AuthorTitleCitationSummaryYearKeywords in Title or Summary
Mae Kuykendall "A DANGEROUS, REVERBERATING SILENCE": RACIAL SILENCE, WHITE MONEY, AND SCOTUS? 55 Seton Hall Law Review 847 (2025) The result and the reasoning in Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard did not occur in a historic vacuum. Through its history, the Supreme Court has relied on abstraction to maintain a deep silence about the category of race, even as it creates and maintains race doctrines in an evolving context that favors a persisting imaginary image of White... 2025 Yes
Naomi Brim "POLLUTION DOES NOT [SIC] DISCRIMINATE": LOUISIANA v. EPA, DISPARATE IMPACT, AND THE FIGHT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE IN A HOSTILE CLIMATE 110 Minnesota Law Review 485 (November, 2025) Human-induced climate change hurts people. Environmental burdens impact a person's ability to live freely, in good health, and with loved ones. And in the United States, people in positions of political authority and decision-making--who are predominantly white and high-income--use the legal system to push environmental harms disproportionately... 2025 Yes
Kyle C. Velte "SAVE OUR CHILDREN" REDUX: HOW HISTORY, POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY, AND A SHIFTING MEDIA LANDSCAPE HELP EXPLAIN TODAY'S BANS ON GENDER-AFFIRMING CARE FOR MINORS 26 Georgetown Journal of Gender and the Law 1135 (Symposium Issue 2025) Introduction. 1136 I. White Christian Nationalism. 1139 A. A Primer on White Christian Nationalism. 1139 B. White Christian Nationalist Attacks on LGBTQIA+ Rights. 1143 II. Bans on Gender-Affirming Care for Minors: New Anti-LGBTQIA+ Laws, Old Rhetoric. 1147 A. A Primer on Gender-Affirming Care for Minors. 1148 B. An Overview of State Laws Banning... 2025 Yes
Madison G. Whitmer #CHURCHTOO: HOW NON-DISCLOSURE AGREEMENTS ARE UNCONSCIONABLE CONTRACTS THAT PERPETUATE THE SUBJUGATION OF WOMEN IN THE EVANGELICAL CHURCH 28 Journal of Gender, Race and Justice 217 (Winter, 2025) I. Introduction. 218 II. Background. 221 A. What Is The #Churchtoo Movement. 221 B. How Does The #Churchtoo Movement Fit Within The Larger #Metoo Movement. 223 C. Who Are White Evangelicals, and What Is the White Evangelical Church Like in The United States. 224 D. What Are the Social Dynamics Within White Evangelical Spaces. 226 E. Non-Disclosure... 2025 Yes
Zanita E. Fenton (RE)BIRTH OF A NATION: RECONSTRUCTION'S UNFINISHED BUSINESS 30 Michigan Journal of Race and Law 157 (Fall, 2025) The irony, alluding to the title of the 1915 silent movie Birth of a Nation, seeks to make conspicuous the counter-stories that more authentically account for the birth and development of American society. Ku Klux Klan-sponsored propaganda designed to evoke hyper-racist fearmongering and perpetuate sexual paternalism over White women, the plot... 2025 Yes
Emma Adams AN EXAMINATION OF RACE IN REPRODUCTIVE OPPRESSION: WHY INTERSECTIONAL ABORTION STIGMA DISRUPTION IS NECESSARY TO ACHIEVE REPRODUCTIVE JUSTICE IN 2024 AND BEYOND 36 UC Law SF Journal on Gender and Justice 3 (January, 2025) This article examines the perpetuation of white supremacy in reproductive oppression throughout American history. The history of the reproductive rights movement, when applying a racialized lens, often looks contradictory in protections and restrictions implemented by the American government, at both the federal and state level. For example,... 2025 Yes
Teneile Warren, Crystena Parker-Shandal ANTI-RACISM IN MEDIATION: RECOGNIZING AND HONORING IDENTITY 31 Dispute Resolution Magazine 16 (January, 2025) When a white male student directed a racial slur, calling a female South Asian student a Paki, the conflict escalated as both students exchanged heated remarks. The female student responded by making critical comments about the male student's socioeconomic background, referencing his clothing. In a school setting where identity politics often... 2025 Yes
Bill Ong Hing BLACK MIGRANTS AND BLACK LIVES MATTER: VOICES OF TENSION, RACISM, PAN-AFRICANISM, AND PROSPECTS FOR COLLABORATION 22 UC Law Journal of Race and Economic Justice 129 (January, 2025) C1-2Table of Contents I. Introduction. 130 II. Background Studies on Black Migrants and BLM. 133 III. Tensions, Misunderstandings, and Social Distance. 136 A. Ethnicity and Identity. 139 B. Economic Differences, Work Ethic, and Competition Over Resources. 146 C. Favorable Treatment of Black Migrants from White America. 149 D. Stereotypes of African... 2025 Yes
