AuthorTitleCitationSummaryYear
Nelson Lund CONGRESSIONAL POWER OVER TAXATION AND COMMERCE: THE SUPREME COURT'S LOST CHANCE TO DEVISE A CONSISTENT DOCTRINE 18 Texas Tech Law Review 729 (1987) If one were to seek the most important provisions in the Constitution, the commerce and taxation clauses would have to be leading candidates. The Federal Convention was originally called to address the problems caused by the confederation government's lack of the powers they bestowed upon it. In the time since the adoption of the new Constitution,... 1987
Jon G. Roach FINANCING PUBLIC NEEDS AFTER TAX REFORM 23-APR Tennessee Bar Journal 19 (March/April, 1987) It has been said the two things that the public ought not see are the making of sausage and the making of a law. Certainly, tax reform legislation fits into one of the classes of things the public ought not see made. Many of those involved in the process of enacting the Tax Reform Act of 1986 have little understanding or knowledge on the subject of... 1987
David Gray Carlson PHILOSOPHY IN BANKRUPTCY 85 Michigan Law Review 1341 (April/May, 1987) In The Logic and Limits of Bankruptcy Law, Thomas Jackson reworks his recent law review articles into a book that attempts to be a coherent jurisprudence of federal bankruptcy law. Undoubtedly, the book will find some admirers among people who think that bad law-and-economics is better than no law-and-economics, but virtually all other audiences... 1987
Charels J. Milligan, Jr. PROVISIONS OF UNCOMPENSATED CARE IN AMERICAN HOSPITALS: THE ROLE OF THE TAX CODE, THE FEDERAL COURTS, CATHOLIC HEALTH CARE FACILITIES, AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IN DEFINING THE PROBLEM OF ACCESS FOR THE POOR 31 Catholic Lawyer 7 (1987) Material deprivation seriously compounds such sufferings of the spirit and heart. To see a loved one sick is bad enough, but to have no possibility of obtaining health care is worse. Despite the promises of Medicare and Medicaid, despite the increase in employment-related private insurance, and despite the increased public awareness of the problem... 1987
William J. Turnier PERSONAL DEDUCTIONS AND TAX REFORM: THE HIGH ROAD AND THE LOW ROAD 31 Villanova Law Review 1703 (November, 1986) THE extensive system of personal deductions provided by our Internal Revenue Code is one of the distinguishing features of our income tax system. The British, for example, allow a personal deduction only for interest on modest sized mortgages on personal residences. Moreover, the Canadians do not allow a deduction for any interest incurred to... 1986
Virginia Davis Nordin, J.D., William Lloyd Turner, J.D., Ph.D. TAX EXEMPT STATUS OF PRIVATE SCHOOLS: WRIGHT, GREEN, AND BOB JONES 35 West's Education Law Reporter 329 (1986) In its recent decision Allen v. Wright, the Supreme Court held that black students and their parents lack standing to bring a nationwide class action against private schools alleged to be racially discriminatory. This holding has created difficulties for those deciding what standards should be applied in determining whether such schools qualify for... 1986
F. H. Buckley THE BANKRUPTCY PRIORITY PUZZLE 72 Virginia Law Review 1393 (November, 1986) The problem, said Evelyn Waugh, is not how God created the world, but why He did so. A similar, if less sublime, puzzle concerns the existence of secured debt. Under Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code and derivative Canadian personal property security legislation, debtors enjoy greater freedom in issuing claims against their value on default... 1986
Glenn Goodwin WOULD CAESAR TAX GOD? THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF GOVERN MENTAL TAXATION OF CHURCHES 35 Drake Law Review 383 (1985/1986) All fifty states and the deferal government have statutory provisions exempting churches from various forms of taxation. Although there are several provisions which grant churches exemptions from many taxes, the most common exemptions apply to income taxes and property taxes. The issue of whether governmental exemption of churches from taxation... 1986
Thomas J. Purcell, III AN ANALYSIS OF THE FORMATION OF FEDERAL INCOME TAX POLICY 18 Creighton Law Review 653 (1984/1985) The Congress of the United States uses the federal income tax to satisfy several social and political goals. One of those goals is to raise revenues sufficient to defray government expenditures incurred in providing services. Another goal is to stimulate and regulate economic activity. A third goal, one which has been more frequently implemented in... 1985
