AuthorTitleCitationSummaryYearKeywords in Title or Summary
Joshua Gutzmann FIGHTING ORTHODOXY: CHALLENGING CRITICAL RACE THEORY BANS AND SUPPORTING CRITICAL THINKING IN SCHOOLS 106 Minnesota Law Review Headnotes 333 (Spring, 2022) National unity as an end which officials may foster by persuasion and example is not in question .. Struggles to coerce uniformity of sentiment in support of some end thought essential to their time and country have been waged by many good as well as by evil men .. Those who begin coercive elimination of dissent soon find themselves exterminating... 2022  
Abhay P. Aneja , Jacob M. Grumbach , Abby K. Wood FINANCIAL INCLUSION IN POLITICS 97 New York University Law Review 566 (May, 2022) Our deregulated campaign finance system has a race problem. In this Article, we apply innovations in statistical methods to the universe of campaign contributions for federal elections and analyze the racial distribution of money in American politics between 1980 and 2012. We find that white people are extremely over-represented among donors. This... 2022 Yes
Shelley Cavalieri, Saru M. Matambanadzo, Lua Kamál Yuille FOREWORD: MAPPING CRITICAL GEOGRAPHIES IN VIRTUAL SPACE 99 Denver Law Review 653 (Summer, 2022) In this Foreword to the LatCrit Symposium, the authors introduce the work of the 2021 LatCrit Biennial Meeting. They frame the movement as one of critical and liberatory theorizing in a time of retrenchment of opposition to the antisubordination project, highlighting the many strands of Critical Legal Studies that find home in the big tent of the... 2022  
Khiara M. Bridges FOREWORD: RACE IN THE ROBERTS COURT 136 Harvard Law Review 23 (November, 2022) C1-2CONTENTS Introduction. 24 I. Race in the Roberts Court's October 2021 Term: Uncovering Racist Anachronisms. 34 A. Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization. 34 1. Eulogy for Roe. 42 2. Race in the Court's Abortion Caselaw, More Generally. 55 B. New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen. 66 1. Gun Control: Liberal Invocations of... 2022  
Jay Hedges FOREWORD: RACIAL CAPITALISM AS LEGAL ANALYSIS 35 Journal of Civil Rights & Economic Development 173 (Spring, 2022) In 2010, the Journal of Legal Commentary was renamed the Journal of Civil Rights & Economic Development (JCRED) to reflect its status as the official journal of the Ron Brown Center for Civil Rights here at St. John's University School of Law. From then on, the Journal has been dedicated to exploring issues of social, racial, and economic justice... 2022  
Sara A. Colangelo FORGING COMPLETE JUSTICE: EQUITABLE RELIEF IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENFORCEMENT 46 Harvard Environmental Law Review 315 (2022) Fifty years after the rise of modern environmental law and its robust enforcement regime, there persists a disproportionate distribution of environmental burdens in the United States. Many underserved communities suffer from legacy pollution, siting of undesirable land uses, failing infrastructure, and attendant epidemiological and ecological... 2022  
Charisa Smith FROM EMPATHY GAP TO REPARATIONS: AN ANALYSIS OF CAREGIVING, CRIMINALIZATION, AND FAMILY EMPOWERMENT 90 Fordham Law Review 2621 (May, 2022) America's legacy of violent settler colonialism and racial capitalism reveals a misunderstood and neglected civil rights concern: the forced separation of families of color and unwarranted state intrusion upon caregiving through criminalization and surveillance. The War on Drugs, the Opioid Crisis, and the COVID-19 pandemic are a few examples... 2022  
Katharine Waters FROM SCHOOLHOUSE GATE TO LOCKER ROOM DOOR: THE STUDENT ATHLETE'S CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO PROTEST AT A PUBLIC UNIVERSITY DOES NOT STOP AT THE HARDWOOD 73 Hastings Law Journal 1593 (July, 2022) The Supreme Court has not faced a case involving the public university student athlete's right to protest during game day events, such as during the pre-game warm up, the national anthem, and game play itself. Protests stemming from the arena of sports is nothing new, and athletes are supported by a long and rich history of influential professional... 2022  