Hana E. Brown , Department of Sociology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA, Email: brownhe@wfu.edu CHALLENGING THE INDIAN CHILD WELFARE ACT: COLORBLIND RACISM, WHITENESS AS PROPERTY, AND THE LEGAL ARCHITECTURE OF SETTLER COLONIALISM 59 Law and Society Review 356 (June, 2025) (Received 19 October 2023; revised 14 June 2024; accepted 4 July 2024) Bringing critical race theory and settler colonial theory to bear on legal mobilization scholarship, this article examines the ongoing campaign to strike down the 1978 Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA). ICWA sought to end the forced removal of American Indian children from their... 2025 Yes
Francisco Valdes CONSTITUTIONAL "LAW" IN A LAWLESS COURT: RESTORING THE SOURCES AND METHODS OF PRINCIPLED INTERPRETATION 72 UCLA Law Review Discourse 624 (2025) The Fourteenth Amendment's equality and liberty clauses have been subjected to more judicial review, and opining, than most others. In this still-ongoing interpretative process, successive generations of (mostly) white male federal judges have exploited the unenumerated review power based chiefly on their personal ideological predilections to... 2025 Yes
Joshua J. Schroeder DEFENDING DRED SCOTT PART II: WILL THE REAL HAZEL MOTES AND PECOLA BREEDLOVE PLEASE STAND UP? 26 Rutgers Race & the Law Review 189 (2025) Hillbilly Elegy was a grotesque performance for the elite. After Hillbilly's publication it was impossible for J.D. Vance to fail in his quest to align himself with the elite as their favorite, especially after he told them exactly what they wanted to hear: That all America's problems seem to arise from the eccentricities of the white working... 2025 Yes
Ekow N. Yankah DEPUTIZATION AND PRIVILEGED WHITE VIOLENCE 77 Stanford Law Review 703 (March, 2025) Abstract. A number of high-profile and racially charged killings, such as Trayvon Martin's, Kenneth Herring's, Ahmaud Arbery's, and Jordan Neely's, have been at the hands of civilians declaring themselves the law. These deaths stemmed from a phenomenon best described as deputization. Deputization describes a latent legal power that has empowered... 2025 Yes
Tola Myczkowska ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY AND THE LAW: STRATEGIES FOR CLOSING THE RACIAL WEALTH GAP IN THE SUPREME COURT'S "POST-RACIST" AMERICA 57 Suffolk University Law Review 653 (2025) In 1863, the Negro was freed from the bondage of physical slavery, but at the same time the nation refused to give him land to make that freedom meaningful. And at that same period America was giving millions of acres of land in the West and the Midwest, which meant that America was willing to undergird its white peasants from Europe with an... 2025 Yes
Andy J. Carr FREE SPEECH AND ANTI-DEMOCRATIC VIOLENCE 31 Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social 1 Justice(Winter, 2025) The resurgence of far-right extremist groups--like sovereign militias, white supremacists, and avowedly fascist gangs--has exposed the First Amendment's vulnerabilities to the leaderless resistance model of extremist organizing. This model, first popularized by white supremacist Louis Beam, specifically aims to insulate extremist leaders from... 2025 Yes
René Reyes FREE SPEECH AS WHITE PRIVILEGE: RACIALIZATION, SUPPRESSION, AND THE PALESTINE EXCEPTION 111 Virginia Law Review Online 166 (June, 2025) Free speech is under siege. This is not to say that all speakers and viewpoints are at equal risk--some voices receive support and protection, while others are subject to threats and suppression. Pro-Palestinian speech falls into the latter category. Critics argue that there has long been a Palestine Exception to free speech, but attempts to... 2025 Yes
Carla D. Pratt INDIANNESS AS PROPERTY 105 Boston University Law Review 311 (February, 2025) This Article expands upon the seminal work by Cheryl Harris entitled Whiteness as Property by exploring the intersection of race and property through Indianness. Indianness has been constructed as a form of property conferring rights and privileges to its holders which this Article examines through the inertial relationship between race and legal... 2025 Yes