Jerold A. Friedland CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES IN REVOKING RELIGIOUS TAX EXEMPTIONS: CHURCH OF SCIENTOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA v. COMMISSIONER 37 University of Florida Law Review 565 (1985) I. INTRODUCTION. .565 II. BACKGROUND. .567 III. SELECTIVE ENFORCEMENT BASED UPON HOSTILITY TO RELIGION. .568 A. Denial of Equal Protection. .568 B. Violative of Free Exercise Clause. .571 IV. CONSTITUTIONALITY OF SECTION 501(c)(3). .573 A. Taxation of Religious Income'. .574 B. Free Exercise Issues. .578 1. BackgroundThe Purposes' Test. .578 2.... 1985
Stephen Schwarz RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TAX-EXEMPT ORGANIZATIONS 19 University of San Francisco Law Review 299 (Spring, 1985) AFTER A PERIOD OF UNUSUAL VITALITY, the parade of developments affecting tax-exempt organizations slowed to a more routine pace during the past year. Last year's review was a tribute to the Government's litigating prowess. We saw two major Supreme Court victories and considerable success at the appellate level in cases involving commercial... 1985
Tommy F. Thompson THE AVAILABILITY OF THE FEDERAL EDUCATIONAL TAX EXEMPTION FOR propaganda organizations 18 U.C. Davis Law Review 487 (Winter, 1985) By providing important economic benefits to nonprofit organizations, educational tax exemptions directly affect the range of information and knowledge available to the public. This Article analyzes the policy implications of granting tax-exempt educational status to propaganda organizations. It traces the history of the Treasury Department's... 1985
Linda L. Haller THE BUSINESS OF BETTING: PROPOSALS FOR REFORMING THE TAXATION OF BUSINESS GAMBLERS 38 Tax Lawyer 759 (Summer, 1985) It is time to reconsider the tax treatment of gamblers. A taxpayer engaged in a trade or business can fully deduct net operating losses and business expenses, and can carryover excess losses to other tax years. Those benefits, however, do not routinely inure to gamblers. To take business deductions, gamblers must demonstrate that they are engaged... 1985
Vern Countryman THE CONCEPT OF A VOIDABLE PREFERENCE IN BANKRUPTCY 38 Vanderbilt Law Review 713 (May, 1985) I. L2-4,T2INTRODUCTION. .713 II. L2-4,T2THE ENGLISH CONCEPT. .714 III. L2-4,T2EARLIER AMERICAN CONCEPTS718 IV. L2-4,T2THE REFORM ACT AND LATER AMENDMENTS. .726 A. L3-4,T3The Basic Concept. .726 B. L3-4,T3The Perfection Requirement. .750 C. L3-4,T3The Exceptions from Preference. .758 1. S55The Contemporaneous Exchange Exception. .759 2. The Current... 1985
John C. Anderson , John A. Hollister THE EFFECT OF BANKRUPTCY LIQUIDATIONS ON LOUISIANA SECURITY DEVICES 31 Loyola Law Review 1 (Winter, 1985) C1-3TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION. 3 II. LOUISIANA LAW PREEMPTED BY BANKRUPTCY CODEGENERAL PRINCIPLES. 7 III. JURISDICTION AND STAYS IN BANKRUPTCY CASES. 12 A. JURISDICTION UNDER THE CODE. 12 B. JURISDICTION UNDER THE ACT. 17 C. AUTOMATIC STAYS. 19 IV. THE TRUSTEE'S DUTY TO INVALIDATE/AVOID SECURED INTERESTS AND ACHIEVE PRESERVATION. 20 V. THE... 1985
Howard Kern THE VOIDABILITY OF SECURITY INTERESTS IN TAX REFUNDS UNDER SECTION 547 OF THE BANKRUPTCY CODE 6 Cardozo Law Review 641 (Spring, 1985) Anticipated tax refunds are very important collateral under Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code (the UCC). Debtors in trouble who have nothing left to grant as collateral often have the expectation of receiving tax refunds at the end of a disastrous year. A debtor in that situation may transfer his anticipated refund as collateral for... 1985
Steve Dobkin, , Geoffrey Smith, , Earle Tockman ZONING FOR THE GENERAL WELFARE: A CONSTITUTIONAL WEAPON FOR LOWER-INCOME TENANTS 13 New York University Review of Law and Social Change 911 (1984/1985) In 1981, the Board of Estimate of the City of New York approved amendments to the City's zoning resolution that created a Special Manhattan Bridge District (SMBD) to facilitate the development of new residential housing on the few remaining vacant lots in Chinatown. The construction of two high-rise luxury condominiums within the teeming District... 1985