David McNamee FUNDAMENTAL LAW, FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS, AND CONSTITUTIONAL TIME 55 Indiana Law Review 319 (2022) This Article lays the groundwork for a novel theory giving citizens pride of place in constitutional interpretation--as voters and jurors, deliberators and disobedients, and more. My account adopts different answers to two basic questions that divide it from other prevailing theories: first, that citizens, rather than judges, shoulder primary... 2022  
Lydia Robins Hendrix GIFTED TRACKING AS A RACIST VESTIGE OF EUGENIC THOUGHT 51 Journal of Law and Education 214 (Fall, 2022) [A]s I said so often before, history has proven that social systems have a great last minute breathing power and the guardians of the status quo are always on hand with their oxygen tents to keep the old order alive. - Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., 1956 In 1954, in the landmark decision of Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court stated in... 2022  
Maimon Schwarzschild GOODBYE TO ALL THAT: THREE NO-LONGER-QUITE-CONTEMPORARY THEORIES OF EQUALITY AND SOMETHING MORE UP-TO-DATE (AND WORSE) 23 Journal of Contemporary Legal Issues 403 (2022) C1-2Table of Contents I. Enlightenment Antecedents. 405 II. Rawls. 409 III. Dworkin. 411 IV. Equality of Capabilities: Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum. 413 V. Critical Theory--In Academia and Beyond. 416 VI. Conclusion. 420 2022  
Veryl Pow GRASSROOTS MOVEMENT LAWYERING: INSIGHTS FROM THE GEORGE FLOYD REBELLION 69 UCLA Law Review 80 (March, 2022) In the immediate aftermath of the murder of George Floyd at the hands of the Minneapolis Police, protesters engaged in acts of destruction, looting, and seizure of private and state property on a scale unseen since the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., in 1968. An estimated $2 billion was caused in private property damage, by far the most... 2022  
Sage Snider GREY STATE, BLUE CITY: DEFENDING LOCAL CONTROL AGAINST CONFEDERATE "HISTORICAL PRESERVATION" 24 Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment and Technology Law 851 (Summer, 2022) Confederate monuments have become lightning rods across the American landscape. While these ubiquitous symbols have spread Lost Cause propaganda for over one hundred years, they have also instigated unprecedented protest and violence since the 2015 Charleston massacre, 2017 Charlottesville rally, and 2020 George Floyd murder. In response, southern... 2022  
Shirin Sinnar HATE CRIMES, TERRORISM, AND THE FRAMING OF WHITE SUPREMACIST VIOLENCE 110 California Law Review 489 (April, 2022) Even before the assault on the Capitol on January 6, 2021, a rising chorus of policymakers and pundits had called for treating White supremacist violence as terrorism. After multiple mass shootings motivated by White supremacist ideology, commentators argued that the hate crime label failed to convey the political nature of the violence or... 2022 Yes
Marie Carp HEALTH IN ALL POLICIES: AN APPROACH TO COMBATTING RACISM'S IMPACT ON PUBLIC HEALTH 67 Wayne Law Review 457 (Winter, 2022) I. Introduction. 457 II. Background. 460 A. Racism as a Public Health Crisis. 460 B. Governor Whitmer's Executive Directive. 462 1. Data Collection and Analysis. 463 2. Policy and Planning. 463 3. Engagement, Communication, and Advocacy. 464 4. Implicit Bias Training. 464 C. Proposed Policies and Legislation in Michigan. 465 D. Other State and... 2022 Yes
Meredith Terretta HEART TRANSPLANTS, LEGISLATING DEATH, AND DISRUPTIVE ANTI-APARTHEID ADVOCACY 40 Law and History Review 335 (May, 2022) In Groote Schuur hospital on December 3, 1967, a white South African surgeon, Christiaan Barnard, transplanted the heart of a young white woman, Denise Darvall, into the body of Louis Washkansky, a diabetic Lithuainian Jew. Following his first transplant, Barnard became notorious across Europe and North America for his pioneering breakthrough, as... 2022 Yes
David Simson HOPE DIES LAST: THE PROGRESSIVE POTENTIAL AND REGRESSIVE REALITY OF THE ANTIBALKANIZATION APPROACH TO RACIAL EQUALITY 30 William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal 613 (March, 2022) This Article relies on Critical Race Theory concepts and social science research to make an important and timely contribution to a debate in law and public policy that is both long-standing and of immense current importance: What is the relationship between social cohesion on the one hand, and racial equality progress on the other? Events over the... 2022  