Deja R. Graham, Esquire INEQUITY: HURDLES FOR THE MARGINALIZED 19 Southern Journal of Policy and Justice 172 (May, 2025) Black Americans are left to begin the race of life behind the starting line based on a factor outside of their control, race. Black children in the United States are taught that in order to obtain the same success as their white classmates they must be twice as smart, twice as productive, and resemble perfection. These unattainable standards for... 2025 Yes
Kimberly West-Faulcon INTRODUCING "CASTE" CENTRIC TERMINOLOGY AS BROWN TURNS SEVENTY 64 Washburn Law Journal 151 (Winter, 2025) The white race deems itself to be the dominant race in this country . But in the view of the Constitution, in the eye of the law, there is in this country no superior, dominant, ruling class of citizens. There is no caste here. --Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537, 559 (1896) (Harlan, J., dissenting). A ruling class may be described as a caste... 2025 Yes
Stephanie McCurry, Columbia University, New York, USA, Email: sm4041@columbia.edu KU KLUX KLAN VIOLENCE AND THE PROBLEM OF EVIDENCE 43 Law and History Review 239 (May, 2025) This article offers a forensic analysis of one key archive of sexual violence: The official record of a congressional investigation of the Ku Klux Klan and federal trials of Klan members in the years immediately after the American Civil War. The 13 volumes constitute the single most important source of victim testimony on white supremacist violence... 2025 Yes
Renee Nicole Allen LEGAL ACADEMIA'S WHITE GAZE 109 Minnesota Law Review 1827 (April, 2025) For Black law faculty, Blackness, the Black experience, and Black legal and social identity are not trends. Yet, there are inflection points where legal scholarship about race, particularly Blackness, is in vogue. The most recent rise in such legal scholarship came in the aftermath of George Floyd's murder and the worldwide Black Lives Matter... 2025 Yes
Alejandro Banuelos , Aaron Clarke MOVEMENT AND CRISIS: A SOCIAL HEALTH MANIFESTO 30 National Black Law Journal 197 (2025) This article was originally published in the UCLA Law Review (In Discourse, Special Issue: Law Meets World Vol. 68 (2020)). In this Article, we employ the terms Health (as a white supremacist mode of being) and social health to demystify how race and health are mobilized by the state and its representative bodies to shift accountability away from... 2025 Yes
Franciska Coleman MULTIRACIAL, INTERCLASS DEMOCRACY 55 Seton Hall Law Review 1199 (2025) In 2019, after teaching for seven years in Seoul, South Korea, I was preparing to begin my first U.S. teaching job in the Midwest. I had hired a local mover, a White gentleman with a military background who had great online reviews, to move items into my office. After all my books and appliances had been moved in, we chatted as I walked him out of... 2025 Yes
Meghan L. Morris PARAMILITARY PROPERTY 60 Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 107 (Winter, 2025) Paramilitarism is on the rise in America. In recent years, paramilitaries have mounted violent responses to movements for racial justice, climate emergencies, public health protocols, and migrant border crossings. Militias, white power organizations, and other paramilitary groups often claim their violence is justified as a legitimate defense of... 2025 Yes
Aliza Hochman Bloom POLICING BIAS WITHOUT INTENT 2025 University of Illinois Law Review 1307 (2025) In December of 2019, a woman was robbed in Jersey City, and she quickly reported it to a 911 dispatcher. When the dispatcher asked her whether the suspect was Black, white or Hispanic, she responded that she did not know. But when relaying the description to a police officer, the dispatcher improperly added to the woman's account that the suspect... 2025 Yes
Christian Powell Sundquist PRESUMED GUILTY: "ILLEGAL ALIEN" EVIDENCE AND THE RIGHTS OF NON-CITIZEN DEFENDANTS 81 New York University Annual Survey of American Law 19 (2025) Dangerous political rhetoric demonizing migrants and racialized persons has altered social norms regarding the acceptability of racism while ushering in a new era of white nationalism across the world. The increasing normalization of racism has shaken bedrock American constitutional principles of equality and fair treatment under the law. As such,... 2025 Yes