Joe W. Miller APPLYING A PUBLIC BENEFIT REQUIREMENT TO TAX-EXEMPT ORGANIZATIONS 49 Missouri Law Review 353 (March, 1984) On its face, section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code is simply a tax exemption, freeing certain organizations from the burdens of paying federal income tax. The result of this exemption, however, is equivalent to direct payments by the goverment to these institutions. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) thus is in a position to regulate... 1984
Thomas H. Jackson AVOIDING POWERS IN BANKRUPTCY 36 Stanford Law Review 725 (February, 1984) Avoiding powers, like much of bankruptcy law, have grow'd like Topsy. No critical systematic theory of bankruptcy law has existed within which to explore the precise role of avoiding powers. We have lacked not only a comprehensive normative theory to explain why the various avoiding powers exist in bankruptcy but also any particular theory to... 1984
Kathryn R. Renahan BOB JONES UNIVERSITY v. UNITES STATES-NO TAX EXEMPTIONS FOR RACIALLY DISCRIMINATORY SCHOOLS-SUPREME COURT CLARIFIES THIRTEEN-YEAR POLICY IMBROGLIO 11 Journal of College and University Law 69 (Summer, 1984)   1984
Sonya Sledge Chandler FEDERAL TAXATION-CHARITABLE CONTRIBUTIONS AND TAX-EXEMPTIONS-EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS WHICH RACIALLY DISCRIMINATE SHALL NOT BE AFFORDED CHARITABLE DEDUCTIONS OR TAX-EXEMPT STATUS BECAUSE SUCH PRACTICES ARE CONTRARY TO PUBLIC POLICY. BOB JONES UNIVERSITY v 9 Thurgood Marshall Law Review 166 (Fall, 1983/Spring 1984) Although racial discrimination still exists in some privately held religious and educational institutions, the government through its Internal Revenue Service division no longer condones such acts by allowing tax-free exemptions or charitable deductions ordinarily allowed under the Internal Revenue Code (the Code). Congress has taken on the task of... 1984
William H. Chamblee INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE--TAX EXEMPTIONS--IRS ACTED WITHIN ITS AUTHORITY IN DETERMINING THAT RACIALLY DISCRIMINATORY NON-PROFIT PRIVATE SCHOOLS ARE NOT "CHARITABLE" INSTITUTIONS ENTITLED TO TAX-EXEMPT STATUS 15 Saint Mary's Law Journal 461 (1984) Bob Jones University, a non-profit private school, denied blacks admission based upon a sincerely held religious belief. On November 30, 1970, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) notified the University of its revised policy on tax-exemption and announced its decision to challenge the tax-exempt status of racially discriminatory private schools. In... 1984
David M. Hudson , Daniel C. Turner INTERNATIONAL AND INTERSTATE APPROACHES TO TAXING BUSINESS INCOME 6 Northwestern Journal of International Law and Business 562 (Summer, 1984) Arriving at a reasonable, fair approach to the taxation of enterprises which are engaged in income producing activities in more than one jurisdiction has been a vexatious problem for the past century, both internationally and within the United States. The taxing entities are concerned about receiving their due from enterprises which enjoy the... 1984
Paul B. Stephan III NONTAXPAYER LITIGATION OF INCOME TAX DISPUTES 3 Yale Law and Policy Review 73 (Fall, 1984) Outside the tax area, the law of standing reflects the general proposition that a citizen not directly subject to regulation may under some circumstances go to court to challenge government action or inaction. Although a lack of clarity in the Supreme Court's decisions makes it impossible to say exactly when standing exists, the unregulated citizen... 1984
Stephen Schwarz Associate Dean and Professor of Law, Hastings College of the Law; A.B., Brown University (1966); J.D., Columbia Law School (1969)., William T. Hutton A.B., Dartmouth College (1961); J.D., University of Michigan (1964); L.L.M., New York Uni RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TAX-EXEMPT ORGANIZATIONS 18 University of San Francisco Law Review 649 (Summer, 1984) Not since 1969, when Congress loosed a kennel of statutory watchdogs to harry the private foundation, has there been a year of such turmoil. Long-simmering issues in bizarre factual trappings forced themselves upon the appellate courts. Foundation managers who once eschewed the risk of investing in common stocks attended seminars on syndication and... 1984