Brendan Williams HOSTILE SHORES: RACIAL EXCLUSION LAWS AND THE WEST COAST 28 Cardozo Journal of Equal Rights & Social Justice 559 (Spring, 2022) I. California and Chinese Exclusion. 562 II. Oregon and Black Exclusionary Laws. 568 III. Washington and Anti-Japanese Laws. 570 IV. The West Coast Origins of Japanese Internment. 572 V. Race and the West Coast Today. 574 2022  
Deborah N. Archer HOW RACISM PERSISTS IN ITS POWER 120 Michigan Law Review 957 (April, 2022) The Fire Next Time. By James Baldwin. New York: Dial Press. 1963 (Vintage International 1993 ed.). Pp. 110. $13.95. In 2020, the murder of George Floyd at the hands of police officers in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and the ravaging of Black communities occasioned by the COVID-19 pandemic and an inequitable public health infrastructure put the violence... 2022  
Irina S. Ewing HOW THE AMERICAN TAXATION SYSTEM UNDULY AFFECTS THE BLACK COMMUNITY 17 Florida A & M University Law Review 95 (Fall, 2022) C1-2Table of Contents Introduction. 96 I. Taxation on Enslaved African Americans During Slavery. 96 II. Post-slavery Taxation. 97 A. Income Disparities and the Wage Gap. 98 B. Income Inequalities Black Men Versus White Men. 99 C. Income Inequalities Black Women Versus White Women. 99 D. The Importance of Wealth Accumulation. 101 1. Tax Subsidies on... 2022 Yes
Jaime M.N. Lavallee HOW TO BE BIASED IN THE CLASSROOM: KWAYESKASTASOWIN - SETTING THINGS RIGHT? 48 Mitchell Hamline Law Review 771 (May, 2022) Preface. 772 I. Introduction of Self. 773 A. Where Do You Come From?. 773 1. In The Beginning. 774 2. Taking Time Away. 775 B. Why Law?. 776 C. Where Are You Going?. 778 II. Methodology & Previous Good Ideas. 778 A. Why a Narrative?. 778 B. Previous Good Ideas: Development to Current Paper. 786 1. Previous Good Ideas. 786 2. Current Good... 2022  
Francine J. Lipman HOW TO DESIGN AN ANTIRACIST STATE AND LOCAL TAX SYSTEM 52 Seton Hall Law Review 1531 (2022) I. Introduction. 1532 II. Antiracist Framework. 1534 A. Antiracist Definitions. 1534 B. Antiracism Building Blocks. 1537 III. Applying An Antiracist Framework to State & Local Tax Systems. 1538 A. Legislative Foundations of State & Local Tax Systems. 1538 1. Brief Historical Overview. 1538 2. Status Quo State & Local Tax Legislative Policies. 1541... 2022  
Mitchell F. Crusto HOW TO GET AWAY WITH MURDER: WHEN A WHITE MALE POLICE OFFICER KILLS A YOUNG BLACK PERSON 79 Washington and Lee Law Review Online 1 (1/18/2022) Systemic racism in policing allows police officers, in particular white men, to continue to perpetuate the violent killings of Black people. This violence is not accidental. Rather it is intentional and allowed to continue due to a failure by the Supreme Court to hold police officers accountable. This Article explains how the doctrines of qualified... 2022 Yes
Lihi Yona IDENTITY AT WORK 43 Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labor Law 139 (2022) U.S. antidiscrimination law may be perceived as an economy of identities: to receive protection from discrimination, one must prove that she is part of a recognized group, and that as such she deserves special treatment, to jump the queue in front of other wronged individuals and to have her interests favored. This Article explores recognition's... 2022  
Nina Farnia IMPERIALISM IN THE MAKING OF U.S. LAW 96 Saint John's Law Review 131 (2022) [C]onsider the differences between the powers of the federal government in respect of foreign or external affairs and those in respect of domestic or internal affairs. That there are differences between them, and that these differences are fundamental, may not be doubted, Justice Sutherland instructed in United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export... 2022  