John K. Pierre , Gail S. Stephenson REMEDIES FOR DECADES OF HBCU UNDERFUNDING: CAN COALITION v. MARYLAND SERVE AS A MODEL, OR IS GOVERNMENT "PERSUASION" NEEDED? 22 UC Law Journal of Race and Economic Justice 81 (January, 2025) C1-2Table of Contents Introduction. 82 I. De jure Segregation in the U.S. Prior to Brown v. Board. 84 A. The Morrill Act of 1862. 85 B. The Fourteenth Amendment. 86 C. Plessy v. Ferguson. 87 II. The Establishment of a Dual System of Higher Education in Maryland. 88 A. Creation of Maryland's Traditionally White Institutions. 90 B. Creation of... 2025 Yes
Evelyn Yadira Galván REMOVING THE EVIDENCE BLINDFOLD: WHY THE MICHIGAN RULES OF CROSS-RACIAL IDENTIFICATION, OTHER-ACTS EVIDENCE, AND FLIGHT SHOULD BE RACE-CONSCIOUS 102 University of Detroit Mercy Law Review 209 (Winter, 2025) Evidence rules in the United States exhibit a racialized history akin to the history of the United States's inception. The rules of evidence were written by predominantly White males, and the average experience contemplated was that of a White male. Not only was it the norm, but Whiteness also became the standard for competence in the U.S.... 2025 Yes
Maria Trubetskaya REPARATIONS FOR INCULCATION: DECONSTRUCTING THE SUPREME COURT'S TACIT ENDORSEMENT OF WHITE HEGEMONY IN SCHOOLS AND REPARATIONS AS A PATH FORWARD 30 National Black Law Journal 101 (2025) This comment argues that the law constructs the education system as a hegemonic device for the inculcation of ideologies that reproduce generational inequality and white supremacy. The Supreme Court created a values paradox wherein education is revered as the most important medium to prepare students for intelligent participation in the democratic... 2025 Yes
Evan Matthew Gelobter SANCTIONED CRUELTY: THE LEGAL ENDORSEMENT OF VIOLENCE AGAINST SLAVES IN SOUTHERN COURTS 23 Seattle Journal for Social Justice 205 (Winter, 2025) In the Antebellum South, slavers upheld the institution of slavery through a legal framework designed to sanction their ownership of human beings as property. Laws crafted by white supremacists not only permitted but often encouraged the brutal physical punishment of enslaved individuals to sustain this oppressive system. American courts, steeped... 2025 Yes
Walter J. Walsh THE LAW OF HEREDITY--WHISTELO, WHITENESS AND WHALES 31 William and Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social 457 Justice(Spring, 2025) This Article reveals the impact of an early New York case upon science and law, raising questions about heredity that spurred evidentiary progress from maternal imagination to visual resemblance, and later from blood groups to DNA paternity testing. In the Jeffersonian republic, a dark-skinned man was charged with reputedly fathering the infant... 2025 Yes
Yuvraj Joshi THE LAW OF RACIAL RESENTMENT 72 UCLA Law Review 424 (September, 2025) Racial resentment, stemming from perceptions that one racial group has unfairly lost opportunities to another, has profoundly shaped decades of affirmative action law. Affirmative action programs emerged in the 1960s to counteract racial discrimination and expand opportunities for racial minorities. However, some white applicants soon viewed these... 2025 Yes
Jade A. Craig THE TRAFFICANTE ROUTE: FAIR HOUSING LAW AND THE ROAD TO RACIAL RECONCILIATION 60 Wake Forest Law Review 821 (2025) This Article draws on the story of Trafficante v. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., one of the earliest cases in which the U.S. Supreme Court interpreted the Fair Housing Act of 1968. Paul Trafficante, one of the plaintiffs, was a white tenant of a large apartment complex in San Francisco who discovered that the landlord was engaging in systematic... 2025 Yes
Francis T. Cullen, J. Z. Bennett, Travis C. Pratt W. E. B. DU BOIS'S THE PHILADELPHIA NEGRO: LESSONS FOR OUR TIME 54 Crime and Justice 1 (2025) Criminologists rarely read W. E. B. Du Bois's The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study (1899), a classic of enduring relevance. Rectifying that disciplinary blind spot requires an understanding of Du Bois's remarkable life, from a Massachusetts boyhood to Fisk, Harvard, Berlin, and ultimately Philadelphia. White philanthropists, led by Susan P.... 2025 Yes