Elliot M. Schachner RELIGION AND THE PUBLIC TREASURY AFTER TAXATION WITH REPRESENTATION OF WASHINGTON, MUELLER, AND BOB JONES 1984 Utah Law Review 275 (1984) The Supreme Court, toward the end of its October 1982 term, announced three decisionsRegan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington, Mueller v. Allen and Bob Jones University v. United States that altered the standards by which federal and state taxing and spending policies will be judged under the free exercise clause and the establishment... 1984
Thomas McCoy , Neal E. Devins STANDING AND ADVERSENESS IN CHALLENGES OF TAX EXEMPTIONS FOR DISCRIMINATORY PRIVATE SCHOOLS 52 Fordham Law Review 441 (March, 1984) The issue of tax exemptions for segregated private schools is one that causes courts to abandon normal standards of judicial restraint. The federal courts, including the Supreme Court, seem unusually inclined to supply legislative judgments on this issue in the absence of congressional action and to ignore or revise judgments made by the... 1984
R. Tyrone Kee THE I.R.S. FIGHTS RACIAL DISCRIMINATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION: NO TAX EXEMPTION FOR RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS THAT DISCRIMINATE BECAUSE OF RACE. 'BOB JONES UNIVERSITY' 10 Southern University Law Review 291 (Spring, 1984) Bob Jones University is a nonprofit corporation located in Greenville, South Carolina. The stated purpose is to conduct an institution of learning with special emphasis on the Christian Religion and the Holy Scriptures. There are approximately 5,000 students enrolled at the school, ranging from kindergarten through graduate school. The University... 1984
Alfred J. Sciarrino UNITED STATES v. SUN MYUNG MOON: PRECEDENT FOR TAX FRAUD PROSECUTION OF LOCAL PASTORS? 1984 Southern Illinois University Law Journal 237 (1984) Within the last several years, the United States Supreme Court has granted certiorari to fifteen cases involving church-state issues. In the past year, it agreed to review the constitutionality of an Alabama public school moment of silence statute, challenged as secular rubric thinly disguising yet another form of school prayer. While all of... 1984
Todd Brower WHOSE VOICE SHALL BE HEARD? LOBBYING LIMITATIONS ON SECTION 501(c)(3) CHARITABLE ORGANIZATIONS HELD CONSTITUTIONAL IN REGAN v. TAXATION WITH REPRESENTATION 28 Saint Louis University Law Journal 1017 (August, 1984) The Internal Revenue Code provides that a taxpayer may take a deduction for contributions to tax exempt charitable organizations qualifying under section 501(c)(3). To maintain its section 501(c)(3) status, an organization may not engage in lobbying, or devote a substantial part of its activities toward influencing legislation. Several classes of... 1984
  3. TAX-EXEMPT STATUS OF DISCRIMINATORY PRIVATE SCHOOLS 97 Harvard Law Review Association 261 (November, 1983) Among the most widely publicized and politically controversial cases the Supreme Court decided last Term was Bob Jones University v. United States, in which the Court held that the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) had correctly interpreted section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code (the Code) in denying tax-exempt status to two private schools... 1983
Charles O. Galvin and, Neal Devins A TAX POLICY ANALYSIS OF BOB JONES UNIVERSITY v. UNITED STATES 36 Vanderbilt Law Review 1353 (November, 1983) I. INTRODUCTION. 1354 II. TAX POLICY AND THE THREE BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT. 1355 III. Bob Jones University v. United States. 1356 A. The Meaning of the Tax Exemption Provision. 1359 1. Analysis of the Public Benefit Doctrine. 1365 2. Analysis of the Common Community Conscience Requirement. 1366 3. Analysis of the Tax Exemption and the Tax... 1983
Walter J. Blum DISSENTING OPINIONS BY SUPREME COURT JUSTICES IN FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONTROVERSIES 82 Michigan Law Review 431 (December, 1983) As I muse over the Supreme Court's pronouncements on federal income tax controversies, I have come to wonder about the function of analysis in dissenting opinions. Regardless of the merit of a minority analysis, occasionally I am unable to discern how its publication can possibly contribute to advancing the operation of our extraordinarily complex... 1983