Leigh Osofsky , Kathleen DeLaney Thomas IMPLICIT LEGISLATIVE BIAS: THE CASE OF THE MORTGAGE INTEREST DEDUCTION 56 U.C. Davis Law Review 641 (December, 2022) The home mortgage interest deduction is over 100 years old. The deduction has been subject to increasing and, at times, withering criticism from commentators. Scholars have argued that the mortgage interest deduction may be a particularly ineffective and regressive way to subsidize homeownership. Other scholars have made the important point that... 2022  
Addie C. Rolnick INDIGENOUS SUBJECTS 131 Yale Law Journal 2652 (June, 2022) This Article tells the story of how race jurisprudence has become the most intractable threat to Indigenous rights--and to collective rights more broadly. It examines legal challenges to Indigenous self-determination and land rights in the U.S. territories. It is one of a handful of articles to address these cases and the only one to do so through... 2022  
Chaumtoli Huq INTEGRATING A RACIAL CAPITALISM FRAMEWORK INTO FIRST-YEAR CONTRACTS: A PATHWAY TO ANTI-CAPITALIST LAWYERING 35 Journal of Civil Rights & Economic Development 181 (Spring, 2022) I came to theory because I was hurting--the pain within me was so intense that I could not go on living. I came to theory desperate, wanting to comprehend--to grasp what was happening around and within me. Most importantly, I wanted to make the hurt go away. I saw in theory then a location for healing. [T]he practice of theory is informed by... 2022  
Palma Joy Strand, Nicholas A. Mirkay INTEREST CONVERGENCE AND THE RACIAL WEALTH GAP: DEFUSING RACISM'S DIVIDE-AND-CONQUER VIA UNIVERSAL BASIC INCOME 110 Kentucky Law Journal 693 (2021-2022) Table of Contents. 693 Introduction. 694 I. Today's Economic Status Quo: Endorsement of Exploitation and Enrichment. 696 A. Rising Economic Inequality and the Tax System. 696 B. Systemic Shifts in Economic Policy and Rising Economic Inequality. 697 C. Racialized Law and Policies and Rising Economic Inequality. 700 II. Closing the Racial Wealth Gap:... 2022  
Rafik Wahbi, Leo Beletsky INVOLUNTARY COMMITMENT AS "CARCERAL-HEALTH SERVICE": FROM HEALTHCARE-TO-PRISON PIPELINE TO A PUBLIC HEALTH ABOLITION PRAXIS 50 Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 23 (Spring, 2022) Keywords: Abolition, Public Health Law, Mental Health Treatment, Drug Policy, Health Services Research Abstract: Involuntary commitment links the healthcare, public health, and legislative systems to act as a carceral health-service. While masquerading as more humane and medicalized, such coercive modalities nevertheless further reinforce the... 2022  
Liam McSweeney JUST HOUSING, ROOTED IN WEST OAKLAND: HOW MOMS4HOUSING CHALLENGED REAL ESTATE SPECULATION AND THE RACIAL HIERARCHY IN OUR PROPERTY LAWS 22 Berkeley Journal of African-American Law & Policy 54 (2022) Land-based real estate speculation drives a national housing crisis that operates on a racially hierarchical conception of private property law and doctrine. Our modern property law system developed from the colonial economy that was built on conquest and white supremacist notions of property rights. This white-supremacist spatial violence... 2022 Yes
Isabelle R. Gunning JUSTICE FOR ALL IN MEDIATION: WHAT THE PANDEMIC, RACIAL JUSTICE MOVEMENT, AND THE RECOGNITION OF STRUCTURAL RACISM CALL US TO DO AS MEDIATORS 68 Washington University Journal of Law & Policy 35 (2022) This issue of the Washington University Journal of Law and Policy, titled New Directions in Dispute Resolution and Clinical Education in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic, raises an important question: What has the pandemic crisis taught us about where dispute resolution practice and theory should be going? The pandemic crisis is generally... 2022  
Felice Batlan JUVENILE PROTECTION COURTS AND THE PANDEMIC: A VIEW FROM INSIDE OUT 18 University of Saint Thomas Law Journal 272 (Spring, 2022) As a feminist legal historian, I seek to create praxis in my writing--a blend of the theoretical and the practical while writing at least in some part from my own experiences and positionality as a white, middle-class, CIS feminist. In this article, I take a strong position that the Juvenile Protection System, which removes children from homes on... 2022 Yes