Zamir Ben-Dan WHITE COMFORT AND THE CONSTITUTION 72 UCLA Law Review 330 (September, 2025) The psychological comfort of white Americans is essential to the sustenance of white supremacy. The relationship between white psychological comfort and the U.S. Constitution is rich, and yet it has gone almost entirely unexplored in legal scholarship. In fact, the term white comfort is grossly undertheorized in law journals; few even mention the... 2025 Yes
Summer Durant WHITENESS AS PROPERTY BY PROXY: HOW AFFIRMATIVE ACTION'S END MARKS THE BEGINNING OF A CRUCIAL RACIAL RECKONING 68 Howard Law Journal 427 (Spring, 2025) The possessive investment in whiteness can't be rectified by learning how to be more antiracist. It requires a radical divestment in the project of whiteness . It requires abolition . What is required is a remaking of the social order, and nothing short of that is going to make a difference. --Saidiya Hartman I will live hostile to hostility... 2025 Yes
Terry Allen "NOT SEPARATE BUT STILL UNEQUAL" 100 New York University Law Review 971 (October, 2025) Much of education law scholarship on school segregation has focused on majority-minority schools. Yet school segregation does not occur only in majority-minority schools, but also in so-called integrated schools: majority-white and Latine schools in which Black children are in the minority. What we know about segregation in these schools focuses on... 2025  
Andrew Hull "PRISONERS OF THE UNION": EMPORIUM CAPWELL AND THE DECLINE OF CONCERTED ACTIVITY AGAINST RACIAL DISCRIMINATION 22 UC Law Journal of Race and Economic Justice 211 (January, 2025) This paper tracks the development of judicial understanding of labor unions' status under Section 9 of the National Labor Relations Act as the exclusive representative of employees for the purposes of bargaining with the employer, focusing on the how the Supreme Court case Emporium Capwell v. Western Community Addition has led to a gradual... 2025  
Joshua Aiken "SHE HAD SLAIN HER FAVORITE": RACE, GENDER, VIOLENCE, AND THE RULE OF LAW IN THE MILITARY-OCCUPIED SOUTH 36 Yale Journal of Law & Feminism 229 (2025) Abstract. This Article excavates the 1865 trial United States v. Temperance Neely to analyze how emergent legal cultures in the military-occupied South calcified racial slavery's logic despite formal emancipation. Through examination of previously unanalyzed court proceedings, I demonstrate how this case illuminates three interlocking dimensions of... 2025  
Tamara Shamir "THE GREATEST INVASION IN HISTORY": THE NINETEENTH CENTURY NATIVIST THEORY BEHIND TRUMP'S 2025 IMMIGRATION AGENDA 120 Northwestern University Law Review Online 114 (26-Nov-25) Abstract--President Trump has invoked the theory that the U.S. is being invaded by immigrants at the southern border to curtail immigrants' civil rights, deploy the military against noncitizen civilians, and expand his executive power. This Essay provides the first study of the origins of the immigration as invasion theory, tracing its emergence... 2025  
Tinesha C. Zandamela "THERE ARE [DISABLED] BLACK PEOPLE IN THE FUTURE": AFROFUTURISM & DISABILITY LAW 113 Georgetown Law Journal 1223 (May, 2025) Afrofuturism celebrates--and encourages--imagination. This Note exists to foster imagination, focusing on Blackness and disability from an Afrofuturist lens and discussing what a glorious future could look like for Black disabled people. Part I will describe and explore Afrofuturism and its role in our lives, the law, and social movements. In... 2025  
Anjali Vats (WHITE) RACIAL ARITHMETIC AS INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ARCHITECTURE 103 Texas Law Review 1581 (June, 2025) In The Signal and the Noise, a manifesto for our cognitively dissonant post-fact, pro-statistics era, Nate Silver writes: Data-driven predictions can succeed--and they can fail. It is when we deny our role in the process that the odds of failure rise. Before we demand more of our data, we need to demand more of ourselves. He continues: [O]ur... 2025  