Margaret I. Lyle MASS TORT CLAIMS AND THE CORPORATE TORTFEASOR: BANKRUPTCY REORGANIZATION AND LEGISLATIVE COMPENSATION VERSUS THE COMMON-LAW TORT SYSTEM 61 Texas Law Review 1297 (April, 1983) C1-3Table of Contents I. Introduction. 1298 II. Treatment of Tort Claims in Bankruptcy. 1302 A. Tort Claims in Bankruptcy Prior to the 1978 Bankruptcy Code. 1308 1. Tort Claims in Liquidation Bankruptcy. 1308 2. Tort Claims in Reorganization Bankruptcy. 1310 B. Tort Claims Under the 1978 Bankruptcy Code. 1311 III. Chapter 11 Reorganization as a... 1983
Terry L. Slye RENDERING UNTO CAESAR: DEFINING 'RELIGION' FOR PURPOSES OF ADMINISTERING RELIGION-BASED TAX EXEMPTIONS 6 Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy 219 (Summer, 1983) Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof . . .. These first words of the first amendment to the Constitution reveal how deeply committed to freedom of conscience were the framers of our charter of government. Professor Archibald Cox has noted that even the order of the words is... 1983
Leonard J. Henzke, Jr. THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF FEDERAL TUITION TAX CREDITS 56 Temple Law Quarterly 911 (1983) In November, 1983, the United States Senate voted fifty-nine to thirty-eight to table Senate Bill 528, which would provide a tuition tax credit for private school tuition. This was the fourteenth time that tuition tax credits, in one form or another, had been rejected by Congress. Senate Bill 528 remains on the Senate calendar in the second session... 1983
Richard Schmalbeck THE JUSTICE OF ECONOMICS: AN ANALYSIS OF WEALTH MAXIMIZATION AS A NORMATIVE GOAL 83 Columbia Law Review 488 (March, 1983) The concept of justice-especially as it relates to wealth distribution-has been extensively reconsidered by a number of scholars in the last dozen years or so. The most significant recent works on the subject are by political philosophers: John Rawls's A Theory of Justice, and Robert Nozick's Anarchy, State and Utopia. Although some economics is... 1983
  ADEQUATE PROTECTION AND THE AUTOMATIC STAY UNDER THE BANKRUPTCY CODE: EASING RESTRAINTS ON DEBTOR REORGANIZATION 131 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 423 (December, 1982) Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code is a rejection of economic Darwinism. It adopts the view that the conflicting interests of debtors and their creditors often can best be accommodated by rehabilitating financially distressed businesses rather than liquidating them. To encourage failing businesses to reorganize while rehabilitation is still... 1982
Thomas H. Jackson BANKRUPTCY, NON-BANKRUPTCY ENTITLEMENTS, AND THE CREDITORS' BARGAIN 91 Yale Law Journal 857 (April, 1982) Bankruptcy, at first glance, may be thought of as a procedure geared principally toward relieving an overburdened debtor from oppressive debt. Yet this discharge-centered view of bankruptcy is correct neither from an historical perspective nor from a realistic appraisal of the presence and operation of most of the provisions in the federal... 1982
Douglas Laycock TAX EXEMPTIONS FOR RACIALLY DISCRIMINATORY RELIGIOUS SCHOOLS 60 Texas Law Review 259 (February, 1982) Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code exempts charitable, educational, and religious organizations from tax on their income. Charitable contributions to organizations exempt under section 501(c)(3) generally may be deducted from the donor's taxable income. Other sections exempt these organizations from unemployment taxes and some social... 1982
Michael Yaffa THE REVOCATION OF TAX EXEMPTIONS AND TAX DEDUCTIONS FOR DONATIONS TO 501 (C) (3) ORGANIZATIONS ON STATUTORY AND CONSTITUTIONAL GROUNDS 30 UCLA Law Review 156 (October, 1982) A written solicitation of funds for a charitable organization typically closes with a statement that the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has determined that all donations to the organization are tax deductible. These statements are based on provisions of the federal income tax law which provide tax exemptions to charitable, educational, and... 1982