Maureen O'Kane KENGERSKI v. HARPER: THE THIRD CIRCUIT CLARIFIES THE SCOPE OF TITLE VII'S PROTECTION FOR ASSOCIATIONAL DISCRIMINATION CLAIMS 67 Villanova Law Review 821 (2022) Before the Third Circuit's opinion in Kengerski v. Harper (Kengerski II), employees who were friends with co-workers of other races, associated with customers of another race, or had a bi-racial extended family member were not protected against workplace discrimination based on their interracial associations under Title VII in Delaware, New Jersey,... 2022  
Khaled A. Beydoun KILLING AN ARAB 101 North Carolina Law Review 207 (December, 2022) This Essay is a special contribution to the North Carolina Law Review, solicited in response to the invasion in Ukraine and the contradictions it exposed in relation to the paralleling struggles ongoing in Muslim-majority societies. Introduction. 207 I. Killing a Ukrainian. 211 II. Killing a Struggle. 213 III Killing Contradictions. 216 Conclusion.... 2022  
Khiara M. Bridges LANGUAGE ON THE MOVE: "CANCEL CULTURE," "CRITICAL RACE THEORY," AND THE DIGITAL PUBLIC SPHERE 131 Yale Law Journal Forum 767 (1/26/2022) abstract. Scores of people have been talking about cancel culture and Critical Race Theory recently. However, what people mean when they use the terms varies wildly. This Essay examines the recent drift around the meaning of these terms, analyzing the role that the digital public sphere has played in generating these examples of language on the... 2022  
Luz E. Herrera , Pilar Margarita Hernández, Escontrías, Ph.D. LATINXS RESHAPING LAW & POLICY IN THE U.S. SOUTH 31 Southern California Review of Law & Social Justice 1 (Winter, 2022) This article addresses the key law and policy levers affecting Latinxs in what the U.S. Census Bureau designates as the South. Since the rise of the Latinx population from the 1980s onward, few legal scholars and researchers have participated in a sustained dialogue about how law and policy affects Latinxs living in the South. In response to this... 2022  
Rory Bahadur LAW SCHOOL RANKINGS AND THE IMPOSSIBILITY OF ANTI-RACISM 53 Saint Mary's Law Journal 991 (2022) Introduction. 992 I. U.S. News and World Report Rankings Methodology. 996 II. Defining Racism and Systemic Racism. 998 III. Contextualizing Bias and Systemic Racism. 1005 A. Ships and Soccer. 1005 B. Missing White Woman Syndrome. 1008 C. Athlete Protests. 1009 D. Welfare and Farm Subsidy. 1012 IV. System Justification and the U.S. News Rankings.... 2022 Yes
Laila L. Hlass LAWYERING FROM A DEPORTATION ABOLITION ETHIC 110 California Law Review 1597 (October, 2022) This Article contributes to the emerging literature on abolition within the immigration legal system by mapping deportation abolition theory onto lawyering practice. Deportation abolitionists work to end immigrant detention, enforcement, and deportation, explicitly understanding immigrant justice as part of a larger racial justice fight connected... 2022  
Daniel S. Harawa LEMONADE: A RACIAL JUSTICE REFRAMING OF THE ROBERTS COURT'S CRIMINAL JURISPRUDENCE 110 California Law Review 681 (June, 2022) The saying goes, when life gives you lemons, make lemonade. When it comes to the Supreme Court's criminal jurisprudence and its relationship to racial (in)equity, progressive scholars often focus on the tartness of the lemons. In particular, they have studied how the Court often ignores race in its criminal decisions, a move that in turn reifies a... 2022  
Adam A. Davidson MANAGING THE POLICE EMERGENCY 100 North Carolina Law Review 1209 (May, 2022) There is a policing emergency in the United States. Police across the country cause massive, widespread, and unpredictable physical harm--killings, beatings; psychological harm--negative stress-related birth and educational outcomes, general worsened mental health; and sociological harm--advancing the racial, gender, and economic hierarchies that... 2022  
Ellen D. Katz MARY LOU GRAVES, NOLEN BREEDLOVE, AND THE NINETEENTH AMENDMENT 20 Georgetown Journal of Law & Public Policy 59 (Winter, 2022) This close examination of two cases is part of a larger ongoing project to provide a distinct account of the Nineteenth Amendment. In 1921, the Alabama Supreme Court held the Nineteenth Amendment required that any poll tax be imposed equally on men and women. Sixteen years later, the Supreme Court disagreed. Juxtaposing these two cases, and telling... 2022  
