie L. Podolefsky |
THE ILLUSION OF SUFFRAGE: FEMALE VOTING RIGHTS AND THE WOMEN'S POLL TAX REPEAL MOVEMENT AFTER THE NINETEENTH AMENDMENT |
7 Columbia Journal of Gender and Law 185 (1998) |
A century of struggle preceded the 1920 passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, granting women the right to vote. Conventional wisdom holds that passage of the amendment heralded women's right to vote and that, at the same time, it signaled the end of the women's rights movement until the 1960s. This essay challenges both assumptions. The Southern... |
1998 |
| Ronnie L. Podolefsky |
THE ILLUSION OF SUFFRAGE: FEMALE VOTING RIGHTS AND THE WOMEN'S POLL TAX REPEAL MOVEMENT AFTER THE NINETEENTH AMENDMENT |
73 Notre Dame Law Review 839 (March, 1998) |
A century of struggle preceded the 1920 passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, granting women the right to vote. Conventional wisdom holds that passage of the amendment heralded women's right to vote and that, at the same time, it signaled the end of the women's rights movement until the 1960s. This essay challenges both assumptions. The Southern... |
1998 |
| Christopher P. Conomy |
THE TAX STATUS OF OHIO PROPERTY USED FOR LOW-INCOME HOUSING |
46 Cleveland State Law Review 533 (1998) |
I. Scope of Note. 533 II. Policy Basis For Exemption. 535 III. Legal Background. 536 A. Ohio Constitution Article XII. 536 B. Statutory Exemptions. 537 C. Nature of Owner and Applicable Definitions of Charity. 537 IV. Defining Charity. 539 A. Comparison of Definitions of Charity. 539 B. Broad Definitions of Charity. 541 C. Rationales for... |
1998 |
| Phyliss Craig-Taylor |
TO BE FREE: LIBERTY, CITIZENSHIP, PROPERTY, AND RACE |
14 Harvard BlackLetter Law Journal 45 (Spring, 1998) |
Voltaire once described history as a pack of tricks that the present plays on the past. He failed to mention that the people of the past have their own dissembling pranks. The most troublesome for historians is the tendency to change without notice the meaning of words. Whole new concepts can take shape behind an unvarying set of terms. Nothing is... |
1998 |