William W. Park TAX CHARACTERIZATION OF INTERNATIONAL LEASES: THE CONTOURS OF OWNERSHIP 67 Cornell Law Review 103 (November, 1981) C1-3TABLE OF CONTENTS L1-2Introduction 104 I. Leasing as a Mode of Finance. 106 A. Finance Leases and Operating Leases. 106 B. Legal and Accounting Incentives for Finance Leasing. 109 C. Leverage. 113 D. Leasing and the Banks. 114 II. National Standards for Lease Characterization. 115 A. Legal Form. 115 1. Crédit-Bail. 115 2. Legal Title in the... 1981
  FEDERAL INJUNCTIVE RELIEF IN STATE TAX CASES: LASALLE v. ROSEWELL 93 Harvard Law Review 1016 (March, 1980) The Tax Injunction Act of 1937 bars federal jurisdiction of suits to enjoin the collection of state taxes when a plain, speedy and efficient remedy is available in state court. In LaSalle National Bank v. Rosewell, the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit confronted two unsettled questions concerning what constitutes an adequate... 1980
  TAX EXEMPTIONS FOR EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS: DISCRETION AND DISCRIMINATION 128 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 849 (April, 1980) Among the many powers of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is the ability to exempt certain organizations from the burden of taxation. Although the Internal Revenue Code identifies general categories of exempt institutions, the Department of the Treasury has broad discretion to interpret statutory language with precise regulations that the IRS... 1980
  GOVERNMENT NEUTRALITY AND SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE: TUITION TAX CREDITS 92 Harvard Law Review 696 (January, 1979) With mounting fiscal pressures on private educational institutions in recent years, federal and state legislators have made efforts to find some constitutional means to ease the financial problems of private schools. The most significant recent proposal is to provide a federal income tax credit for part of each parent's expense in sending a child... 1979
  SEGREGATING SCHOOLS: THE FORESEEABLE CONSEQUENCES OF TUITION TAX CREDITS 89 Yale Law Journal 168 (November, 1979) Declining private school enrollments and the perceived failure of public schools to educate children effectively have spurred interest in restructuring American education to permit greater freedom of choice. The Ninety-fifth Congress extensively debated one proposal generated by this expanding discourse on educational alternatives: federal income... 1979
  THE JUDICIAL ROLE IN ATTACKING RACIAL DISCRIMINATION IN TAX-EXEMPT PRIVATE SCHOOLS 93 Harvard Law Review 378 (December, 1979) Private segregation academies, created in response to the Supreme Court's Brown decision, continue to pose a serious threat to the integration of the nation's public schools. Beginning shortly after Brown, segregationists attempted to reduce the budgets of public schools while simultaneously developing programs of public tuition assistance and... 1979
Bennett I. Deutsch THE TAX TREATMENT OF ILLEGAL PAYMENTS AFTER ALEX V. COMMISSIONER 79 Columbia Law Review 589 (April, 1979) Under section 162(c)(2) of the Internal Revenue Code, a taxpayer may not deduct as a business expense payments which are made in violation of state or federal law. This section, enacted in 1971, is a partial codification of the judicially created public policy doctrine which disallowed deduction of expenses that frustrated a sharply defined... 1979
  RACIAL DISCRIMINATION AND THE TAX INJUNCTION ACT: GARRETT V. BAMFORD 90 Harvard Law Review 616 (January, 1977) The operation of property tax assessments has recently come under increasing attack as inequitable and discriminatory. A major barrier to challenging such discrimination in federal court has been the Tax Injunction Act, which denies federal jurisdiction to enjoin state taxation when there is a plain, speedy and efficient remedy in state court.... 1977
  CIVIL RIGHTS - FAIR HOUSING - PRIVATE LANDLORD'S REQUIREMENT THAT TENANTS HAVE NET WEEKLY INCOME EQUAL TO NINETY PERCENT OF MONTHLY RENT DOES NOT VIOLATE CIVIL RIGHTS LAWS DESPITE DISPROPORTIONATE DISQUALIFICATION OF MINORITIES 88 Harvard Law Review 1631 (May, 1975) Boyd v. Lefrak Organization, 509 F.2d 1110 (2d Cir. 1975). In Boyd v. Lefrak Organization, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, reversing the district court, held that a naked statistical argument was insufficient to support a claim of statutorily proscribed racial discrimination in the rental of housing. Lefrak, a private... 1975
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27