Andrew J. Arden MASS INCARCERATION, DEPRIVATION OF RIGHTS, AND RACIAL SUBORDINATION: U.S. v. GARY, THE AMERICAN GUN CONTROL NARRATIVE, AND UGLY TRUTH BEHIND 18 U.S.C. 922(G) 2 North Carolina Civil Rights Law Review 141 (Spring, 2022) Any unarmed people are slaves or are subject to slavery at any given moment . There is a world of difference between thirty million unarmed, submissive Black people and thirty million Black people armed with freedom and defense guns and the strategic methods of liberation. - Huey P. Newton, Co-Founder and Minister of Defense, Black Panther Party... 2022  
Kris Franklin MEDITATIONS ON TEACHING WHAT ISN'T: THEORIZING THE INVISIBLE IN LAW AND LAW SCHOOL 66 New York Law School Law Review 387 (2021/2022) Make an effort to remember. Or, failing that, invent. The hardest thing to comprehend is what is not visible. Because, of course, not visible does not mean not present. It simply means not capable of being seen. This essay is an effort to weave together disparate thoughts about what in law may be not visible, not seen, and yet, not... 2022  
Ann C. McGinley MISOGYNY AND MURDER 45 Harvard Journal of Law & Gender 177 (Spring, 2022) C1-2Table of Contents Abstract. 178 Introduction: Mass Murder and Invisible Misogyny. 180 I. Involuntary Celibates (Incels): Identity, Ideology, and Behavior. 189 A. Incels: Who and Where are They?. 189 B. Identity and Ideology. 190 C. Private and Public Violence. 195 D. Relationship to the Atlanta-area Killings: Violence and Misogyny. 198 II.... 2022  
David Simson MOST FAVORED RACIAL HIERARCHY: THE EVER-EVOLVING WAYS OF THE SUPREME COURT'S SUPERORDINATION OF WHITENESS 120 Michigan Law Review 1629 (June, 2022) This Article engages in a critical comparative analysis of the recent history and likely future trajectory of the Supreme Court's constitutional jurisprudence in matters of race and religion to uncover new aspects of the racial project that Reggie Oh has recently called the racial superordination of whiteness--the reinforcing of the superior... 2022 Yes
Brandon Hasbrouck MOVEMENT CONSTITUTIONALISM 75 Oklahoma Law Review 89 (Autumn, 2022) The white supremacy at the heart of the American criminal legal system works to control Black, Brown, and poor people through mass incarceration. Poverty and incarceration act in a vicious circle, with reactionaries mounting a desperate defense against any attempt to mitigate economic exploitation or carceral violence. Ending the cycle will require... 2022 Yes
Susan L. Brooks , Marjorie A. Silver , Sarah Fishel , Kellie Wiltsie MOVING TOWARD A COMPETENCY-BASED MODEL FOR FOSTERING LAW STUDENTS' RELATIONAL SKILLS 28 Clinical Law Review 369 (Spring, 2022) Legal education has long been criticized for failing to provide adequate professional training to prepare graduates for legal practice realities. Many sources have lamented the lack of sufficient attention to the range of competencies necessary for law graduates to be effective practitioners and develop a positive professional identity, including... 2022  
Lisa A. Crooms-Robinson MURDERING CROWS: PAULI MURRAY, INTERSECTIONALITY, AND BLACK FREEDOM 79 Washington and Lee Law Review 1093 (Summer, 2022) What is intersectionality's origin story and how did it make its way into human rights? Beginning in the 1940s, Pauli Murray (1910-1985) used Jane Crow to capture two distinct relationships between race and sex discrimination. One Jane used the race-sex analogy to show that race and sex were both unconstitutionally arbitrary. The other Jane... 2022  
Michael Swistara MUTUAL LIBERATION: THE USE AND ABUSE OF NON-HUMAN ANIMALS BY THE CARCERAL STATE AND THE SHARED ROOTS OF OPPRESSION 12 University of Miami Race & Social Justice Law Review 312 (Spring, 2022) The carceral state has used non-human animals as tools to oppress Black, Indigenous, and People of the Global Majority (BIPGM) for centuries. From bloodhounds violently trained by settlers to aid in their genocidal colonial project through the slave dogs that enforced a racial caste system to the modern deployment of police dogs, non-consenting... 2022  
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