Marisa Omori , Alessandra Milagros Early , Luis Torres A THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL CRITIQUE OF RACIAL INNOCENCE IN SENTENCING 59 Law and Society Review 382 (June, 2025) (Received 25 March 2024; revised 11 November 2024; accepted 8 December 2024) Despite large-scale racial inequalities across multiple social domains, racial innocence highlights the complacency of the law and social science research in denying racial power through race neutral assumptions. We explore three theoretical and methodological mechanisms... 2025  
Etienne C. Toussaint AFROFUTURISM IN PROTEST: DISSENT AND REVOLUTION 125 Columbia Law Review 1375 (June, 2025) In an era of reckoning and resistance, this Symposium Piece journeys through the rich terrain of Black protest and Afrofuturist imagination, uncovering a radical legal tradition rooted in historical defiance and visionary possibility. By analyzing Black resistance--from insurrections against slavery to today's racial justice movements--through an... 2025  
Paul Gowder AMELIORATIVE CONSTITUTIONALISM 173 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 2037 (June, 2025) The basic problem of American constitutional theory is that (a) the U.S. Constitution, morally speaking, lacks full democratic legitimacy due to the continuing effects of its unjust and undemocratic history, yet (b) we have no realistic chance in the foreseeable future of replacing it with something free from those legacies of exclusion and... 2025  
David S. Schwartz AN UGLY COMMON ANCESTOR: DRED SCOTT, ROE AND ENUMERATIONISM 2025 Utah Law Review 1161 (2025) The Dred Scott case holds a deserved place in the constitutional anti-canon of Supreme Court decisions that exemplify rejected constitutional views. But the complex history of the case, the convolution of the opinion by Chief Justice Roger Taney, and the complicated relationship between its two primary holdings have generated multiple, often... 2025  
Jasmine B. Gonzales Rose, Asees Bhasin, Spencer Piston ANTIRACIST EXPERT EVIDENCE 134 Yale Law Journal 2362 (May, 2025) ABSTRACT. Since 2020, when mass protests against racism swept across the United States, scholars, lawyers, and the general public have become increasingly aware that racism permeates society and the criminal legal system, from overt racial animus to the nuanced effects of structural racism. Demonstrating the influence of racism is therefore vital... 2025  
Belinda Grunfeld APPLYING CONTRACT THEORY TO CHINESE AMERICAN TRANSRACIAL ADOPTION 32 Asian American Law Journal 40 (2025) This Article applies a contractual lens to transracial adoption in an effort to shift the mainstream narrative. In the United States, people traditionally think of adoption as a rags to riches story. Using a contracts framework, we can surface more nuance to the transracial adoptee experience. The Article leans on contract law as a potential way... 2025  
Kaiponanea T. Matsumura, Erin Suzuki ASIAN AMERICANS AND THE HARM OF EXCEPTIONALIZED INCLUSION 110 Cornell Law Review 889 (June, 2025) The use of race in college admissions is contentious not only because elite colleges are a gateway to good careers, but because the colleges themselves symbolize belonging at the highest levels of American society. In this sense, the Supreme Court's decision in Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President and Fellows of Harvard College (SFFA)... 2025  
Julia Mizutani BARRED FROM THE PROFESSION, MISCHARACTERIZED AS UNFIT BY LAW 98 Saint John's Law Review 1159 (2025) There is growing recognition that the bar examination can have racial and social effects when determining who can be an admitted and barred attorney in the United States. This Essay explores the history and current racialized issues with the other portion of bar admission--the character and fitness process. The simultaneously rigid and fluid... 2025  
Thalia González , Alyssa Faith Scott BETWIXT AND BETWEEN: RESTORATIVE JUSTICE, DEI, AND EDUCATION CARCERALITY 52 Fordham Urban Law Journal 1165 (September, 2025) American K-12 public education is at a critical anti-civil rights inflection point amidst a rapidly changing landscape of federal and state education law and policy. From local anti-literacy measures to state three strikes exclusionary school discipline legislation to punitive federal executive orders, new legal mechanisms are conjoining to... 2025  
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